The document summarizes key events leading up to World War 1: 1) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group Black Hand, in Sarajevo sparked an international crisis. 2) Austria-Hungary issued a list of demands to Serbia in an ultimatum that was intended to be unacceptable, justifying war. Serbia agreed to most demands but refused to allow Austrian officials to investigate within Serbia. 3) As tensions escalated, British Foreign Secretary Grey proposed a conference of major powers to resolve the dispute, but Austria refused and Germany did not pressure them to accept, indicating their desire for war

1. Coming of WW 1
Part 5 of 5
1

2. 2
DO NOT USE REMOTE
ON THIS SLIDE.

3. 3
The Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, heirs to the throne of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire were assassinated in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, by Gavrilo Princip,
an Anti-Austrian terrorist sponsored by the Black Hand.
JUNE 28,1914

4. 4
June 28th, 1914 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

5. 5

6. Dragutin
Dimitrijević
6
He was a leading member of a military group
that organized the overthrow of the Serbian
government in 1903. He personally organized
and participated in the coup against King
Alexander and his wife Queen Draga that
resulted in their murders.
He was the leader of the Black Hand group
responsible for the assassination of Franz
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria in June 1914.
The
Serbian
Black Hand

7. Gavrilo Princip was 19 years old, a native
Bosnian, and therefore a citizen of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire.
He was part of a team of youthful assassins,
all of whom were Bosnians, belonging to a
revolutionary movement whose object was to
detach Bosnia from Austria into a Kingdom of
Greater Serbia.
7
Photo of the weapon used by Princip
Weapon is a 9-mm "9 short", .380 ACP pistol FN Browning
Model 1910

8. 8
Trivia Question:
What became of Princip after the judge and jury
convicted him of murder?
a. He died of Tuberculosis in prison.
b. He was hanged.
c. He escaped with the help of the Black
Hand .
d. He died of natural causes in prison.
Question 1 of 2:
Was the Serbian Government involved?
a. Yes b. No c. Unknown d. not a choice
The plot had been hatched in Belgrade, Serbia, by the Black Hand
terrorist group, but there was no association with the government.

9. 9
Serbian soldiers
Russian Soldiers
Austrian soldiers

10. 10
Austrian Ambassador
To Germany
Count
Szogyeny
Count Szogyeny, the Austrian Ambassador
in Berlin delivered a letter from Franz
Joseph to Kaiser William II one week after
the assassination.
Thecrimeagainstmynephew
isthedirectconsequenceofthe
agitationcarriedonbyRussian
andSerbianSlavists,whose
soleaimistoweakentheTriple
Allianceandshattermy
Empire. Thebloody deedwas
anorganizedplotfrom
Belgrade.Althoughitcannot
beprovedthattheSerbian
gov’twasresponsible,theystill
Therecanbe nodoubt
that itspolicyofuniting
allSouthern Slavs under
the Serbian flag
encourages suchcrimes.
What wouldGerman
policybe ifAustria
decidedto“punish…this
center ofcriminal
agitation inBelgrade?”
Austria’s
Emperor Franz
Joseph
Germany’s
Kaiser Wilhelm II

11. 11
Paraphrased:
Kaiser Wilhelm:
“PunishSerbia
andwe’llback
you up.”
Austrian Foreign Minister
Berchtold:
“Whatabout
Russian
interventio
n?”
“Youcanexpect
Russiatobehostile
buttheyarenoway
preparedforwar.”
Austria
Bosnia

12. 12
7 July 1914
Emperor Franz Joseph and Austrian Empire
Kaiser Wilhelm IISupport versus Serbia

13. 13
Describe
the
cartoonist’s
message.
Question: What does Austria want to do to Serbia?
a. Make them pay a huge indemnity for their part in the conspiracy to
have the Archduke assassinated.
b. Humiliate them by having them admit to the world their complicity
in the assassination.
c. Crush them militarily.
d. Make them defend themselves in the International Court in The
Hague, Netherlands.
Franz
Joseph
Kaiser
Wilhelm II
Try Again:
Describe
the
cartoonist’s
message.

14. 14
Question: Do you recall the evidence
of the Serbian Government’s
involvement in the murder of the
Archduke and his wife?
Answer:
Austrian investigations found
NO involvement of the Serbian
Government.

15. 15
Austro-Hungarian
Foreign Minister
Berchtold
Chief of the
General Staff
Count Franz Conrad
von Hötzendorf
“Mobilize our army against
them!”
“No, we must prepare the public
for a War first.”
We will stop the Serbian nation from
moving into Bosnia, gathering Slavs
into what will become the Greater
Serbian Nation.
“Serbia will submit, either by Diplomacy
or…………WAR!
Most of the Austrian Government WANTS WAR!
“I will make Serbia an offer
that they must refuse”
“I will make Serbia an
offer that they
must refuse”

16. 16
Bethman-Holweg and Jagow
“We know it is intended as a
prelude to war, not a prelude to
negotiations,
We want the rest of the powers to
believe that Berlin is wondering as
well as the rest of Europe what
will be in the ultimatum.”
Britain, France, and Russia talked to their Ambassadors to Germany in Berlin……..and
the German Ambassadors to Britain, France, and Russia………..
”What will be in the ‘Ultimatum’ note to Serbia”?
Sgt. Shultz
“I know nothing.”

17. 17
Messages to Austria-Hungary
“We will encourage Serbia to make
reasonable amends, but it can’t be an
ultimatum.”
Everything will depend on the form of satisfaction demanded
and whether moderation would be exercised. We will also
encourage Serbia to meet Austria’s demands.”
“Serbia must accept the penalties asked of
them by Austria, but not to the point of
starting a war.”
Having read the ultimatum,
we were STUNNED!”

