course material

1. GEOG10192 Key Ideas In Geography
Answers:
Introduction
Indigenous land rights in Australia refers to the struggle for the land rights which the
Britishers colonised. There have been battles against the land and water in the Australian
Aboriginal culture since 1788 (Raeburn et al. 2021). This battle was about the legal and
moral acknowledgement of possession of the lands and waters engaged by numerous
individuals before the colonisation of Australia (Raeburn et al. 2021). Colonisation by the
Britishers in Australia occupied Australia's landmass and sea area. There are elementary
distinctions between land rights and native title. Land rights are rights constructed by
the Australian state governments. The essay will focus on conserving the land and the
aboriginal people through securitisation. Extractivism was observed during the
colonisation; this refers to the extraction of wealth by the British people and exporting them
to their own country. Oil gases and minerals were extracted from different resources such
as land, agriculture, and water. The affected communities of Aboriginals of Australia had
faced the violence of having the land and resources that get occupied or captured by them. It
has destructed the social bonds and destroyed the ecosystem because of the establishment
of the industries. Extractivism is a resource that cannot be reproduced or neither can it be
replaced. Green colonialism has created carbon offsetting, and deforestation elevated in the
colonial region, disturbing the shifting in biofuels (Frappier 2020). Biofuel has become less
available to the aboriginals, affecting their rural livelihood. Feminisation and flexibilisation
of labour had been observed to increase during colonisation. The shifting from employment
has created social reproduction in public and private settings. There was the segmentation
of labour such as ale, females, and migrants. Neoliberal policies have shifted the market-led
development strategies, and it has abruptly reduced the state social provisions. The
enhanced out-migration has driven the poverty and employment crises (Schapiro and
Pereira 2019).
Indigenous Conservation And Green Militarisation
The colonial conservation was concerned with industrialists or the aristocratic European
hunting. In the year 1903, the building of the Society for the Protection of the Wild Fauna of
the Empire' a large displacement of indigenous communities in Australia has impacted the

2. destruction of the environment (Schapiro and Pereira 2019). The criminalisation of the
indigenous people includes the habitation, farming, and hunting concerned with the
protected areas. The war on poaching is due to the militarisation of wildlife sanctuaries and
national parks. The marginalisation of poor people, usually indigenous rural individuals, has
been forced into competitive resources. Green militarisation is another way that involves
the ex-colonial powers (Gandbhir 2020). Worldwide funds have been funding the
paramilitaries that have helped in combating poaching. Fortress carbon aims to securitise
the forest landscape, and it also aims to secure property rights (Munro 2021). Indigenous
conservation does not focus only on the conservation of biodiversity, it also engages in the
management of land. People's involvement and actions have altered biodiversity loss from
the land and the water area. The communities have been involved in managing land in
various ways that promote biodiversity by regaining the degraded land (Schapiro and
Pereira 2019).
Colonial Conservation
The indigenous people are known as the biggest conservationists, and many proofs have
shown that indigenous people have helped in managing environment in a better way. In
most of regions of Asia and Africa, the government and the NGOs steal the land of the
communities and make the false claim that the land is vital for conservation purposes
(Sowman and Sunde 2018). The stolen area by the government and NGOs are referred to as
Protected areas or National Park (Munro 2021). The inhabitants that used to live in the
protected were expelled, and a sometimes shocking level of violence was also observed. For
example, the different conservation groups, WWF, and African Parks, have been familiar
with colonial conservation (Ajl et al. 2021). It has been observed that colonial conservation
is dependent on racism and violence. There is a misconception that the government bodies
follow that indigenous people cannot be trusted to help save flora and fauna of the
ecosystem(Munro 2021). According to international law, it has been reported that informed
consent of the communities is required for initiating any of the projects, such as occupying
their lands for the development of protected areas. Few of the organisations known for
conservation, such as WWF and African Parks, are recognised to support colonial
conservation (Munro 2021). Indigenous people feel left out when the government captures
their land in the name of protected areas. Colonialism has also created an impact on the
local communities, such as rubber tappers in Amazon; these (Garifuna) have made alliances.
There can be more priorities and various discussions on land use. The Burrup Peninsula is
known for its mining activities, shipping, and industrial processing. The industrialisation
during the 1960s and 1970s, the government has played various roles in grading down the
Burrup island (Zarandona and Zarandona 2019). The government has been involved in the
setting of the industries. A national park that has been established on Burrp island is
Murujug National Park, and this national park occupies most of the area of the peninsula
(Zarandona and Zarandona 2019). This national park is regulated by state and federal
legislation; these governments have been involved in developing various processes to
monitor the impacts (Warren and Jackson 2021). Murujuga Aboriginal

