2. Unit III Poverty and Unemployment
01
02
03
04
05
Poverty in India: At a Glance.
Poverty : Concepts, trends and causes.
Unemployment: Meaning and types of Unemployment
Causes and Effects
Government Measures to tacke the poverty and unemployment
3. M. SABESH MANIKANDAN
Assistant Professor of Economics
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College
Sivakasi
Welcome!!
sabeshmanikandan@gmail.com
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Population below
poverty in India
22%
People live below
poverty in India (world
bank, 2016)
22%
Lived below $1.25 per
day (PPP)
270 million people
India’s poor live in rural
areas
80%
Poor are SC & ST
43%
People are SC & ST
28%
Poverty in India : A Snopshot
India, the world’s largest democracy with a population of more than 1.2 billion
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The low income states
are home to 45% of
total population
45%
7 low income states
house 62% of India’s
Poor
62%
25 %
Poverty Rate
Rural areas
14 %
Poverty Rate
Urban areas
Poverty in
India 270,000,000
7. Poverty in India Snopshot
60 36 24 13 14Million Million Million Million Million
Uttar Pradesh Madhya PradeshBihar Jharkhand Odisha
Number of poor in Low income states
9. Poverty
Social
Issue
Swami Vivekananda
In human society too much wealth or too much
poverty is a great impediment to the higher
development of the soul. It is from the middle classes
that the greate ones of the world come. Here the
foreces are very equally adjusted and balanced.
Poverty .
10. Poverty : Quates
Some of the important quates on poverty your own text
Poverty is the worst form
of voilance
Poverty is not an accident.
Like slavery and apartheid ,
it is man-made and can be
removed by actions of
human beeings
We think sometimes that
poverty is only being hungry,
naked and homeless. The
poverty of being unwanted,
unloved and uncared for is
the greatest poverty
Mahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Mother Teresa
11. Poverty
India
Quates
We can’t live happily as islands in a
sea of poverty
A country of
dazzling
prosperity is
also a country
of
dehumanizing
poverty .
12. Poverty
Definition &
Concepts
Lewis
It not only as economic privation, or the
absence of something but also as a way of
life, the personal of sub-cultural Values
and attitudes passed down from
generation to generation
"Poverty is
the inability to
maintain
minimal
standards of
food, clothing,
shelter and
health care.
Robertson
14. Defining Poverty in IndiaDefinition and concepts of poverty in India
Rural Poverty
MPCE
Rs. 4860
Rural Poverty
Calorie
2400 kcal per
person per
day.
Urban poverty
MPCE
Rs. 7035
Urban Poverty
Calorie
2100 kcal per
person per
day
15. Poverty
C
B
A
Minimum level of living rather that a
resaonable level of living.
Poverty
Refers to a threshold income (consumption) level
defined in absolute terms. Persons below a pre-
defined threshold income are called poor.
Absolute Poverty
Defined in relative terms with reference to level of
living of another person; or, in relation to an
income distribution parameter.
Relative Poverty
Concepts of poverty
16. Urban Poverty
Poverty in Urban India
The income of more than 8 crore urban
people is estimated to fall BPL.
8 crore
All urban poor people of India are Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh
40%
population in four metro cities viz., Delhi,
Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai
35%
17. Rural Poverty
Poverty in rural areas
Deprived households rural areas
(Census, 2011).
48.5%
Families residing in rural houses consists
of one or two rooms
54%
Rural houses with vehicle (including two
wheeler and boar)
29.69%
18. Poverty Line
First Director
General of FAO
Starvation Line in
1945.
Lord Boyd-Orr
(2004 – 05)
NSSO
2014
C.Rengarajan
1993.
Lakdawala
2009.
Suresh D
Tendulkar
2300 calories per person per day – Starvation line
20. Poverty Trend
Trends of poverty in India
More than half of the populatino was below the poverty line 1973 – 74
Trends
in
Poverty
Period
Number of Poor (million) Poverty Ratio (%)
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
1973-74 261.3 60.0 321.3 56.4 49.0 54.9
1977-78 264.3 64.6 328.9 53.1 45.2 51.3
1983 252.0 70.9 322.9 45.6 40.8 44.5
1987-88 231.9 75.2 307.0 39.1 38.2 38.9
1993-94 328.6 74.5 403.7 50.1 31.8 45.3
1999-2K 193.2 67.0 260.2 27.1 23.6 26.1
2004-05 326.3 80.8 407.1 41.8 25.7 37.2
2009-10 278.2 76.5 354.7 33.8 20.9 29.8
2011-12 216.5 52.8 269.3 25.7 13.7 21.9
21. Trend
Poverty in
India
India (2012) and World Bank (2011)
In 2012, GoI stated 22% of its
population is below its official poverty
limit. The World Bank, in 2011 based on
2005's PPPs estimated 23.6% of
Indian population, or about 276 million
people, lived below $1.25 per day
on purchasing power parity.