18. 18
GERMANY
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE

19. 19
Serbische Regierung verpflichtet sich
überdies:
1. jede Publikation zu unterdrücken, die zum
Haß und zur Verachtung der Monarchie
aufreizt, und deren allgemeine Tendenz gegen
die territoriale Integrität der letzteren
gerichtet ist,
2. sofort mit der Auflösung des Vereines
»Narodna Odbrana« vorzugehen, dessen
gesamte Progagandamittel zu konfiszieren
und in derselben Weise gegen die anderen
Vereine und Vereinigungen in Serbien
einzuschreiten, die sich mit der Propaganda
gegen Österreich-Ungarn beschäftigen; die k.
Regierung wird die nötigen Maßregeln
treffen, damit die aufgelösten Vereine nicht
etwa ihre Tätigkeit unter anderem Namen
oder in anderer Form fortsetzen,
3. ohne Verzug aus dem öffentlichen
Unterricht in Serbien, sowohl was den
Lehrkörper als auch die Lehrmittel betrifft,
alles zu beseitigen, was dazu dient oder
dienen könnte, die Propaganda gegen
Österreich-Ungarn zu nähren,
4. aus dem Militärdienst und der
Verwaltung im allgemeinen
alle Offiziere und Beamten zu
entfernen, die der Propaganda
gegen Österreich-Ungarn s
chuldig sind, und deren Namen
unter Mitteilung des gegen sie
vorliegenden M aterials der k.
Regierung b ekanntzugeben sich die k. und
k. Regierung vorbehält,
5. einzuwilligen, daß in
Serbien Organe der k. und k.
Regierung bei der
Unterdrückung der gegen die
territoriale Integrität der
Monarchie gerichteten
subversiven Bewegung
mitwirken,
Stop any media who incites to hatred and contempt of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
Eliminate any group sponsoring propaganda against the Austro-Hungarian nation
(especially the “Black Hand”).
Eliminate any text books or teaching in any school which mentions any negativity
towards Austria.
Remove any soldiers and their commanders who sponsor propaganda against Austria.
Austrian officials will be allowed into Serbia to investigate those responsible for the
assassination.
Halt all cross-border trading and purchasing of weapons and ammunition.
Arrest all those who have spread hostility to the Austro-Hungarian Government
following the assassination.
Austria’s Ultimatum to the Government of Serbia
Serbia agreed to 9 of 10 demands.
They did not agree to allowing Austrian officials to
enter Serbia and be involved in the investigation, as
it would be a violation of the Serbian Constitution.
Question: What was the reaction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
a. Exactly the response they wanted,
justifying war.
b. A good enough response to
prevent war for the time being.
c. Unacceptable response, which will
require further discussions .
d. A good enough response to
create an alliance with Serbia.
Austria’s Ultimatum to the Government of Serbia

20. 20

21. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for Austria-
Hungary had a negative effect.
The driving force behind this action was the Austrian Foreign
Minister Count von Aehrenthal.
He thought that Austria could intimidate the Serbian minority
within the country (Austria) and impress Serbia and the
other powers by changing the existing status of
occupation (since the Congress of Berlin) by
extending Austrian sovereignty to Bosnia and
Herzegovina by force.
The result was devastating for Austria:
this action led to an outburst of national enthusiasm
in Serbia; the strengthening of pro-Serbian networks
within Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of all to the
alienation of great powers.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
SA
national enthusiasm in Serbia
21

22. 22
Regardless of what is in the ”Ultimatum”, the note; it will be WAR.

23. Last Minute
Efforts
at
Peace
23

24. 24
Question:
Who do you guess would
propose a conference?
a. Germany
b. France
c. Great Britain
d. Russia
Sir Edward Grey
To avoid war
we will
conference
To avoid war
we will
conference
To avoid war
…………….
To avoid war
we will
conference
YES YES
YESNO!
Only if
Austria approves
Result of Grey’s attempt to get
the Ambassadors together…

25. 25
Chancellor
of
Germany
Bethmann-Hollweg, one of
just a few in Germany, who
saw the danger of the Serbian-
Austrian conflict becoming a
World War.

26. 26
Bethmann, besides being Chancellor of Germany,
was also 6’4”
a commanding figure by his position in the government and
simply in a crowd.
Trivia: Do you recall
another famous
diplomat who was 6’4”
and
wore a ten-gallon hat?
Abraham Lincoln

27. 27
Question: What events or situations led Bethmann to
believe a war between Serbia and Austria would escalate
into a World War?
Answer: Every event, situation, conference concerned Germany for one
overriding question……….
Telegram from Bethmann to
Heinrich Tschirschky, German
Ambassador to Austria,
“It is imperative that you
tell the Austrian
government that they agree
to Grey’s mediation
conference meeting.”
2nd Telegram:
“if Austria won’t
agree to Grey’s
mediation, then Great
Britain will be against
us.”
3rd Telegram
To Foreign Minister Berchtold
and the Austrian government:
“ You are not
considering our counsel.
You must accept Grey’s
proposal.”

28. 28
A Return to Grey’s Warning.
British Foreign Minister Grey has asks for a
Six Power Conference to resolve the conflict.
Germany had refused to meet.
Grey sends a letter to Kaiser Wilhelm through the
German Ambassador to Great Britain,
Karl Max Lichnowsky.

29. 29
“Berchtold, last request, will you
accept Grey’s proposal?”
“Bethmann, it’s too late,
we refuse.”

30. 30
The
Kaiser’s
Response
The British are scoundrels.
The British are common cheats.
George V has shown bad faith.
The British press obey their government
unconditionally.
…….British suffer from a jingoistic
press.
The British continue to trick us with
dinners and speeches…
a bold deception.
Grey has a guilty conscience and
proves that the King is a liar.
The king feels he has deceived us. He is
making a threat and it is a bluff.
The king is a common cur.

31. 31
Why did Grey not invite
Russia?
a. If Austria agrees then
there will be no
conflict for Russia.
b. Grey wanted no talks
with Russia.
c. Russia was being too
contrary.
d. Germany would not
show-up if Russia was
invited.
Under what conditions
would Great Britain be
neutral?
a. Russia stays out of an
Austria-SerbiaWar.
b. The war would involve
only Austria , Serbia,
and Russia.
c. France is not involved.
d. Germany agrees to not
attack France.
Grey’s threat of
Britain getting
involved in a war
caused what reaction
from Chancellor
Bethmann-Holweg?
a. Shaken up
b. Confident
c. Scared
d. Couldn’t care less
The possible peace conferenceAnd here’s what happened……..
Austria said, “No mediation, we are at war.”
No Conference.

