4. A summary examination of critical events to 1905,6
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
dominating the continent for twenty years
Germany defeated France in “Franco-Prussian War” 1870.
France will retain thoughts of an embarrassing loss and of revenge.
Germany will be forever concerned with France.
Dual Alliance: France and Russia
Germany is not concerned with this alliance……..yet.
Great Britain seeks to leave their isolationist stance.
First attempt is with Germany.
BUT…….Germany would then be dominant on the continent.
Germany turns down the British offer (by Joseph Chamberlain).
Great Britain and France Entente formed.
Moroccan Crisis and Algeciras Conference.
Russia needs years of peace to rebuild their military after their loss to Japan in 1905.
Russia sees Great Britain as the ally they need to maintain peace as they rebuild their military.
BUT….
.
Antagonism exists between Russia and Great Britain.
5. Antagonism exists between Russia and Great Britain.
From whence the generation of antagonism?
British Conservatives British Liberals
Fear of Russians moving to Dardanelles, Rejected Russian autocracy and
Far east, and nearing India. Anti-democratic beliefs.
Queen Victoria called Tsar Alexander barbarous, Asiatic, tyrannical –in private
Russian Conservatives Russian Liberals
Feared British Democracy would Wanted British ties with democracy.
contaminate Russia.
Both despised Britain’s Constitutionalism.
Both were suspicious of British diplomacy.
A Study
Russia and Great Britain
Despite the obstacles, a Great Britain-Russian alliance was still possible.
Except for these events
Japan attacked Russian ships at Port Arthur.
The Japanese were allied with Great Britain, therefore, Russia recognized the
alliance as bad for Russia.
The Russian response was an attack on British fishing trawlers, angering the
British.
Some in the Russian government still wanted to maintain a good relationship
with Britain.
Czar Nicholas II apologized to King Edward.
BUT THEN………………………………..
The Russian navy was destroyed by Japan….1905
1905 Treaty of Portsmouth-
brokered by President Theodore Roosevelt.
Russian citizenry upset over the military loss to an underpowered Asian
country, leading to riots, violence, protests, and strikes.
Still hopeful, British Prime Minister Campbell-Bannerman made a strong
speech about British/Russian friendship possibilities.
With the end of the Moroccan Crisis and the Algeciras Conference,
an alliance between Russia and Britain was STILL possible.
The problems with Russia led Great Britain to ally with Japan.
7. British Ambassador to Russia
Sir Arthur Nicolson
Russian Ambassador
to
Great Britain
Alexander Izvolsky
What does Britain want?
Friendly relations
Security for Indian frontier
Sovereignty for Afghanistan
and Tibet
What does Russia want?
In their weakness after
their loss to Japan 1905,
friendship with anyone.
Alex Izvolsky-
As ambassador to
Britain living in London,
he and his wife
attended all the
diplomatic gatherings,
dinners, and parties.
He spoke fluent English
and was popular with
everyone.
Izvolsky’s dilemma
NEXT
8. I don’t want
Germany to believe
this agreement threatens them with
encirclement. …..
Yet, we need a friendship
with Great Britain.
It is a dilemma.
9. Nicolson
Each side was a delegation of 5-10 representatives.
The newly approved and installed Russian Duma-
parliament had sent the reps with Izvolsky.
Everything was going well
UNTIL
Izvolsky
10. The new Russian Parliament-Duma makes many demands of
the Czar’s government.
The Czar refuses
them all and disbands
the Duma.
12. A British/ Russian convention has been derailed……temporarily.
Izvolsky
Upset, Izvolsky
meets with Bulow
to explain the
meeting with the
Brits.
German Chancellor
Bernard von BulowConclusion….
Bulow, “We do not object to any
convention between you and the Brits
as long as it doesn’t adversely affect
Germany.”
adversely affect
Germany
What does “adversely affect Germany” mean?
