Cellular respiration

2. Item Activities that
the item does
Energy
Source
How
Energy Is
Released?
Automobile
Dogs
Flashlight
Flowers
Humans

3. Cellular Respiration
Objectives:
(1) Define metabolism and give its significance to
YOU
(2) Identify the parts of mitochondria and give the
function of each
(3) Draw the complete equation of cellular respiration
and its opposite reaction
(4) Summarize how glucose is broken down in the
first stage of cellular respiration.

4. Cellular Respiration
Objectives:
(5)Describe how ATP is made in the stages of
cellular respiration.
(6) Identify the role of and importance of
fermentation in the second stage of cellular
respiration.
(7) Evaluate the importance of oxygen in aerobic
respiration.

6. is a series of reactions
where fats, proteins,
and carbohydrates,
mostly glucose, are
broken down to make
CO2, water, and
energy (ATP).

7.  Cellular Respiration is a metabolic process
like burning fuel
 Releases much of the energy in food to make
ATP
 This ATP provides cells with the energy they
need to carry out the activities of life.
C6H12O6+O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

8. 8
Glucose Breakdown: Summary Reaction
Electrons are removed from substrates and
received by oxygen, which combines with
H+
to become water.
Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
+ + energy
Reduction
Oxidation
glucose
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O+

10. Matrix: location
of the prep
reaction and the
citric acid cycle
Cristae: location
of the electron
transport chain
(ETC)
cristaeIntermembrane space
Inner membrane
matrix
Outer membrane
45,000
© Dr. Donald Fawcett and Dr. Porter/Visuals Unlimited

13. FOOD
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins
Simple sugars Fatty acids
and glycerol
Amino acids
stages of CELLULAR RESPIRATION

14. stages of CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Simple
sugars
Fatty
acids
and
glycerol
Amino
acids
fuels

15.  Most of the energy
from cell
respiration is
converted into ATP
 ATP is a substance
that powers most
cell activities.

16. 16
CytoplasmMitochondrion
Electrontransportchain
2
net
2
glucose
2 pyruvate
2 acetyl CoA
Citric acid
cycle
subtotal subtotal
glycolysis
2 CO2
4 CO2
NADH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
2
2
6
2
4 or 6
6
18
4
324
36 or 38
total
6 O2 6 H2O
ATPP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
or 34
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17. 17
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18. Cellular Respiration
Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose
•Glycolysis
Glucose is
broken down
to pyruvate
making 2 ATP.

19. 19
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22. 22
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23. FERMENTATION
•the anaerobic conversion of
sugar to carbon dioxide and
alcohol/acid
• Alcoholic Fermentation - yeasts
• Lactic Acid Fermentation -
humans, fungi, and bacteria

24. FERMENTATION
Alcoholic Fermentation
e.g. yeasts
produce alcohol and CO2
• bread, beer, wine

25. Lactic Acid Fermentation
e.g. humans, some bacteria & fungi
muscle tissue ferments lactic acid when O2
is not delivered to cells
Lactate producing bacteria – used in the
production of cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut.
other products: acetic acid, butyric acid,
isopropanol etc.

26.  Where in the cell does
gylcolysis occur?
 Fate of glucose in the
beginning of gylcolysis?
 Explain “it takes energy to
make energy”?
 How much net ATP is
made?
 What else is made?
 2 types of fermentation?
 Cytoplasm
 Fructose (isomer)
 Invest 2 ATP get 4
 Net= 2 ATP
 CO2 + NADH
 Lactate or alcohol

27. 27
 Pyruvate is a pivotal metabolite in cellular
respiration
 If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation,
an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm.
 During fermentation, glucose is incompletely
metabolized to lactate, or to CO2 and alcohol
(depending on the organism).
 If O2 is available to the cell, pyruvate enters the
mitochondria for aerobic respiration.

28. 28
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29. 29
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© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

30. 30
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31. 31
 Advantages
 Provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity.
 Disadvantages
 Lactate and alcohol are toxic to cells.
 Lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue.
▪ Oxygen debt
 Yeast die from the alcohol they produce by fermentation
 Efficiency of Fermentation
 Two ATP produced per glucose of molecule during fermentation is
equivalent to 14.6 kcal.
 Complete oxidation of glucose can yield 686 kcal.
 Only 2 ATP per glucose are produced, compared to 36 or 38 ATP
molecules per glucose produced by cellular respiration.

32. 32
Fermentation
inputs outputs
2 lactate or
2 alcohol and 2
CO2
glucose
2 ADP + 2 P net gainATP2
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33. Pyruvate enters mitochondrion
(matrix)
It is oxidized to 2 carbon acetyl groups
NADH is formed
CO2 is removed (waste product)

34. 34
 Connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle
 End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the
mitochondrial matrix
 Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon acetyl group
 Attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA
 Electron are picked up (as hydrogen atom) by NAD+
 CO2 is released and transported out of mitochondria into
the cytoplasm

35. 35
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
2 2+ 2 CoA + 2 CO2
2 pyruvate
O OH
C
CH3
+ 2 CoA
CoA
CH3
pyruvate
carbon
dioxideacetyl CoA
C OC O
2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbon
dioxide
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36. Cellular Respiration
Stage Two: Production of ATP
•Krebs Cycle
is a series of reactions that
produce energy-storing molecules
during aerobic respiration.