3. Corporation regulates the various developmental areas that are meant for the Ngarda-
Ngarli that have assisted the creation of the national parks (Zarandona and Zarandona
2019). The government bodies are committed to funding the Burrup Peninsula for future
industrial sites.
Climate change and ‘security threats’
Climate debt in the Global North has contributed to a large number of Carbon Emissions
these countries are known as climate debtors. No border approach is meant for the
conservation of the citizens of the country; citizenship must not be considered as the basis
of social protection. Climate change has been observed to create planetary boundaries
within the capital accumulation that can be continuous (Zarandona and Zarandona 2019).
Mobility of the community people, capital, and labour has to lead to changes in the global
economy. This is due to feminisation and flexibilisation of the labour. The female workers
were paid less, and they were targeted for the same kind of work. Homeworking is another
form that can be categorised as self-employed, where the people involved in their own
business and their own work have become more difficult for the workers to organise their
work properly (Sealey-Huggins 2017). Community does not get rights, and their flexibility
for employment is affected. The employment from the manufacturing unit to the service
sectors is shifting to have permanent employment. The reproductive labour is concerned
with the involvement of cooking and cleaning. The workforce for labour has been
categorised as women, young labourers, and migrant workers (Sealey-Huggins 2017). The
different workforces have provided security for the labour, such as military forces. The
neoliberal policies and the fragmentation of production have been observed in the huge
expansion of financial problems and the reduction in the economic importance of the
country state, which aims at the population to threat to security (Sealey-Huggins 2017). The
rights of the indigenous people are identified through the International Labor Organization
Convention, which refers to the indigenous and tribal; people in independent countries
(Warren and Jackson 2021). This includes the variety of government obligations that
support free organisers and informed consultations. The rights of the indigenous people
concerning a healthy environment have been put before the community. There are various
frameworks principles that work on human rights along with environment; this has
supported identification and provided the protection rights to the land, territories, and a
variety of previously occupied resources (Warren and Jackson 2021). Indigenous people are
usually vital environmental defenders as these were observed to be involved in political and
economical interests. Ecotourism is concerned with the conservation of national parks and
the conservation of sea regions with the assistance of naval authorities (Sealey-Huggins
2017). Most of the indigenous people in North America have experienced the threat because
of settler colonialism (Warren and Jackson 2021). Several ways can support indigenous
people's rights. These focus on priorities, and indigenous people do not have the right to
choose their own life and do not have control in getting their own education and the
security of their land (Perry et al. 2021). Land rights are important for them. Without the
land, the indigenous persons will not have a livelihood; there will be no identity and no