32. 32
Upon hearing of the
assassination, followed
by the ultimatum to
Serbia and their
response, Kaiser
Wilhelm II ORDERED a
mediation conference –
Serbia and Austria.
Count Berchtold, Austrian
Foreign Minister responded:
a. We will ignore Wilhelm.
b. We will obey the Kaiser.
c. Obey the Kaiser but add the
British Prime Minister Grey’s
conference plan.
d. Not an option.
Why did Austria ignore
the Kaiser's order?
a. The German
Chancellor wanted
war and told
Berchtold.
b. Austria had planned
all along to bring war
to Serbia.
c. Austria had to work
on keeping Russia out
of the conflict.
d. Not a choice.

33. 33
Discuss
this
cartoon
Ordering a mediation
conference between
Serbia and Austria
does not align with
this cartoon.

34. 34
Does William
know what he is
doing , or what
he wants?
Does Franz Joseph
know what he is
doing , or what he
wants?
German
Chancellor
Bethmann-
Hollweg
supports war:
Austria against
Serbia.
Austrian Foreign
Minister
Berchtold has
planned to crush
Serbia even
before the
assassination.

35. 35

36. 36
“An unfair
war has been
declared on
a weak
country.”
Czar Nicholas II abhors war.
His telegram to Wilhelm:
Kaiser Wilhelm II to Czar Nicholas II
“I object to the term ‘unfair war.’
Serbia has committed an
outrageous crime and a dastardly
murder.”
Nicholas to William
“I beg of you in the name of our old
friendship to do what you can to stop
your allies from going too far.”
Willie to Nicky
“Cousin, you must agree with me that we
have a common interest in seeing all
regicide punished.”

37. 37
Russia mobilizes their army.
Question:
What led them to mobilize
their army?
a. They wanted to answer the
threat to their Slavic brothers in
Serbia.
b. Their hatred of Austria.
c. They wanted to create fear in
the surrounding countries, to
keep them out of the conflict
d. They were just showing off to
the world, showing them that
Russia was back to being one of
the European powers..

38. 38
Willie to Nicky
“Nicky, you are acting like a bully.
Now….stop the mobilization at once. You
will be responsible for involving all of Europe
in the most horrible war she has ever
witnessed.”
Nicky to Willie
“Our mobilization
is for real!”

39. 39
Kaiser Wilhelm II and Germany expects Czar Nicholas and Russia to back down
and cancel their mobilization.
Question:
Why does Germany
believe Russia will back
down?
a. They believe Russia is
too weak militarily.
b. The Grandmother,
Queen Victoria, will
control her grandson
and Russia.
c. History: Russia has
lost the Crimean War
to Japan and to the
Ottomans- they need
not be considered a
threat.
d. Kaiser Wilhelm can
control his cousin.
Germany and the Kaiser saw their prospects
as “glittering”.
• A localized war.
• General war avoided.
• Serbia crushed.
• Austria reborn.
• Russia put in her place.
Balance of Power is realigned.
The prospects are glittering
Question:
What destroyed the German DREAM?
a. Russia Mobilized.
b. Russia Mobilized.
c. Russia Mobilized.
d. Russia Mobilized.

40. 40
The German dream has been destroyed by the mobilization of the Russian forces.
MOR
EGERM
ANDECEP
MO
REGER
MANDECEP
MO
REGER
MANDECEP
TION

41. Serbia
41
Every year
the
Slavic
Empire
was growing
in strength.
Germany
Austrian
Empire
Russia

42. 42
German strategy will now want Russia to mobilize.
Question: Why?
a. Keep changing the threats to Russia to confuse them.
b. Fix blame on Russia for starting a war.
c. They are simply unsure of what to do next.
d. To deflect world concern away from Austria and their
punishment of Serbia.
The threat of invasion by the Slav hordes will get the German
people to support a war with Russia.
If Germany could get Russia to start the war, then a Germany
versus Russia war would keep __________?_______________out
of the conflict.
Question: Who?
a. Great Britain
b. France
c. Italy
d. United States

43. 43
Germany, with the Austro-Hungarian
Empire, would win a continental war,
if … Great Britain
stayed out of it.

44. 44
Question:
Who do you guess would
propose a conference?
a. Germany
b. France
c. Great Britain
d. Russia
Sir Edward Grey
To avoid war
we will
conference
To avoid war
we will
conference
To avoid war
we will
conference
YES
YESNO!
Only if
Austria approves
Grey proposed that Austria halt and
submit to mediation by Germany, Italy,
France and Britain.
“IfAustriadoesnotaccept
,ourneutralitycannotbe
guaranteed.”

45. 45
Why did Grey not invite
Russia?
a. If Austria agrees then
there will be no
conflict for Russia.
b. Grey wanted no talks
with Russia.
c. Russia was being too
contrary.
d. Germany would not
show-up if Russia was
invited.
Under what conditions
would Great Britain be
neutral?
a. Russia stays out of an
Austria-SerbiaWar.
b. The war would involve
only Austria , Serbia,
and Russia.
c. France is not involved.
d. Germany agrees to not
attack France.
Grey’s threat of
Britain getting
involved in a war
caused what reaction
from Chancellor
Bethmann-Holweg?
a. Shaken up
b. Confident
c. Scared
d. Couldn’t care less
The possible peace conferenceAnd here’s what happened……..
Austria said, “No mediation, we are at war.”
No Conference.

46. 46
Sir Edward Grey
Great Britain………………….What will they do?
Check the box if the statement
is true about Great Britain.
Britain wants war
Serbia is to blame
Austria should punish Serbia
Britain trusts Germany
Wants negotiations
Make friends with France
Supports the Turks
Supports isolationism
Allied with Belgium
Support France
Answers

47. 47
Chancellor
of
Germany
Bethmann-Hollweg, one of
just a few in Germany, who
saw the danger of the Serbian-
Austrian conflict becoming a
World War.

48. 48
Bethmann-Hollweg’s effort to mediate the Austrian-Serbian conflict
began with suggesting that Austria should stop at Belgrade, occupy the
Serbian capitol until its terms had been met.
Results of Bethmann-Hollweg’s efforts:
a. Austria agreed , Serbia thankful.
b. Austrian troops stopped at the border
of Serbia.
c. Austria wouldn’t listen to him.
d. Austria and Germany headed
towards war with each other.
Why Not?
a. Austria was ready for a fight.
b. Austria really wanted Serbia to
“pay.”
c. Russia was prepared to
intervene.
d. Simple pride.