Rural Urban Combined
50.1
41.5
33.8
25.7
31.8
25.7
20.9
13.7
45.3
37.2
29.5
21.9
22. Poverty Extent
Poverty Estimates in India
Tendulkar Methodology
Expert Group 2009
Lakdawala Methodology
Expert Group 1993
09%
6.7%
8.5%
24%
18%
23%
Rural poverty reduced from 37.3% in
1993–94 to 28.3 % in 2004–05
Urban poverty reduced from 32.4% in
1993–94 to 25.7% in 2004–05
Combined poverty reduced from 36.0%
in 1993–94 to 27.5% in 2004–05
0
10
20
30
40
50
60 1993-94 2011-12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Rural Urban Total
1993-94 2004-05
Rural poverty reduced from 50.1% in
1993–94 to 25.7% in 2011–12
Urban poverty reduced from 331.8% in
1993–94 to 13.7% in 2011–12
Combined poverty reduced from 45.3%
in 1993–94 to 21.9% in 2011–12
23. Causes of Poverty
India is the
second most
populous country
with 1210.2 million
Over-population
supreme group
loyalty that
ignores the
healthy social
standards
Casteism and
Untouchability
top 10% of
earners cornering
55% of the
national income in
2016.
Economic
inequality
India's literacy rate:
74.04%.
Most literate state
Tripura (94.65%)
Least literate state
Bihar (63.82%)
Illiteracy
Social,
economical and
political
inequalities
between men and
women
Gender
inequality
The major Causes for poverty in India
24. Causes of Poverty
Crop failure, flood,
Famine, earth
quake etc.,
Natural Causes
caste system,
laws of inheritance
and succession.
Resistance to
change
resources are not
put in proper use
Wastage of
resources
abundant
supply of
unskilled labour
Labor
exploitation There are
6,49,867 villages
in India and 70%
of the population
in rural areas
Rural Economy
The major causes for poverty in India
26. Poverty Effects
Effects of poverty in India
Income of Indian are very
low, because of poverty
Low Standard of Living
the poor people are even
unable to meet the minimum
amount of food, possible to
save
Low Savings
Because of poverty
savings are very low and
hence capital formation
will be very low
Low Capital Formation
poverty leads to
unemployment problems
Unemployment
entrepreneurs are not
willing to invest more
Low investment
The low income due to
poverty leads to low
demand
Low Productivity
32. Unemployment
Meaning &
Concepts
Quates
Jobless growth is joyless growth for those
impacted by globalization. We have to
provide meaningful employment in the
agricultural sector to address these concerns
Jobs, rather
than men,
should wait.
Sir Willian Begeridge
M.S. Swaminathan
33. Unemployment Meaning
Unemployment is a situation where in
the person willing to work fails to find a job
that earns them living
Unemployment Situation
unemployment means the state of being
unemployed
Lack of empoloyment
When people have no jobs and they are
willing and seeking for work.
Unemployment
Meaning of Unemployment
34. Unemployment
Meaning
General Sense
Unemployment
means lack of jobs
even for those who
are able and willing
to work at the
prevailing wage.
the unemployment may be defined as
the gap between the potential “full
employment” and Number of
employed persons.
Measurement Point of view
Unemployment = labour force –
(No. of employed + frictionally
unemployed)
35. Unemployment : Definition
Definition of unemployment by different personalities
Unemployment is a condition
of the labour market in which
the supply of labour power is
greater than the number of
available openings.
a condition in which a person is
able and willing to work
normally, dependent upon his
earning to provide the
necessities of life for himself
Situation where low wage-
rates should result in higher
employment levels
Karl Pibram Gillin and Gillin Keynes
36. Unemployment
Definition
Bureau of Labor Statistics
People who do not
have a job, have
actively looked for
work in the past four
weeks, and are
currently available for
work
Looking for
people who were
temporarily laid off
and were waiting
to be called back
to that job are
included
Not looked for
Those who have
not looked for
work within the
past four weeks
are no longer
37. Unemployment Rate
Measurement of Unemployment Rate
NSSO uses three concepts of unemployment.
Concepts
Usual Status of
unemployment (1 year)
Current weekly status of
unemployment (1 day)
.
Current daily status of
unemployment (1 hours)
=
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑑
𝐿𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑥 100
𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
38. Unemployment Rate
2015 – 16
5.0%
2013 – 14
4.9 %
2012 – 13
4.7 %
Unemployment Rate in India during the Recent past
2011 – 12
3.8% Government not interested to
publish the Unemployment rate for
the period 2014 – 15
39. Unemployment
Types
There are several types of
unemployment, each one
defined in terms of cause and
severity.
A person is out of
job because of his
own desire to not
to work in the
prevalent or
prescribed wage.
Voluntary
A person is
separated from
remunerative work
and devoid of
wages although he
is capable of
earning his wages
and is also anxious
to earn them.
Involuntary
40. Types
Structural
Unemployment
Rural Unemployment
Under structural unemployment, a person either
goes out the job or remains unemployed for
prolonged period of time till he acquires new
skills.
Globalisation is an increasingly significant cause
of structural unemployment in many countries.
Structural
unemployme
nt arises due
to structural
change in
dynamic
economy
making some
workers go
out of the job.