13. February 1907
After arguing back and forth between conservatives,
liberals, and Czar Nicholas II
British-Russian Convention…..The Anglo-Russian Entente
signed by Izvolsky and Nicolson at the Russian Foreign Ministry.
.
Economic agreements helped both countries
Political sovereignty for Tibet and Afghanistan.
Indian border secured.
There was no mention of war nor any statements
about “If war….”
They weren’t allies, but they did have a friendship.
Conservatives happy
Liberals objected
No objection
Germany not
Affected!?!
Czar’s government
happy.
Military Staff
objected.
Reactions of Germany, Britain, and Russia.
14.
15. Baghdad
Railway
British interest
They already had control of oil
fields in Persia.
They had to protect India.
Germany saw the value of the
British oil..
German Interest
They saw economic profits.
They financed the railroad.
Next would be a railroad from
Berlin to Baghdad.
Germany supported Turkey.
Russian Interest
Against Ottoman Empire.
They wanted control of Black Sea
and the Dardanelles.
The Ottomans controlled much of
the Balkans, many Slavs.
The Russians wanted the Balkans
free of Ottomans.
Turkish Interest
Pretty obvious, isn’t it?
Their empire was weakening.
About 1911
19. Fill in proper names on the
ducks to make this a funny
cartoon, ‘cause it’s funny.
Bosnian Crisis
1908–09
20. Question:
This crisis is the most dangerous we
have seen yet; the closest to a world war from
1872 to 1908.
The beginning is a conflict over a watery
location……take a guess.
a. Adriatic Sea b. Black Sea
c. Aegean Sea d. Dardanelles Straits
21. Germany: support Austria and
avoid being “encircled.”
France: maintain friendship with
Russia while maintaining a
posture of revenge w/Germany.
Great Britain: diplomacy to avoid
war; maintain entente w/Russia
Russia: opening of Dardanelles
Strait (previous treaties had prevented
passage). Weak militarily.
Bulgaria: gain complete
independence.
Bosnia-Herzegovina: join with
Serbia to form a “Slavic State.”
Turkey: the Young Turks’ against
the Ottoman Empire. The
Revolution is ON!
Austria-Hungary: annex
Bosnia-Herzegovina
23. “The
Steps
to
WAR”
A soap-opera of diplomacy
Starring…..
Alexander
Izvolsky
Alois
Aehrenthal
As the Russian
Foreign Minister
As the Austrian
Foreign Minister
24. Czar
Nicholas
II
Turkey’s Sultan
Abdul Hamid II
Leader of the
Young Turks Mahmet
Russian
Prime
Minister
Peter
Stolypin
Bernard
Bulow
Also Starring…..
King Edward VII
Kaiser
Wilhelm
II
26. Despite all the history of
obstacles between Great
Britain and Russia
…a British/Russian alliance
seemed appealing.
27. The list of “obstacles” to make a British/Russian alliance a
difficult task.
The Japanese attack on Russian ships at Port Arthur.
Japan, as an ally of Britain caused Russian anger.
Russian ships under Commander Rozhdestvensky, sink British fishing boats,
angering Britain.
Czar Nicholas II sends King Edward VII an apology.
To end the squabble an International Commission of Inquiry in
The Hague judged Russia to be responsible for damages to
Britain.
1905 Rozhdestvensky’s Russian navy destroyed by Japan.
President Teddy Roosevelt brokered the Treaty of Portsmouth.
Russian civilians were upset over the loss to Japan, turning into violent protests,
and strikes.
Czar Nicholas agrees to out the absolute autocracy and institute a semi-
constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament…the Duma.
While Izvolsky and the assigned assistants taken from the Duma were
negotiating with Britain, Nicholas “fired” the Duma.
The British press became abusive of Russian politics.
28. A friendly dinner engagement in Copenhagen
1904
Izvolsky
King Edward VII
Bernard Bulow
Bernard Bulow, German
Foreign Minister
Among the guests in Copenhagen
were King Edward VII, German
Foreign Minister Bernard Bulow,
and then Ambassador Alexander
Izvolsky.