4. survival. Building public awareness is vital for the implementation of indigenous rights
(Perry et al. 2021). Indigenous people have a great role in conservation, and it is required to
be recognised. Indigenous people mainly depend on their land for food and survival;
therefore, there is a need for land conservation. A set of conservation measures have been
taken, and these have been set in order to conserve the land.
Biological And Sociocultural Racism
Biological racism, besides an extremist boundary, did not endure the catastrophe of the
second world war (Barder 2019). Since racism is constitutive of its entity, however, a threat
to inhabitants requires not to be couched solely in biological terms to attain comparable
authority outcomes (Perry et al. 2021). Sociocultural racism, founded upon the
waywardness of artistic distinction, now plays the classificatory function that bodily
distinction once did, that is, bearing a surprising, widely held, and reputed racialised
worldview; a favoured, politically honest standards of sociable differentiation and exclusion
that performs through the proximity of its reality stakes and explicit communication of its
core beliefs, where intolerance restrains knowledge within a limited the wording of
sociocultural intolerance urges, public housekeepers and intentional activists alike, to reach
at terms with and operation to overwhelm 'the insurmountability of creative distinctions
(Barder 2019).
The energy projects in the land of Aboriginals have been occupied concerning the clean
energy projects. Gigantic clean energy schemes, for example, the Asian Renewable Energy
Hub in the Pilbara, Western Australia, are conventional to create gigawatts of electricity
over massive stretches of land shortly (Krupa et al. 2015). The Asian Renewable Energy
Core is planning to vertical wind turbines and solar arrangements across sixty-five hundred
square Km of the land, but, like with additional renewable energy megaprojects, this land
matters to Aboriginal rights and benefits — known as the Indigenous Estate (Taiwo and
Cibralic 2020). The renewable energy projects are indispensable for transitioning Australia
to a zero-carbon economy; they come with a forewarning: Most outdated landlords in
Australia have an infinitesimal legal say over them.
Aboriginal Land Rights
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 permitted the landlords to refuse the
growth of their proposed land (Dnistrianski and Boyd 2009); while the commonwealth can
override this prohibition, they never have as far as known. In comparison, the prevailing
Aboriginal land assignment in Western Australia (and nationwide) is the native
title (Dnistrianski and Boyd 2009). Native title, as identified in the 1992 Mabo
determination and subsequently codified in the Native Title Act 1993, appreciates that
Aboriginal peoples' rights to land and waters nevertheless live beneath particular
possibilities despite British colonisation ((Dnistrianski and Boyd 2009). Unlike the ALRA
(Aboriginal Land Rights Act), the Native Title Act does not authorise traditional landlords to

5. disavow the significance proposed for their land (McKenna 2018). Numerous Aboriginal
individuals in the Northern Territory have won their land back via grants under the Land
Rights Act (McKenna 2018). Obtaining a freehold title permits them to preserve and
periodically re-establish their artistic individuality. The act has provided protection to
individual driven back to fix up remote station in their predecessors' homelands (Estes and
Dhillon 2019). This donated to the pacifist and reliable expansion of the Northern Territory
and permitted sidestepping altercations between indigenous landowners and designers
noticed in additional regions of Australia and overseas (McKenna 2018). The Aboriginals
Heritage Act has provided benefit for traditional owners for protection of land and it has
developed system to get land clearance through help of Cultural Heritage sites (Warren and
Jackson 2021). This Act empowers Aboriginal self determination, it also helps in managing
and providing protection to protect cultural heritage. Traditional Owner Settlement Act
(TOSA) supports in providing and delivering goal to indegineous people in order to manage
their cultural heritage (Warren and Jackson 2021).
Cultural heritage majorly include museums, archives and intangible property. It has been
observed that there are different projects that have caused damage to Indegnious sites and
cultural heritage, there are various threats that has created loss in cultural and heritage
such as state infrastructure, unnamed waterways, huge changes in natural sites such as in
clearing of native bushland (Dnistrianski and Boyd 2009).
The tradiational owners in Australia have preserved their rights for their regions and lands.
Traditional Aboriginals are the people who make their own decision for their land, hunting
was the important for the conserving the land rights (Dnistrianski and Boyd 2009). Many of
the Aboriginal individual had found to be defending towards their lands.
The multiple resource expansion projects and commercial companies now performing on
Aboriginal land have appreciated their land rights can be consistent with national economic
evolution (Perry et al. 2021). In 1977 more than two hundred Aboriginal community
spokespeople and persons assembled at the Black Theatre in Redfern to consider over land
rights (Cook et al. 2021). The parties had got solution in resolving the New South Wales
Aboriginal Land Council (NSWALC) as an autonomous, specialist Aboriginal exponent on
land rights (Torvikey 2021).
The NSWALC did not abide a governance grant (Attwood and Markus 2020). One-time
Aboriginal aids were given freehold title. The Trust had the capacity to trade or receive
additional lands (Attwood and Markus 2020). Before colonisation, Aboriginal individuals
lived in little family parties linked to more extensive language levels with typical territorial
boundaries; these groups had complicated kinship systems and practices for sociable
considerations; they had functions connecting to law, instruction, spiritual expansion and
help managing; they had language, ceremonies, customs and traditions and extensive
knowledge of their environment (Perry et al. 2021). Aboriginal cultures were robust and
nicely refined, Aboriginal communities were self-advocating, and Aboriginal children were

