urban poverty housing

1. Prof. Himanshu Padhya
Prof. Sejal Bhagat
Himanshu J. Padhya
Head, CED
Faculty In-charge
SARVAJANIK EDUCATION SOCIETY
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MASTER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING)
POVERTY HOUSING
URBAN HOUSING (714802)
Submitted by:
KACHHADIYA MINAL B.
(130420748004)
(of 1st SEMESTER – 1st YEAR)

2. Content
1. Introduction
2. Definition of Poverty
3. Types of Poverty
4. Estimation of Poverty and Identification of Poor – Differences in
Approach
5. Features of Urban Poverty
6. Poverty Facts
7. Urban Poverty in India
8. Urban Poverty Alleviation
9. References

3. 1. Introduction
 Poverty was understood in term of income and poor meant that
one could not afford the cost of providing a proper diet or home.
 It is about the denial of opportunities and choices that are widely
regarded as essential to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to
enjoy a decent standard of living, freedom, dignity, self- esteem
and the respect of others.
 People don't live in the squalor of the slums, favellas, squatter
communities, low-rent districts or beside garbage dumps because
they want to. They have no other choice.

4.  Identification of urban poor households is a necessary
condition for more effectively targeting the beneficiaries under
various poverty alleviation programmes being implemented by
the Central and the State Governments. Programmes of the
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, such SJSRY,
JNNURM, RAY

5. 2. Definition of Poverty
 A state or condition in which a person or community lacks the
financial resources and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of
life, ill health, low educational attainments, geographical isolation,
ineffective access to law, powerlessness in civil society, caste and /
or gender based disadvantages, etc. Poverty line does not take into
account items of social consumption such as basic education and
health, drinking water supply, sanitation, environmental standards,
etc., in terms of normative requirements or effective access.

6. 3. Types of Poverty
1. Income poverty
 Income poverty means that people will not have enough food or
medicine and they will have poor clothes and houses. Income
poverty is due to people not having access to money or other
assets. If people do not have any other assets like land to grow
their own food, then income poverty can result in stunted growth
and early death.
 The best way to reduce income poverty is to encourage and
support the development of effective businesses (small, medium
and large) which make good use of our natural resources and
talents to create wealth and jobs.

7. 2. Non income poverty
 Happens when people may have a little bit of money but otherwise
the quality of their life is not good. They do not have access to
affordable social and physical services (schooling, health care,
medicines, safe water, good sanitation, good transport) and they
may not feel safe in their homes either because they cannot trust
the authorities or because they belong to some particularly
vulnerable group.
 The best way to reduce non-income poverty it to make sure that
people have access to affordable and good quality social services
and infrastructure, that they feel secure in their homes, that they
trust the authorities and, if they are vulnerable, that there are safety
net programmes to protect them.

8. 4. Estimation of Poverty and Identification of
Poor
 At conceptual level a definition of poverty is involved both in the
estimation of proportion of population living in poverty (a macro
level estimate) and the identification of poor households for
targeted delivery of various poverty alleviation programmes, and it
is intellectually elegant to think of a common definition for both
the exercises.

9. Poverty Estimates
 Poverty has conventionally been estimated with reference to a
poverty line – The line of cut-off between poor and non-poor.
That poverty line is derived on the basis of notion of a minimum
nutritional requirement of a person, expressed in calories.

10. Poverty Ratio (%)
Number of Poor
(in Millions)
Year Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
1973-74 56.4 49.0 54.9 261.3 60.0 321.3
1977-78 53.1 45.2 51.3 264.3 64.6 328.9
1983 45.7 40.8 44.5 252.0 70.9 322.9
1987-88 39.1 38.2 38.9 231.9 75.2 307.1
1993-94 37.3 32.4 36.0 244.0 76.3 320.3
2004-05 28.3 25.7 27.5 220.9 80.8 301.7
Source: Planning Commission
Percentage and Number of Poor