The three hit it off and became
friends.
King Edward was so impressed
with Izvolsky that he telegraphed
Czar Nicholas with his praise.
29. Izvolsky had but one primary goal ……
…get an alliance with Great Britain.
He established some valuable friendships:
Czar Nicholas II King
Edward VII
German Chancellor
Bernard Bulow
British Prime Minister
Henry Campbell-Bannerman
British Ambassador
to Russia
Sir Arthur Nicolson
British Prime Minister
Sir Edward GreyOf the six men shown on this slide
which one would cause the most
anxiety for Izvolsky?
30. Knowing Germany’s eternal paranoia about encirclement, Izvolsky meets with
Bulow to explain what Russia and Britain are planning.
“Bernard, I want to allay any
fears you may have that an entente with Great Britain
means we are
planning any kind of
encirclement.”
“Alex, Germany has
no problem with your agreement
with Britain. None of your
agreements adversely
affect us.”
31. Being paranoid does not necessarily mean that someone is not
really out to get you.
In this case a question arises:
Who is out to “get” Germany?
Who is not out to “get” Germany?
Who wants to appear as though they are not out to “get”
Germany, but, in fact, ARE?
Who is paranoid?
32. One of the men in this photograph is
Alexander Izvolsky. Which one?
answer: “I don’t know,” but he is
most certainly one of them.
33. Worked out an
agreement with
Japan 1907
Worked on an
agreement with
Great Britain
Worked on
improving internal
reforms within
Russia
Worked on keeping
Russia out of the
troubled European
politics.
As previously listed, he
made friendships with
many important European
political leaders.
Worked on getting Russian
rights to shipping through the
Dardanelles.
Izvolsky was a
Constitutional monarchist
Izvolsky desired peace for Russia saying
that he would obtain peace for
Russia for a decade.
He had some great ideas,
all around the PEACE issue.
But…………..
there was opposition
at home and abroad.
34. As a non-political observer, like most of you, I see the future is in the hands of
Izvolsky. After all he made strong friendships with King Edward, Bulow, and
Nicolson. He was respected and welcomed at many events by British Prime
Ministers Grey and Campbell-Bannerman, and Czar Nicholas.
He seems to know everyone who could have an impact on the future.
But, unfortunately,
he couldn’t do it.
In praise of Alexander Izvolsky
35. Russian Military
wants to
Invade AfghanistanRussian Military
wants a war of
revenge against
Japan
Russian public
opinion wants to
Invade Afghanistan
Public Opinion
wants a war of
revenge against
Japan
Germany fears
encirclement if
Britain and Russia
form a conventionRussian Military
wants to continue to
advance into British
colonies in India
The Russian Duma is
split 50/50 about
Izvolsky’s work
36. Meanwhile……
Prime Minister
Sir Edward Grey
British Ambassador
to Russia
Sir Arthur Nicolson
A private meeting, Grey and Nicolson, regarding Izvolsky’s efforts
at Russian/British friendship:
“Keep
negotiating,
but be patient.
Don’t let Izvolsky
think we are
rushing to take
advantage of
their military
weakness.”
Nicolson and Izvolsky are planning their
meetings about a Russian/British
agreement.
“If I can get them shipping rights in the Dardanelles
we will have
an agreement.”
37. After the Russian loss to Japan in 1905, King Edward VII had
approached Izvolsky with a proposal of developing a friendship
between the two countries.
That was the first move.
After many meetings, and for Izvolsky, many obstacles, the
Part of the agreement was for Nicolson
to get the Ottoman’s to allow Russian
ships in the Dardanelles.
38. With the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente Nicolson would begin his
efforts to get Dardanelles rights for Russian ships.
He contacted Izvolsky to get the work.
Surprise!