49. 49
Question: What events or situations led Bethmann to
believe a war between Serbia and Austria would
escalate into a World War?
Answer: Every event, situation, conference concerned Germany for one
overriding question……….
Telegram from Bethmann to
Heinrich Tschirschky, German
Ambassador to Austria,
“It is imperative that you
tell the Austrian
government that they agree
to Grey’s mediation
conference meeting.”
2nd Telegram:
“if Austria won’t
agree to Grey’s
mediation, then Great
Britain will be against
us.”
3rd Telegram
To Foreign Minister Berchtold
and the Austrian government:
“ You are not
considering our counsel.
You must accept Grey’s
proposal.”

50. 50
Bethmann, besides being Chancellor of
Germany was also 6’4”
,,,a commanding figure by his position
in the government and simply in a
crowd.
Trivia: What other world figure was tall
enough to be a “commanding” figure?
a. George Washington
b. Napoleon III
c. Adolph Hitler
d. Ghandi

51. 51
Russia was already mobilized to come
to the Serbian’s aid against Austria. It
was so swift that any possible
negotiations led by Bethmann-Hollweg
would be too late.

52. 52
A Return to Grey’s Warning.
British Foreign Minister Grey has asks for a
Six Power Conference to resolve the conflict.
Germany had refused to meet.
Grey sends a letter to Kaiser Wilhelm through the
German Ambassador to Great Britain,
Karl Max Lichnowsky.

53. 53
1906 with
Churchill
Wilhelm II really declared,
"Ruthlessness and weakness will start the
most terrifying war of the world, whose
purpose is to destroy Germany. Because
there can no longer be any doubts,
England, France and Russia have
conspired themselves together to fight an
annihilation war against us".
One of the few things that Kaiser Wilhelm II
had a talent for was causing outrage. A
specialty was insulting other monarchs. He
called the diminutive King Victor Emmanuel
III of Italy “the dwarf” in front of the king’s
own entourage. He called Prince (later Tsar)
Ferdinand, of Bulgaria, “Fernando naso,” on
account of his beaky nose, and spread
rumors that he was a hermaphrodite.
What Happens When a Bad-
Tempered, DistractibleDoofus
Runs an Empire?

54. 54
The British are scoundrels.
The British are common cheats.
George V has shown bad faith.
The British press obey their government
unconditionally.
British suffer from a jingoistic
press.
The British continue to trick us with
dinners and speeches…
a bold deception.
Grey has a guilty conscience and
proves that the King is a liar.
The king feels he has deceived us. He is
making a threat and it is a bluff.
The king is a common cur.

55. 55
“Berchtold, last request, will you
accept Grey’s proposal?”
“Bethmann, it’s too late,
we refuse.”

56. 56
A cartoon
A euphemism
Is the picture a
euphemism?

57. 57

58. 58

59. 59
Personal Insult International Humiliation
The Military Code of Honor
. Emperor Franz Joseph, after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand on 28 June, he
demanded satisfaction and said: “If we must go under, we
better go under decently.”
When the British suffered 60,000 casualties
at the battle of Ypres, the acting
Commander wrote in his diary:
“What a glorious day in the history of
our country.”
How could anyone think that the loss of 60,000 soldiers is GLORIOUS?

60. 60

61. 61
TheSchlieffenPlanwassetinplaceinGermany’smilitarystrategyplaybookshortlyaftertheVictoryover
FranceintheFranco-PrussianWar.

62. RussiaGermany
62
Follow the
alliances/agreements/
threats/compromises/
letters/telegrams/………
………….the logic.
France GermanySerbiaAustriaGreat Britain

63. 63
IF…IF…IF…IF…IF…IF…. IF
Who can change this?

64. 64
IF Austria
attacks
Serbia
Russia
Attacks
Austria Germany
Supports
Austria
If Germany
enters Belgium
on their way to
Paris…
Great Britain
Attacks
Germany
World
War
1
Germany
will
Attack France

65. 65
Why did Austria attack
Serbia?
a. Stop the nuisance
Serbia was to the peace
in Austria.
b. Stop emigration of
Austrian Slavs into
Serbia.
c. Stop Serbian efforts at
leading rebellious
actions within Austria.
d. Revenge for the
assassination of the heir
to the throne of Austria.
Serbia had been plotting for years to
gather all the Slavic peoples of the
Balkans into one Greater Serbian Nation.
Austria had for years wanted to crush
Serbia. The assassination of Franz
Ferdinand was the excuse Austria needed.
Why would Russia attack
Austria?
a. Revenge for their loss
in the Russian-
Ottoman War.
b. Revenge for Austria
killing their Slavic
brothers.
c. Revenge for the
Crimean War.
d. Fulfilling a
commitment to the
Serbian Slavs.
Why would Germany
attack France?
( No Choices)
Answer: The Schlieffen Plan
Why would Britain enter the war?
(no choices)
Answer:
Because Germany invaded Belgium.
Belgium and Britain had an agreement based on Naval
considerations between the two countries.

66. 66
Diplomacy
Versus
the
Generals
Who will win?

67. 67
The military leaders
of Austria, Germany ,
and Russia,
,……………..want war.
The diplomats,
ambassadors, and
foreign ministers
want mediation and
talks.
Who has the last word in
Austria, Germany, and
Russia?
Question:

68. 68
Who got the ears of these three monarchs?

69. 69
The monarchs gave in to the
military.
YES, the generals got the ears
of the monarchs.

70. 70
In May 1914, Colonel Edward
House, the special advisor of the
American President, reported to
President Wilson: “Militarism is
runingstarkmadinEurope”.There
was a cult of military display; a
strong belief that war would be
the final solution.
Maybe the decision makers in
those days were not fully aware of
what war really meant; but they
were active in preparing for it,
they embraced a logic of war, they
were not “Sleepwalkers.”
The
American
view
of
the
European
conflict

71. 71
The war
upon us

72. 72
Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austria blamed the
Serbian Government for sponsoring the Black Hand rebel organization.
Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia was a sham, creating a pretext for attacking
Serbia.
Austrian forces bomb Belgrade, the capital of Serbia.
Russia threatens to mobilize their military to protect their Slavic brothers in
Serbia.
Diplomacy fails and Austria declares war on Serbia.
Russia declares war on Austria in support of Serbia.
Germany honors their alliance with Austria and declares war on Russia
Page 2 follows
Order of Events 1914 Page 1 of 3
Page 1 of 3

73. 73
Germany honoring the Schlieffen Plan, asks France their intentions,
knowing France and Russia have an alliance.
Before obtaining France's response to the German inquiry, Germany declares
war on France.
Upon Germany’s invasion of Belgium, Great Britain honors their
agreement (completed 75 years ago) with Belgium, declaring war on
Germany.
Order of Events – page 2 of 3
France, bound by an existing treaty with Russia, now is at war with Germany by
association..