6. brought up and protected. European colonisation had a harmful consequence on Indigenous
societies and civilisations (Perry et al. 2021). Aboriginal people were subjected to
unfairness, including many killings or existing displaced from their customary lands and
relocated on missions and aid in the name of protection. Cultural practices were forbidden,
and afterwards, many were lost (Lunstrum and Ybarra 2018). For Aboriginal people,
colonisation represented carnage, roughness, disease, and loss. Two specialties blocked
these exemplary connotations: The federal political strategy of Australia, the state
government did not get any of the rights to implement them on their own. Only the national
rights are preserved for implementation (Attwood and Markus 2020). New South Wales
Aboriginal Land Council was established in order to protest the land rights of indegineous
people of Australia. It has claimed compensation over livelihood along with land loss. In a
report presented by Keane Committee of the Legislative Assembly Upon Aborigines had
formed a committee that has conferred around four thousand Aboriginal people in the last
two years (Attwood and Markus 2020). It has alo communicated meaasge over land rights
and protection of their sacred land. Aboriginal culture were refined and their young
generation were brought up through implication of unfairness laws. Cultural practices were
outlawed, and thereafter, many were misplaced (Lunstrum and Ybarra 2018). For
Aboriginal people, colonisation represented carnage, and loss. Two specialties blocked
these exemplary purposes: Under Australia's federal political plan, state governments could
nonetheless complete laws of their own, and they also executed federal land rights
approaches differently or not at all (Attwood and Markus 2020). Aboriginal people have
spiritual, cultural and social connections concerning with their lands and resources. This is
basic equirement of Aborigial people for teir identification and for their existence
(Lunstrum and Ybarra 2018). Individual ownership and development with help of
community have helped in maintain the collective rights of lands.
Conclusion
Aboriginal individuals have a profound association with the land or Nation that is
paramount to their spiritual individuality. This association stays despite the numerous
Aboriginal individuals who no extended live on their land. Aboriginal individuals depict the
land as nurturing and relaxing, essential to their soundness, associations, civilisation, and
uniqueness; for Aboriginal people, their classic Homeland and what it symbolises spans
their chronology, survival, soundness, and artistic and spiritual essence, providing them
much to carry satisfaction in. In the prevailing Australian civilisation, the land is considered
to be exploited, appreciated and confessed — as a location to create a residence or cultivate
food or devise a park. Aboriginal people believe in the land differently. Aboriginal spiritual
individuality and relationship to the land are described in Dreamtime. Land and labour are
the components of resources. Militrilasation in different places, such as the national park
areas, has shown a good impact on the conservation of the protected areas and the
conservation of the lands of the indigenous communities. Aboriginal individuals were
subjected to injustice, including considerable slayings or existing expelled from their
conventional lands and migrated on missions and aid in the name of security. Cultural

7. traditions were prohibited, and thereafter, many were lost. For Aboriginal individuals,
colonisation conveyed massacre, roughness, sickness and failure. Abrioginal population
usually feel left out because of international law. This law is known for occupying the land
for various purposes such as in development of protected areas. Colonism has put great
impact on Aboriginals and it has put impact over local communites. Burrp island has great
source of mining and industrilisation at time of 1960s an 1970s has graded down the
natural environment, that has impacted on Aboriginal for their land loss. Aboriginal people
are typically in a more synergistic association with the environment and have additional
details systems concerning human and non-human relations. The energy projects in the
land of Indeginous have been occupied regarding the clean energy projects. Gigantic clean
energy schemes, such as Asian Renewable Energy Hub in the Pilbara, Western Australia, are
conventional to initiate gigawatts of electricity over enormous expanses of land
momentarily. The Asian Renewable Energy Core has been planned to upright wind turbines
and solar structures across sixty-five hundred square Km of the land, but, like with extra
renewable power megaprojects, this land concerns to Aboriginal rights and honours —
known as the Aboriginal Estate The renewable energy projects are required for
transitioning Australia to a zero-carbon economy; they arrive with a caution: Many obsolete
owners in Australia have an microscopic legal voice over them.
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