Question: What was the surprise?
a. Turkey gave the Russians the rights they sought.
b. Czar Nicholas forbid Izvolsky from dealing with Nicolson.
c. Izvolsky turned from Nicolson to Austria for help.
d. King Edward VII forbid Nicolson from dealing with Izvolsky.
40. Count Alois Aehrenthal,
Austrian Foreign Minister
Aehrenthal was a former ambassador to Russia and
became good friends with Izvolsky.
Aehrenthal knew that Izvolsky
wanted Russian ship’s rights to
use the Dardanelles Straits..
Austria was planning on
annexing Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Could they work
together to achieve
both of their goals???
Does
Izvolsky
have any
enemies?
42. Bosnia
Herzegovina
Dardanelles
Bosnia/Herzegovina were self-
governing provinces of
Austria. But Austria wanted
complete control.
Turkey was in trouble.
The “Young Turks”
were starting a
revolution.
Izvolsky's problem:
Russia shared with Bosnia-
Herzegovina Slavic ancestry.
Bosnia-Herzegovina had
dreams of a Slavic Nation.
For Izvolsky to assist in the
take-away of freedom from
Bosnia-Herzegovina would be
almost traitorous.
But he wanted rights to the
Dardanelles.
Aehrenthal’s problem:
The Young Turks will want to take
back Bosnia-Herzegovina, and
Aehrenthal must stop it.
The Russian government and the
civilian populace would object
strenuously if Austria took control of
their Slavic neighbors.
For years Serbia had sought a “Slavic
Nation” to include Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
Russia would support the idea.
.
43. Do you see
the problem?You have got to understand this!
Serbia
Bosnia
Herzegovina.
Russia
Young Turks
in Revolt
Dardanelles
Austrian
Empire
Germany
Slavic
Peoples Rights
to the
Dardanelles
44. Let’s have another look.
Serbia
Bosnia
Herzgvn.
Russia
Young Turks
in Revolt
Dardanelles
Austrian
Empire
Germany
SlavsAnnexation
This clash pits
Austria against
Russia.
48. The Major
Countries
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Great Britain
France
Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
Serbia
The Minor
Countries
Bosnia
Herzegovina
Macedonia
Bulgaria
Romania
Slovenia
Moldova
Anatolia
Cyprus
Greek Islands
Vojvodina
Alexander Izvolsky, Baron von Aehrenthal, King Edward,
Arthur Nicolson, Czar Nicholas, Count Berchtold,
Chancellor Bulow, Emperor William (Wilhelm)
49. The first problem:
Who gets Bosnia and Herzegovina?
Another problem: The Aland Question.
Another problem: The Macedonia Question.
The second problem: What rules will apply to the Dardanelles
and the Bosporus?
Another problem: The Young Turkish Revolution.
51. The Major
Countries
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Great Britain
France
Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
Serbia
Russia has recently been
defeated by Japan in a naval
battle 1905.
They are weak militarily and
wish to regain their honor,
to be a respected European
power.
The Russian people are Slavs.
Question:
which of the
following
countries is
predominantly
Slavic?
a. Germany
b. Turkey
c. Bosnia
d. Serbia
Russia
They must gain freedom of
ship movement in and through
the Black Sea and the Straits-
Dardanelles, Bosporus
Question: For their own
security, which country
should they befriend?
a. Germany
b. France
c. Great Britain
d. Turkey
No clear answer
yet, discuss each
possible choice.
52.
53. The Major
Countries
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Great Britain
France
Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
Serbia
Austria-
Hungary
Following German
unification, A-H became
their ally.
A-H covets Bosnia and
Herzegovina, causing much
tension within those countries.
Trouble can come to Austria-Hungary
from a number of places: Slavic people in
many countries; Russia, as a Slavic nation;
Great Britain in protecting their Egyptian
and East Indian colonies.
Bosnia and Herzegovina are
necessary for Austria-Hungary to
regain their stature as a world power.
54.
55. The Major
Countries
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Great Britain
France
Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
Serbia
GERMANY
Through the efforts of
Prince Otto von Bismarck
the many provinces of
Germany united.