74. 74
Japan honors an existing treaty with Britain and declares war on Germany.
Austria-Hungary declare war on Japan for declaring war on Germany.
Order of Events page 3 of 3
World War 1 World War 1 World War 1
World War 1 World War 1 World War 1

75. Kaiser
William II
75
General
Helmuth von Moltke
Chancellor
Bethmann-Hollweg
General Erich von
Falkenhayn
We must
support Austria!
We must
declare war!
DON’T
WAR!

76. Kaiser
William II
76
General
Helmuth von Moltke
Chancellor
Bethmann-Hollweg
General Erich von
Falkenhayn
Wanting war, Moltke is
disgusted with the
Kaiser’s lack of action.
Go ahead, Mobilize!
We will follow.
He sends a telegram to the
commander of the Austrian Army.
Commander of Austria Military
General Conrad Hotzendorf

77. Kaiser
William II
77
General
Helmuth von Moltke
Chancellor
Bethmann-Hollweg
General Erich von
Falkenhayn
Commander of Austria Military
General Conrad Hotzendorf
Emperor
Franz Joseph

78. Russian military generals
78
Russian Army General’s Responses
Mobilize!
Mobilize!
Mobilize!
Mobilize!
Mobilize!
I, Czar Nicholas II, order
immediate mobilization
of our military forces.

79. Kaiser
William II
79
General
Helmuth von Moltke
Chancellor
Bethmann-Hollweg
General Erich von
Falkenhayn
To the Kaiser,
“Russia has mobilized, we demand that you order
the mobilization of the German military.”
Bethmann-Hollweg was under
great pressure and exhausted,
………………….yes, he was
exhausted trying to avoid a
shooting war.
Bethmann-Hollweg finally gives in
to the army general’s demands
and recommends to the Kaiser,
the mobilization of forces.

80. Kaiser
William II
80
Czar
Nicholas II
Ultima
tumSTOP!
Or we will declare
war on you.
Meanwhile
Ultimatum

81. 81
General Gallieni
Georges
Clemenceau
General
Ferdinand
Foch
Another Ultimatum
To France:
“What are your
intentions?
Will you remain
neutral if we are at war
with Russia?

82. 82
General Gallieni
Georges
Clemenceau
General
Ferdinand
Foch
Question:
Why the German concern over
France ?
a. France borders Germany
b. France is allied with
Russia with whom they are at
war.
c. France has always
threatened revenge.
d. They had no reason or
logic behind their decision.

83. 83
General Gallieni
Georges
Clemenceau
General
Ferdinand
Foch
IF’S….....
If France says they will
stay neutral, then Germany
will take control of two
French fortresses on the
border as a guarantee that
France will remain neutral-
an act of holding France
hostage.
Ultimatum

84. Pourtales, face to face in
Count Sazonov’s office.
84
German Ambassador to
Russia Count Pourtales
Russian Foreign
Minister Count
Sazonov
Time is up!
“Our ultimatum to you has
expired as of noon, Saturday,
August 1st.
“Germany is now officially
at war with Russia.”
“The curse of the nations
will be upon you.”“We are defending our honor and this
is the end of my mission.”
Question:
Describe Pourtales’ feelings as
he left Sazonov’s office.
a. Heart-broken and weeping.
b. No visible reactions
whatsoever.
c. Head held high, confident.
d. Deeply angered exiting the
room shouting obscenities.

85. 85
August 1st.1914
Germany has declared war against Russia.
Austria has declared war against Serbia.
Downtown
Berlin on
August 1st.

86. 86
Cousins Communicate
King George V Kaiser William II
If France will remain
neutral I will order our
troops on the border to
stand down.l
Helmut Moltke
“Kaiser, you cannot do that, our
whole strategy will be crushed, you
cannot do this.”

87. 87
Cousins Communicate
King George V Kaiser William II
Helmut Moltke
“Britain will not
stay neutral.”
“Moltke, go ahead and
do what you want.”
Question:
What action was taken
next by the Kaiser?
a. He asked Moltke for
his plan of attack.
b. He called on his
Chancellor to decide
Germany’s next
move.
c. He threw a tantrum,
angered at having to
cave in to Moltke’s
demands.
d. He went to bed.

88. 88
3:40 pm, August 1st
France mobilizes troops
honoring their agreement
with Russia.
President Raymond Poincare
Rene Viviani-Prime Minister
Military leaders
Joseph Joffre
Ferdinand Foch
Robert Nivelle
Philippe Petain.’
Bethmann-Hollweg
“We had no choice.”
Germany declared
war on France.

89. 89
With Germany at war with
Russia, Austria had hoped
Russia would back down
allowing Austria to go
forward against Serbia.
Diplomats from Russia and
Austria were still negotiating.
Austria wanted to crush
Serbia. Russia wanted to stop
them.
With
Germany’s
declaration
of war on Russia,
negotiations would
be hopeless.
The negotiations were ended
Austria would honor their
alliance with Germany
and
Austria declared war on

90. 90
August 1st.1914
Germany has declared war against Russia.
Austria has declared war against Serbia.
Germany declares war on France.
Russia, in support of their ally France, declares war on Germany.
With Germany's threat to Belgium, Great Britain declares war on Germany.
As each of the many alliance are brought into play……………….
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Japan, Italy
are at war with
Central Powers: Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire.

91. 91
1. 23 July
Ultimatum to Serbia.
2. 25 July
Serbia Mobilizes.
3. 29 July
Austria invades Serbia.
4. 29 July
British Fleet on alert.
5. 30 July
Russia Mobilizes.
6. 31 July
Austria Mobilizes
7. 1 August
Germany Mobilizes.
8. 1 August
Germany declares
war on Russia.
9. 1 August
France Mobilizes.
10. 2 August
Germany invades
Luxemburg.
11. 3 August
Germany declares
war on France.
12. 3 August
Britain warns Germany to
respect Belgium
neutrality.
13. 4 August
Germany invades
Belgium.
14. 4 August
Britain declares war on
Germany.