11. Identification of Rural Poor
 The Ministry of Rural Development was prompted to introduce a
system of uniform identification of BPL households in rural areas
in order to more accurately and effectively target the poor
families.
 BPL census has thus been conducted by M/o RD in 1992 for the
8th Five Year Plan, in 1997 for the 9th Five Year Plan and in 2002
for the 10th Five Year Plan.
 The 1992 BPL Census was based on income as the main
parameter to identify poor households

12.  The last BPL Census conducted in 2002 was based on the
methodology of Score Based Ranking of rural households for
which 13 socioeconomic parameters representing various
deprivations faced by the poor were used such as Land Holdings,
Type of House, Availability of clothing, Food Security, Sanitation,
Ownership of Consumer durables viz. TV, Electric Fan,
Kitchen appliances, Cooker, Radio, etc., Literacy status of
highest literate, Status of Household Labour, Means of
livelihood, Status of Children, Type of indebtedness, Reasons for
migration

13. 5. Features of Urban Poverty
 The main features of urban poverty are as follows:
1) Informalisation of labour markets
2) Migration Patterns
3) Poor Living Conditions
4) Problem of housing:
5) Lack of access to Education
6) Lack of Access to Health Care
7) Lack of access to Financial Services
8) Lack of Social Safety Nets

14. 6. Poverty Facts
 HOMELESSNESS Facts
There were 4,910 homeless people over the course of 2009.
On any given night 2,800 people are homeless.
° 27% are mentally ill
° 48% have a substance abuse issue
° 15% are veterans
° 25% are victims of domestic violence
o Nearly 6,000 students [k-12th grade] are homeless in the
Sacramento school districts.

15.  POVERTY Facts
The poverty rate in Sacramento is 16.1% - higher than the state
average of 13%; 20% of children are below the poverty level
compared to the state rate of 17%.
Ethnicity:
° 6% of white households are poor.
° 8% of Asian households are poor
° 17% of American Indian households are poor
° 19% of black households are poor
Gender:
° 58% of female head of households are poor
° 16% of male head of households are poor

16. Education:
° 19% of high school graduates are below poverty rate
° 44% of those who did not graduate high school are below poverty
rate
Disabilities:
° 23% of disabled males are poor; compared to
24% of disabled females
Caseload increases:
° March 2008 – March 2009, the caseloads for Food
Stamps has increased 22%; 15% for General Assistance;
8% for Cal Works and 4% for Medi-Cal.

17. 7. Urban Poverty in India
Table shows people live below poverty line in India:

19. SOURCE: NSSO report
Increase in Real Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) – URP
Annualized – for two periods
(Rate of Increase in Real MPCE on Y-axis and Decile class on X axis)
RURAL AREAS

20. URBAN AREAS
SOURCE: NSSO report

21. 8. Urban Poverty Alleviation
 The percentage of BPL population in the urban areas in India has
declined from 32.3% in 1993–94 to 25.7% in 2004–05 (based on
uniform recall period).
 The fact is that the number of urban poor is rising continuously
since 1973–74 as per the uniform recall period.

22. 1993-94 2004-05
Rural 37.3 28.3
Urban 32.4 25.7
Total 36.0 27.5
Source: Planning Commission
Comparison of poverty estimates based on uniform recall period
(Percentage of the total population)

23. 1999-2000 2004-05
Rural 27.1 21.8
Urban 23.64 21.7
Total 26.1 21.8
Source: Planning Commission
Comparison of poverty estimate based on mixed call period
(Percentage of the total population)

25. Objectives for Urban Poverty Alleviation
The Eleventh Plan has the following objectives for the urban
poor:
 To provide them affordable shelter and decent living and
working conditions.
 To make adequate provision of land for the poor in the
Master Plan itself
 To help in developing self-employment enterprises and job
creation for the wage employment earners.
 To protect the economic interest and safety of women and
other vulnerable sections of our society.

26. 9. References
 www.housing-the-urban-poor.net
 http://www.undp.org/povertyreport
 A compendium of poverty reduction strategies & frameworks by
GARRY LOEWEN
 Employment & poverty reduction: key challenges A Country
paper MALAWI
 Theories of urban poverty & implications for public housing
policy
 Homeless, poverty and housing fact sheet by SACRAMENTO
COUNTY: 2009