37. 37
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38.  Completes the breakdown of glucose
 Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it
down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up
in CO2 and H2O
 Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and
loaded onto NAD+
and FAD to produce
NADH and FADH2
 Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up
the coenzymes with H+
and electrons which
move to the 3rd
stage

40. CO2 & H2O
NADH &
FADH
2 more ATP

42.  What are the reactants?
 What is produced?
 What is NADH? FADH?
 What is CoA and why is it
important?
 Pyruvate (C3)
 2 ATP, CO2, NADH,
FADH
 Energy carriers
 Escort molecule to Krebs
cycle

43. Goal: to break down NADH and
FADH2, pumping H+ into the outer
compartment of the mitochondria
Where: Cristae of the mitochondria
Electron Transport
Phosphorylation typically produces
32 ATP's

44.  Electron carriers loaded with electrons and
protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this
chain-like a series of steps (staircase).
 As electrons drop down stairs, energy
released to form a total of 32 ATP
 Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up
electrons and protons and in doing so
becomes water

46.  ATP is
generated as
H+ moves
down its
concentration
gradient
through a
special
enzyme called
ATP synthase

47. 47
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48. Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP
Electron Transport Phosphorylation: 32
ATP
 Each NADH produced in the conversion of
pyruvate to acetyl COA and Krebs Cycle is
worth 3 ATP (8 x 3 = 24)
 Each FADH2 is worth 2 ATP (2 x 2 = 4)
 4 + 24 + 4 = 32
Net Energy Production:

50. 50
 Net yield per glucose:
 From glycolysis – 2 ATP
 From citric acid cycle – 2 ATP
 From electron transport chain – 32 or 34 ATP
 Energy content:
 Reactant (glucose) 686 kcal
 Energy yield (36 ATP) 263 kcal
 Efficiency is 39%
 The rest of the energy from glucose is lost as heat

51.  36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
 Glycolysis 2 ATP
 Kreb’s 2 ATP
 Electron Transport 32 0r 34 ATP
36 or 38 ATP

52. Occurs in the chlorophyll-bearing cells
of plants
Needs the presence of light
Water and carbon dioxide are used
Oxygen is given off as a waste product
Food is built or synthesized
The weight of the plant is increased
Energy is stored

53.  I. Draw and label the parts of a
mitochondrion. Give the function of each
part.
 II. Complete the table below on cellular
respiration.

54. PHASE/PROCESS LOCATION PRODUCTS ATP
PRODUCED
___________________ matrix
NADH's,
2FADH2's, acetyl
coA and 2 CO2
Glycolysis
________________ _______________
2
________________ _________________ Water, NADH,
FADH
_____________
Preparatory reaction
_________________ NADH and
releases CO2
_____________
Fermentation
*Organism involve
________________
________________
Alcohol & CO2
_______________
_________
Net total of ATP produced/glucose molecule = __________
I. Draw and label the parts of a mitochondrion. Give the function of each part.
II. Complete the table below on cellular respiration.

55.  1. In aerobic respiration carbohydrates are
ultimately broken down into:
 A. acetyl-CoA B. CO2 C. H2O D. O2
 2. In the process of catabolism, protein is broken
into
 A. sugar B. amino acids C. glucose D. fatty acids
 3. Which process of aerobic respiration takes
place in the cytoplasm and NOT in the
mitochondria?
 A. glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. fermentation
D. ATP synthesis

56.  4. In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize
ATP via the process of glycolysis. Many cells also
can metabolize pyruvate if oxygen is not present,
via the process of:
 A. fermentation B. oxidative phosphorylation
C. aerobic respiration D. photophosphorylation
 5. The final electron acceptor in cellular
respiration is
 A. ATP. D. NADPH.
 B. oxygen. E. carbon dioxide.
 C. glyceraldehyde-3-phospate (G3P)

57.  6. Which of the following does not occur in
fermentation?
 A. carbon dioxide is produced
 B. sugar is broken down
 C oxygen is formed
 D. energy is released
 7. What is the net total of ATP produced during
aerobic respiration
 A. 2 ATP C. 36 ATP
 B. 32 ATP D. 39 ATP

58.  8. Which process of aerobic respiration takes
place in the cristae of mitochondria?
 A. Glycolysis B. Citric Acid Cycle cycle C.
Preparatory reaction D. Electron Transport Chain
 9. All of the following are common to respiration
and fermentation except one
 A. energy is released
 B. carbon dioxide is produced
 C. sugar molecules are broken down
 D. alcohol is formed