1873-87 The Three Emperors League of
Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary
became the major part of Bismarck’s
security plan to maintain a BALANCE of
POWER in Western Europe.
The German character is one of
arrogance and a need to be
Number One. Some would say
hypochondria symptoms.
Germany fears encirclement by
any alliance. They must find
another ally like France or Great
Britain.
56.
57. The Major
Countries
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Great Britain
France
Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
Serbia
Great
Britain
Great Britain must
maintain and protect their
colonies, especially India
and Egypt, and protection
of their trade routes in the
Mediterranean.
They need an alliance, or, at
least , an agreement with
France.
Other countries on the mainland
want the friendship of Great
Britain.
58.
59. A Roman Catholic church,
a Serbian Orthodox church
and a mosque,
60. France
After back and forth between
Monarchy and Republic,
France established a Third
Republic in 1870.
France was defeated by
Bismarck’s Prussians in
1870
Following the defeat,
France lost the provinces
of Alsace and Lorraine.
National Guard, French army,
Socialists, Leftists, anarchists, and
conservative factions fought to the
death in many cities besides Paris.The French Government held and
reestablished order.France was a humiliated power with
no friends and not much of an
empire in 1871French foreign policy was based on a fear of
Germany—whose larger size and fast-
growing economy could not be matchedThe Fashoda Incident in South Sudan led to France
yielding to Great Britain. France gained power over
Morocco.
In an effort to isolate Germany, France went to great pains to
woo Russia and Great Britain, first by means of the Franco-
Russian Alliance of 1894, then the 1904 Entente Cordiale with
Great Britain, and finally the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907,
which became the Triple Entente. This alliance with Britain and
Russia against Germany and Austria eventually led Russia and
Britain to enter World War I as France's Allies.
Summary:
France lost two provinces to Germany in the Franco-
Prussian War.
France was in conflict with Great Britain for decades.
France wanted revenge from Germany but needed
more power.
France established alliances:
Franco-Russian Alliance fo 1894.
Entente Cordiale of 1904 (with Great Britain).
Triple Entente of 1907 (with Great Britain and
Russia).
61. Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
The Empire was strong
throughout the 17th and
18th Centuries
The Ottomans neglected their
military and consequently suffered
severe military defeats in the late
eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries.
They had lost their Balkan provinces
and to avoid isolation made an alliance
with Germany.
62. Serbia
Serbia drove the Ottomans
out and the Congress of
Berlin, 1878, recognized
their independence.
Serbia proclaimed its unification with
Bosnia but the Congress of Berlin
prohibited that unification and placed
Bosnia under Austro-Hungarian
occupation.
Serbia is a Slavic nation, as
is Russia. Bosnia is a
Muslim nation.
Herzegovina is ½ Muslim.
Austria-Hungary wants to own Serbia,
Bosnia, and Herzegovina.
64. Analysis by religion of the Balkan States
Catholicism
Slovenia, Croatia
Orthodox Christianity
Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia,
Macedonia, Romania
Islam
Albania, Turkey,
(parts of Bulgaria,
Macedonia, and Serbia)
Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
66. Cartoon depicting the
European great powers —
struggling to stop the conflict
in the Balkans from boiling
over into something much
bigger and much worse,
1912-1913.
Austria
Germany
Russia
France
Britain
The Boiling Point
Test question:
Explain the cartoon.
67.
68. The Plight of Turkey.
This cartoon, printed
1900, shows the position of
Turkey relative to Europe
and its colonies in the
Middle East at the turn of
the century.
Turkey is surrounded by
Austria, depicted as an
with two heads; Russia, seen
as a crowned bear; and
Britain, shown as a rotund
man straddling Corfu and
Malta and restraining Egypt,
a lion, with a leash.
69. 1911
The German Kaiser,
for the second time,
tried to get tough in
Morocco………….
for the world to see.