41. Structural
Unemployment
Job Replaced
Under structural unemployment, a person
either goes out the job or remains
unemployed for prolonged period of time
till he acquires new skills.
It arises due
to structural
change in
dynamic
economy
making some
workers go
out of the job
42. Frictional
Unemployment
Between job
The number of unemployed persons under
the condition that the number of job
vacancies equals the number of job
seekers who somehow fail to get the job
It is said to exist
when job
vacancies equal
the job seekers
and yet some
persons are
unemployed.
43. Seasonal
Unemployment
Temporary Job
Seasonal unemployment refers to
unemployment due to factors such as
weather, variations in tourism, and other
calendar related events.
Seasonal
employment
refers to a
situation where
a number of
persons are not
able to find jobs
during some
months of the
year.
44. Industrial
Unemployment
Marginal Productivity is Zero
Disguised unemployment exists where part
of the labour force is either left without
work or is working in a redundant manner
where worker productivity is essentially
zero.
Unemployme
nt that does
not affect
aggregate
output. It
refers to the
work area
where surplus
manpower is
employed
46. Industrial
Unemployment
Workers get laid off and replaced
Improvements in methods of
production due to introduction of new
machinery, labour savings devices
etc., some workers get laid off and
replaced by machines.
Workers
forced to be
unemployed
due to saving
devices are
counted
in industrial
unemployme
nt.
47. Technological
Unemployment
Loss of jobs caused by Technology
The substitution of manpower with
technology results in technological
unemployment.
the situation
when people
have been
put out of
work by the
introduction
of a superior
technology in
their idea of
operation
48. Educated
Unemployment
Joblessness of the educated
The underemployment situation
where the eligible candidate may not
get the suitable jobs for their
educational qualification.
Educated
unemployme
nt usually
occurs in
cities where
there
are educated
or skilled
people but no
job
opportunities.
50. Causes of Unemployment
India is the second
most populous
country with 1210.2
million
Rapid population
growth
caused to reduce
the investment
and employment
Economic
Inflation
Competition for
potential labour in
globalized market
Global
competition
India's literacy rate:
74.04%.
Most literate state
Tripura (94.65%)
Least literate state
Bihar (63.82%)
Illiteracy
Social,
economical and
political
inequalities
between men and
women
Changing
Technoogy
The major Causes for Unemployment poverty in India
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people who do not have a job, have actively looked for
work in the past four weeks, and are currently available
for work
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You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing
and appeal to your Presentations.
Your Text Here
You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing
and appeal to your Presentations.
Your Text Here
Get a modern PowerPoint
Presentation that is
beautifully designed.
Get a modern PowerPoint
Presentation that is
beautifully designed.
Get a modern PowerPoint
Presentation that is
beautifully designed.
79. Columns
Layout
In human society too
much wealth or too much
poverty is a great
impediment to the higher
development of the soul.
It is from the middle
classes that the greate
ones of the world come.
Here the foreces are very
equally adjusted and
Easy to change colors, photos and Text. Get a modern
PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully designed. I
hope and I believe that this Template will your Time,
Money and Reputation. Easy to change colors, photos
and Text. I hope and I believe that this Template will
your Time, Money and Reputation. You can simply
impress your audience and add a unique zing and
appeal to your Presentations. Easy to change colors,
photos and Text.
Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is
beautifully designed. I hope and I believe that this
Template will your Time, Money and Reputation.
Your Text Here
80. Columns
Layout
This PowerPoint Template has
clean and neutral design that
can be adapted to any content
and meets various market
segments.
Easy to change
colors, photos and
Text. Get a modern
PowerPoint
Presentation that is
beautifully designed. I
hope and I believe
that this Template will
your Time, Money and
Reputation.
Get a modern
PowerPoint
Presentation that is
beautifully designed.
Your Text Here
Easy to change
colors, photos and
Text. Get a modern
PowerPoint
Presentation that is
beautifully designed. I
hope and I believe
that this Template will
your Time, Money and
Reputation.
Get a modern
PowerPoint
Presentation that is
beautifully designed.
Your Text Here
81. Thank you for using GoogleSlidesppt.com
All shapes and Icons in this template were created by GoogleSlidesppt.com
All backgrounds in this template were created by GoogleSlidesppt.com
Illustrated images in this template were created by GoogleSlidesppt.com
This presentation template created by GoogleSlidesppt.com
Credits
Inserted pictures in this template were created by pixabay.com
82. You can Resize without
losing quality
You can Change Fill Color
&
Line Color
www.googleslidesppt.com
Google
Slides
PPT
Fully Editable Icon Sets : A
83. You can Resize without
losing quality
You can Change Fill Color
&
Line Color
www.googleslidesppt.com
Google
Slides
PPT
Fully Editable Icon Sets : B
84. You can Resize without
losing quality
You can Change Fill Color
&
Line Color
www.googleslidesppt.com
Google
Slides
PPT
Fully Editable Icon Sets : C
85. R : 254
G : 77
B : 59
R : 254
G : 63
B : 228
R : 47
G : 197
B : 250
R : 51
G : 233
B : 124
R : 242
G : 172
B : 48
Color Codes