92. 92
•Russia bound by their treaty with Serbia decides to come to Serbia’s aid.
•Germany, with the recent treaty with Austria-Germany, declares war on Russia.
•France, bound by an existing treaty with Russia, now is at war with Germany by association.
•Germany then invades Belgium to have easy access to France.
•Britain, allied to France with an existing treaty, declares war against Germany.
• This was unexpected by Germany as they expected Britain to stay out of the war,
since the treaty with France was loosely worded and not entirely binding.
However, Britain also had a 75 year old treaty with Belgium.
So because of both of these treaties, they decided to declare war on Germany.
• The British colonies enter the war.
•Japan honors an existing treaty with Britain and declares war on Germany.
•Austria-Hungary declare war on Japan for declaring war on Germany.
Alternate presentation of the Order of events 1914

93. 93
Sir Edward Grey,
British Foreign
Minister
"The lampsare goingout all over
Europe. We shall not see themlit
againin ourtime."

94. 94
“The lamps are going out all over Europe.
We shall not see them lit again in our time."

95. 95

96. 96

97. 97
The concept of honor embraced by elites at the beginning of World War I was rooted in ancient times, the honor
code of medieval knights.
Many historians and economists attributed the outbreak of WWI to irrational and pre-capitalist desires for
self-glorification and violent self-assertion, prevalent among the aristocracy.
The alliances drawn up between nations before the war could actually have helped to preserve the
fragile peace.
The mindset of Europe’s leaders ultimately came to thinking in terms of military solutions rather
than diplomatic ones.
The British-German arms race: Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany embarked on a massive project to build
a fleet that would rival Great Britain’s. The Royal Navy’s purpose was protection of her world-wide trade.
Any threat to Britain's naval supremacy was a threat to the nation itself. Ultimately, Germany was unable to keep
pace with the spending of Britain and turned to the build-up of their army. However, "the damage to Germany’s
relationship with Britain proved irreversible“ (Paul Cornish).
The heads of state of Britain, Germany and Russia – George V, Kaiser Wilhelm II and Tsar Nicholas II – were
first cousins who knew one another very well-”Royal Cousins at War,” a study in the envy, insincerity,
festering rancor and muddle that only families can manage“ (BBC documentary).
"As relationships between the royal cousins waxed and waned, so did the relationships between their countries,"
the Daily Mail’s Ruth Styles says.

98. Blame a Country Answers attributed to Historian/Author Max Hastings
Germany is more guilty than most, as "it alone had power to
halt the descent to disaster at any time in July 1914 by
withdrawing its 'blank cheque' which offered support to Austria
for its invasion of Serbia."
Great Britain Serbia
France GermanyBosnia-Herzegovina
Austria-Hungary
Russia
Japan
United States
Belgium
Serbian nationalism and expansionism were the root cause .
Serbian backing for the Black Hand terrorists was
extraordinarily irresponsible.
Ottoman
Empire
98

99. 99

100. 100

101. 101
Franz Ferdinand
and Sophe
Sergey Sazonov
Russia foreign minister
Alexander II-Russia
died 1881
A young Izvolsky
Sir Arthur
Nicolson
Czar
Nicholas
Sir Edward Grey
Spencer
Cavendish
Lord Salisbury
Conservative Party
Joseph
Chamberlain
Lord RoseberyWilliam
Gladstone
Arthur Balfour
Conservative Party
Benjamin
Disraeli
Admiral Tirpitz
Richard
Haldane
Sir Edward
Goschen
Theobald
Bethmann-Hollweg
Kaiser
William II
David
Lloyd-George
Admiral
Jackie Fisher
Alois
Aehrenthal
Teddie
Roosevelt
King
Edward VII
Paul
Cambon
Peter
Stolypiyn
Campbell
Bannerman
Sultan of
Morocco
DelCasse
Eckardstein
Baron von
Holstein
Bernard Bulow
Bismarck
Victoria
Foreign Minister
Lord Lansdowne
Lord
Lansdown
Lord Derby
The
Characters

102. 102
What proof exists for that failure? WW1!!!!,of course.
The tough answers-not completely explainable.
Personal failure of leading players responsible for foreign policy and diplomacy.
Nations were totally mobilized to wage total war, which could only be won by a total victory. There was no possibility
left for compromise
There were new forces that influenced decision-making in diplomacy l ike
the media and public opinion
Leading personalities in diplomacy embraced a logic of war
The “world of yesterday”. Policies were oriented towards confrontation.
The disastrous effects of modern warfare were not taken into account.

103. 103
German Kaiser Wilhelm II
Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph
Russian Czar Nicolas
They disregarded the suffering of the people
They believed they were…

104. 104
The END
and
The START
Worksheets/Tests to follow,
and a complete game of Jeopardy.
Extra notes as well.

105. WW 1 Worksheet
1. Crimean War:
a. Fought around what body of water?
b. What city under siege for six months?
c. Fought between what countries?
d. Was caused by what?
2. Franco-Prussian War:
a. Started by what country?
b. What goal was realized by the victors?
c. What was the major loss by the losers?
3. The Eastern Question:
a. What countries were involved, winners and losers?
b. All conflicts involved what country?
4. The Boer War:
a. What two countries were involved in the war?
b. What country was “third man in” causing much discussion?
5. Fashoda Incident:
a. What countries were involved?
b. Winner? Loser?
6. Samoan Incident:
a. Identify the most aggressive county involved.
b. [I needed to place a “b” here for symmetry.]
7. Boxer Rebellion:
a. Who were the good guys and who were the bad guys?
b.
8. Alliances/Agreements/Friendships:
a. Name the first alliance noted in our PowerPoint.
b. Name the second alliance noted in our PowerPoint.
c. Name the third alliance noted in our PowerPoint.
9. Other conflicts:
a. Before Kaiser William was the leader of Germany he was leader of what country?
b. Who won the final argument/discussion between Bismarck and Wilhelm
c. The Bulgarian Massacre occurred in what country?
d. Why were the people massacred?
e. Define “Hegemony.”
1. Another name for World War 1 was what?
2. Name the six major power countries of the 1800s.
3. Name the major religions of each of the six major powers.
4. Which country is above (north) of the Black Sea?
5. What have we been calling today’s Turkey? That is, what nation occupied
Turkey?
6. Which country in Europe has the most colonies?
7. Which country shares a border with France on their east other than Belgium?
8. What language is spoken in Belgium?
9. Name the major religion of France.
10. Russia has always wanted to expand towards Africa and the Mediterranean.
They need trading opportunities. To accomplish this goal they need access to the Black Sea, the
route from Russia to the Mediterranean Sea. What other factor enters into Russia’s need for
shipping rights in the Black Sea?
11. The first entry in our outline was “Concert of Europe” and the “Congress of
Vienna.” Describe what “Concert……” and “Congress” mean, in context? “In context” means
the answer must reference the story.
12. Name the countries involved in the Crimean War. Who were the winners and
losers?
13. What is the title of the poem that was set during the Crimean War?
14. Who was the leader that was credited with unifying the 40 states of Germany?
105

