Assessment of Foreign policies of 21,25 and 27 Presidents of US.... An overview of the Foreign Policies of these Presidencies ....

1. Presented by
Mughiza Imtiaz
GCWUS

3. ( Father of Steel Navy )
(The 21st President of US)
(The Dude President /Walrus)
He is one of five Presidents who were never inaugurated.

4. Main Events
Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act
River and Harbor Act

5. Policies
Of
Chester
A. Arthur
Mongrel Tariff
Act
Immigration
Act and Taxes
Foran Act /
Alien Contract
Labor Law
Modern Navy
Pendleton Act
Involvement in
Central and
South America
River and
Harbor Act
Chinese
Exclusion Act
Edmunds Act

6. First year of Presidency
(1881)
 The trial of Charles Julius Guiteau
begins1881Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
 Geronimo led Apache warriors against
the US and Mexico
 James G. Blaine, the Secretary of State,
resigns due to important political
differences between himself and the
President
Second year of
Presidency (1881)
 The Edmunds Act is passed
excluding bigamists and polygamists
from voting and holding office
 The Chinese Exclusion Act bans
Chinese citizenship and restricts
Chinese immigration
 The Immigration Act of 1882
restricted immigrants from Europe
and made several categories of
immigrants ineligible entry into the
United States

7.  Third year of Presidency (1883)
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
is passed following the assassination of President Garfield
by the disgruntled job seeker, Charles Guiteau. Moving
away from the 'Spoils System' it stipulated that government
appointments would be made according to merit
The Tariff of 1883, also known as the Mongrel
Tariff Act.
•Fourth Year of Presidency (1884)
1.Standard Time and The bureau of Labor established
3.The President issues a Proclamation warning against attempts to settle on Indian
lands in Oklahoma
4.The Statue of Liberty is presented by the people of France to people of the United
States. The Statue of Liberty was designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi

8. Analysis of Chester A. Arthur Policies
Last Year of
Presidency(1885)
 The Washington Monument, an
obelisk on the National Mall in
Washington, D.C., is dedicated in
Washington, D.C. to commemorate
George Washington
 The Foran Act or Alien Contract
Labor Law is passed virtually
banning Alien contract labor1885His
presidency and term in office ends.
The next US President was Grover
Cleveland.
 Direct involvement in Latin
America, advocating the
construction of a canal across the
Isthmus of Panama.
 Although domestic affairs
dominated the Arthur
administration, his presidency is
remembered for having taken the
crucial first steps in building a
modern navy. Known as the
"Father of the Steel Navy,"
Arthur sought the construction of
steam-powered steel cruisers,
steel rams, and steel-clad
gunboats.

9.  Most importantly, Frelinghuysen negotiated a number
of reciprocal treaties with Mexico, Santo Domingo,
and Spain, the latter centering exclusively on Cuba and
Puerto Rico. All met significant opposition from
special interests such as sugar refiners and wool
producers and hence lacked crucial Senate support.
These treaties placed Arthur at odds with protectionist
interests in the Republican Party and were among the
reasons why he failed to gain the support of party
leaders for a second term.

10. (27th President of US)
Dollar Diplomacy
President and Chief Justice

11.  The term “Dollar Diplomacy" was applied by critics to
the activist foreign policy of William Howard Taft.
Late in his administration, the president described his
actions as “substituting dollars for bullets." He went to
great lengths — even resorting to bullets — to help
develop American business interests in foreign areas.
Philander C. Knox, a wealthy corporation lawyer,
served as secretary of state and authored much of the
Taft policy.


12.  In Latin America , Taft sought to protect the
approaches to the Panama Canal
 In the Far East , he attempted to safeguard the
territorial integrity of China and promote the Open
Door policy.
 However, the reatest diplomatic success that Taft
enjoyed was settling several nettlesome North
American issues.

13.  Taft’s policies created some troubles that were
immediate, and others that would not bear fruit until
decades later. The tremendous debts in Central
America created years of economic instability there
and fostered nationalist movements driven by
resentment of America’s interference in the region. In
Asia, Taft’s efforts at China-Japan mediation
heightened tensions between Japan and the United
States—tensions that would explode, ultimately, with
the outbreak of World War II—and spurred Japan to
consolidate its power throughout the region.

14.  All around the globe, Taft sought to use U.S. economic
might as a lever in foreign policy. He relied less on
military action, or the threat of such action, than
McKinley or Roosevelt before him; however, he both
threatened and used military force when economic
coercion proved unsuccessful, as it did in his bid to pay
off Central America’s debts with U.S. dollars. In Asia,
Taft tried to continue to support the balance of power,
but his efforts backfired and alienated Japan.
Increasing tensions between the United States and
Japan would finally explode nearly thirty years later,
with the outbreak of World War II.

15. (25th President of US)
(Most Beloved President in US history)

16. William McKinley’s Policies

17. American Empire
 The quest for empire was not a universally
accepted project, however. A sizeable
number of Americans feared that overseas
expansion would be too costly, would bring
non-white peoples into the American
nation, and would deviate from the
traditional isolationist stance of the nation's
foreign policy. Sugar producers in the
lower South viewed the potential
absorption of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the
Philippines as an economic threat.
 McKinley was forced to deal with the
problem of Cuba—a foreign policy issue
the Cleveland administration had little
success in solving. Spain's repressive rule
over Cuba had caused the Cubans to revolt
in 1895. American businesses with
economic interests on the island, moreover,
worried about the safety of their
investments. McKinley wanted an end to
the Cuban-Spanish conflict but demanded
that Spain act responsibly and humanely
and that any settlement be acceptable to
Cuban nationals.
Spinach American War
and Cuban Crisis

18. Filipino Revolt
 Almost as soon as the war with
Spain had ended, a grassroots
insurgency broke out in the
Philippines led by Filipino
nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo.
McKinley responded by sending
thousands of American marines and
sailors to the islands. This action
engaged the nationalists in a bloody
war that left the United States open
to atrocity charges similar to those
lodged against Spain in its dealings
with Cuba and the reconcentration
camps. The war lasted until 1902,
and before it was over, it claimed the
lives of more than 5,000 Americans
and some 200,000 Filipinos.
 American interests in Asia were not
limited to the Philippines. China
emerged as a major foreign policy
concern for the McKinley
administration, especially as Great
Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and
Japan, among others, scrambled
throughout the 1890s to establish their
own "spheres of influence" in that
nation. McKinley authorized Secretary
of State John Hay to issue an "Open
Door" note on China.
Open Door Diplomacy
and Boxer Rebellion

19.  William McKinley served in the U.S. Congress and as
governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in 1896. As
a longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican
McKinley ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity
and won a landslide victory over Democrat William Jennings
Bryan to become the 25th president of the United States. In
1898, McKinley led the nation into war with Spain over the
issue of Cuban independence; the brief and decisive conflict
ended with the U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, the
Philippines and Guam. In general, McKinley’s bold foreign
policy opened the doors for the United States to play an
increasingly active role in world affairs. Reelected in 1900,
McKinley was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in Buffalo,
New York, in September 1901.

20. Any Question?