106. Causes of WW I Test: notes are allowed in the last 10 minutes allowed for the test.
Sentences not required but do skip spaces.
1. Which nation had the most colonies in Africa in the 19th
Century?
2. What was the effect of the Congress of Europe and the Congress of Vienna of 1815?
3. Some churches in the Crimean area were threatened by the Ottoman Turks. What churches
were being protected by Russia?
4. The Ottoman Empire and what other two countries declared war on Russia in the Crimean
War?
5. Which of the “six powers” were the most aggressive in the first 75 years of the 19th
Century?
6. In the Crimean War, what was the most important land location?
7. What happened there that led to the end of the war?
8. The Treaty of Paris in 1856 restricted Russia in what way?
9. The Crimean War was immortalized in the famous poem “Charge of the Light Brigade”. State
part of the poem to include at least six words.
10. Name the most famous diplomat of the 1800s.
11. Name the major result of the Franco-Prussian War.
12. Who started the war and why?
13. Name the Seattle Seahawks strong safety whose name is synonymous with Bismarck and
Bethmann-Hollweg.
14. Who loaned whom enough money until they had to form an alliance?
15. Which country involved in WW 1 in Europe had no access to the sea?
16. “The Eastern Question” was all about control of what country?
17. Against whom did Bulgaria rebel and who initiated the “Bulgarian massacre”?
18. Name the two monarchs who ruled for the longest time in the 1800.
19. For what drunken diplomat did we have sympathy? Why?
20. Define “hegemony.”
21. The Boer War resulted in what two countries being angry with each other?
22. The Fashoda Incident resulted in what two countries being angry with each other?
23. There were many dinners and celebrations that included most of the foreign diplomats in
Europe. What was the point made by your teacher in the slide presentations of those
gatherings? That is, why bring it up?
24. Trivia bonus: The Boxer Rebellion was put down by an eight-nation coalition. From what
country was the commander of the eight-nation force?
Causes of WW I.
1. Which nation had the most colonies in Africa in the 19th Century?
2. What was the effect of the Congress of Europe and the Congress of Vienna of 1815?
3. Some churches in the Crimean area were threatened by the Ottoman Turks. What churches were being protected by Russia?
4. The Ottoman Empire and what other two countries declared war on Russia in the Crimean War?
5. Which of the “six powers” were the most aggressive in the first 75 years of the 19th Century (name two)?
6. In the Crimean War, what was the most important land location?
7. What happened there that led to the end of the war?
8. The Treaty of Paris in 1856 restricted Russia in what way?
9. The Crimean War was immortalized in the famous poem “Charge of the Light Brigade”. State part of the poem to include at least six words.
10. Name the most famous diplomat of the 1800s.
11. Name the major result of the Franco-Prussian War.
12. Who started the war and why?
13. Name the Seattle Seahawks strong safety whose name is synonymous with Bismarck and Bethmann-Hollweg.
14. Who loaned whom enough money until they had to form an alliance?
15. Which country involved in WW 1 in Europe had no access to the sea?
16. “The Eastern Question” was all about control of what country?
17. Against whom did Bulgaria rebel and who initiated the “Bulgarian massacre”?
18. Name the two monarchs who ruled for the longest time in the 1800.
19. For what drunken diplomat did we have sympathy? Why?
20. Define “hegemony.”
21. The Boer War resulted in what two countries being angry with each other?
22. The Fashoda Incident resulted in what two countries being angry with each other?
23. There were many dinners and celebrations that included most of the foreign diplomats in Europe. What was the point made by your teacher in the slide presentations
of those gatherings? That is, why bring it up?
24. Trivia bonus: The Boxer Rebellion was put down by an eight-nation coalition. From what country was the commander of the eight-nation force?
25. Who gets angry? Answer each of the following:
a. If Britain and Germany allied…?
b. If Britain interferes in France’s attempts to regain Alsace-Lorraine…?
c. If Germany gained British approval of regaining the Alsace-Lorraine, …?
26. Great Britain, USA, and Germany: each had a claim on the Pacific Island of Samoa. Which countries government buildings were bombed accidentally by the other two?
27. Queen Victoria celebrated her 80th birthday by inviting diplomats, ministers, and family from what European countries? List them.
28. “Isolationism” meant what to Great Britain?
29. Why was it important for Great Britain to gain an alliance with Germany?
106

107. 30. Who lost the 1905 war with Japan?
31. Name the country south of Austria, west of Bulgaria and Rumania, and east of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
32. A rebel chief named El-Raisuli, who was in permanent rebellion against the Sultan of_________ kidnapped a retired American, Ion Pedicaris and his son-in-law, John
Varley. Against the Sultan of what country?
33. 1905 The Anglo-French Entente was signed. Great Britain and France. They became involved in an African nation. What country became involved with Great Britain
and France? A hint: This country was being called “the Wedge,” getting in between the British/French efforts in Morocco.
34. The DUMA represents what country’s government parliament?
35. Alexander Izvolsky was the Russian Ambassador to what country?
36. One of our slides was entitled “Izvolsky’s dilemma”. What was the problem he ran into?
37. The First Balkan War involved the coveting of Bosnia and Herzegovina. What two countries wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina?
38. The military of what country massacred the Bulgarian rebels?
39. From this list: Austria, Germany, Russia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Turkey, Great Britain, France, Belgium.
a. Name the countries whose majority ethnicity is Slavic.
b. What country allied with Germany?
c. What country allied with Russia?
d. What country allied with Belgium?
40. Explain the story of the assassination of the Archduke and his wife. A lengthier answer is required.
41. The war begins: order the events below in chronological order
a. Great Britain declares war on Germany.
b. Germany invades Belgium.
c. Austria sends ultimatum to Serbia.
d. Russia supports Serbia at war.
e. Germany asks France what they are planning to do if Russia enters the war.
f. Without waiting for France’s response Germany declares war on France.
g. Austria invades Serbia
h. Russia withdraws from the Austrian-Serbian war.
i. Germany supports Austria at war.
42. Look throughout the test and your outline, list the conflicts between countries. Not just the wars, but the conflicts, the disagreements. List the
event/battle/conflict/disagreement and who was involved. Example: Boer War: Great Britain and…….and……..
107

108. 108
Theobald Bethman-Hollweg-chanc.
Winston Churchill-Navy
Reginald McKenna-Navy
Arthur Wilson-army
Richard Haldane-Min /War
Henry Wilson-Navy
David Beatty-Navy
Jackie Fisher-Navy
Ernest Cassel
Francis Bertie-Amb to Fr.
Andrew Bonar Law-Con. Party
Edward Goschen-Amb.to Ger.
George Buchanan-Amb to Russia
Henry Campbell-Bannerman-PM
Queen Victoria
King Edward VII(Saxe-Coburn)
King George V
Herbert Asquith-PM
David Lloyd George
Edward Grey-PM
Arthur Nicolson-ForMin
Joseph Chamberlain
Benjamin Disraeli
Lord Lansdowne
Lord Rosebury
Robert Cecil
Lord Salisbury
Frederick Holstein
Frederick Pourtales-Amb to Rus.
Alfred Schlieffen-Army
Herman Eckardstein-Amb to GB
Paul Hatzfeldt-Amb to GB
Alfred Kiderlin-Amb to GB
Paul Metternich-amb. To GB
Adolph Bieberstein- “
Karl Lichnowsky-amb.to GB
Bernard Bulow-chanc.
Gotlieb Jagow-ForMin
Kaiser Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern)
Otto Bismarck
Baron Tschirschky-Amb to Aus
Erich Falkenhayn-Army
Gen. Moltke-Army
Alfred Tirpitz-Navy
Albert Ballin
Wilhelm Schoen-Amb to Fr.
Sergei Sazonov-ForMin
Benckendorf-Amb to GB
Alex Izvolsky-Amb to GB
Peter Stolypin
Czar Nicholas II (Romanov)
Istvan Tisza-Hungary
Prem.
King Carol-Romania
Leopold Berchtold-ForMin
Conrad Hotzendorf-Army
Szogyeny-Amb to Ger
Baron Giesl-Amb to Serb.
Count Mennsdorf-Amb to GB
Alois Aehrenthal-ForMin.
Emperor Franz Joseph
(Hapsburg)
Franz Ferdinand
French Republic
Raymond Poincare-Pres.
Paul Cambon-
Jules Cambon-Amb to Ger.
Theophile Delcasse’
V.I.P.’s

109. 109
The
Schlieffen
Plan

110. Choose a category.
You will be given the answer.
You must give the correct
question. Click to begin.
111

111. Click here for
Final Jeopardy
112

112. Documents,
Letters,
Treaties
Geography
Wars and
Battles
10 Point
20 Points
30 Points
40 Points
50 Points
10 Point 10 Point 10 Point 10 Point
20 Points 20 Points 20 Points 20 Points
30 Points
40 Points
50 Points
30 Points 30 Points 30 Points
40 Points 40 Points 40 Points
50 Points 50 Points 50 Points
Religion/
Ethnicities
leaders
113

113. Who was most
responsible for
unifying the
German States
114

114. Otto von Bismarck
115

115. Name Kaiser
William II’s
cousin.
116

116. Czar Nicholas II
117

117. 1913: name the
heir to the throne
of the Austro-
Hungarian
Empire.
118

118. Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
119

119. 1914: Name the
British Foreign
Minister
120

120. Sir Edward Grey
121

121. Name the Austria
Foreign Minister
122

122. Theobold
Berchtold
123

123. The “Ultimatum”
was sent by Austria
to what country?
124

124. Serbia
125

125. Bismarck’s
continued efforts to
establish a Balance
of Power began with
what Document
before 1850? 126

126. Congress of Berlin
or
Concert of Europe
1815
127

127. What treaty ended
both the Russian-
Ottoman War and
the British-Russian
confrontation?
128

128. Treaty
Of
San Stefano
129

129. What Treaty
restricted Russia
from shipping in
the Black Sea?
130

130. Treaty of Paris
1856
131

131. Name the author
Of
“The Charge of the
Light Brigade”
132

132. Alfred Lord
Tennyson
133

133. Russians are of
what ethnicity?
134

134. Slavic
135

135. What is the major language
spoken in Austria?
136

136. German
137

137. Two Part Question:
The building called
the Hagia Sophia
represents what
religion and is located
in what city?
138

138. Islam
and
Constantinople
139

139. Two part question:
Name the majority
religion and
language of
Belgium
140

140. Protestant
and
French
141

141. The majority
ethnicity of United
Kingdom-England-
Great Britain is
what?
142

142. Anglo-Saxon
143

143. Traveling west from
the Mediterranean
Sea, a ship would be
in what body of
water?
144

144. Atlantic Ocean
145

145. To reach Paris, avoiding
large forests and hills,
troops from Germany
would have to go
through what country?
146

146. Belgium
147

147. Sevastopole is in
what country?
148

148. Russia
149

149. What province of
the Austro-
Hungarian Empire
is located south of
Bosnia?
150

150. Herzegovina
151

151. What country
shares Serbia’s
eastern border?
152

152. Bulgaria
153

153. The Great War is
more commonly
known as what?
154

154. World War I
155

155. What war is
associated with the
Black Sea?
156

156. The Crimean War
157

157. What war resulted
in the unification of
the German
States?
158

158. Franco-Prussian
War
159

159. The Treaty of
San Stefano was
the result of what
war? 160

160. Russian-Turkish
War
161

161. The “Charge of the
Light Brigade”
occurred in what
war?
162

162. Crimean War
163