The Agadir Crisis of 1911
City in Morocco
71. The Germans stated that they had come to protect Morocco from French troops,
which had entered the city of Fez to put down rebels. But Germany's true goal was to
get access to territory in the Congo. Negotiations between France and Germany
resulted in Germany's obtaining a small parcel of territory in the French Equatorial
African colony of Middle Congo — a marshy area where sleeping sickness was
widespread.
73. Results:
Germany’s relations with Britain are damaged.
Germany was a threat to the colonies of Britain.
Britain made a naval agreement with France in
answer to the German show of aggression.
The Royal Navy would protect the northern coast of
France from any Germany attack.
France would protect British interests in the
Mediterranean from any German aggression.
Recall the title of this presentation……………
”The Coming of the Great War, WW I“
Keep track of the build-up.
74. Get it? Get it?
Insulted?
Sorry.
Austria
Serbia
75. Who supports whom?
The Sultan
Germany “in the middle”
The Treaty of Madrid rightsChaos in Morocco
Open Door economic policy
British /French Entente French/Russian Entente.
Too
weak
after
losing
wars
with
Japan.
Chaos,
poverty,
corruption,
rebellious
tribes, a
doomed
country.
Busy
with the
Boer
War
Wants
Morocco
The
Sultan
asks for
Germany
to help
him.
Trying to
be
neutral
France is being
humiliated, other nations
are accusing them of
violating the Treaty of
Madrid and closing the
“Open Door” economic
agreements.
Both Russia and Britain
are distracted by
international crises of
their own.
76. Let’s have another look.
Serbia
Bosnia
Herzgvn.
Russia
Young Turks
in Revolt
Dardanelles
Austrian
Empire
Germany
SlavsAnnexation
This clash pits
Austria against
Russia.
Austria clashes with Russia
Aehrenthal Izvolsky
Their plans
He wants
annexation
He wants the
Dardanelles
77. Serbia
Bosnia
Herzegovin
a.
Russia
Young Turks
in Revolt
Dardanelles
Austrian
Empire
Germany
Russia wants rights to
the Dardanelles.
Izvolsky makes a deal with Aehrenthal.
If you will get the Austrian government to stand with us in
pressuring the dissolving Turkish government to open the straits to
Russian ships; in return I will get the Russian government to look
away as you annex Bosnia-Herzegovina.
What’s in it for
us?
II’ll get my government to
OK your annexing of
Bosnia
You must get the
Turks to let our
ships use the straits.
78. Serbia
Bosnia
Herzegovin
a.
Russia
Young Turks
in Revolt
Dardanelles
Austrian
Empire
Germany
Izvolsky's strategy
Annexation
Who is Izvolsky antagonizing
if his strategy is discovered (no choices)?
He will have crossed the Russian Duma.
He withheld his strategy from Prime Minister Peter Stolypin.
He will have angered Czar Nicholas II.
He will have incensed the Young Turks.
He will have angered the Slavic community.
He will have angered Serbia who wanted a Slavic Nation.
He will have crossed Bosnia-Herzegovina, selling them out to Austria.
As soon as they find out, Great Britain will be angry ( Britain has all
along believed Russia was desiring to expand into the Persian strait and
into India).
The List of those who have
been angered by Izvolsky:
*Russian Duma
*Prime Minister Stolypin
*Czar Nicholas
*Young Turks
*the greater Slavic
community
*Serbia
*Bosnia
*Herzgovina
*Britain (probably)
79. Serbia
Bosnia
Herzegovin
Russia
Young Turks
in Revolt
Dardanelles
Austrian
Empire
Germany
Aehrenthal’s strategy
Annexation
Who is Aehrenthal antagonizing
if his strategy is discovered ?(no choices)
He will have angered Serbia, who was already angry with Austria.
He will have angered all Slavic peoples, especially, of course,
those living in Bosnia or Herzegovina.
He will have angered the Young Turks by supporting
Russia’s move toward the Dardanelles.
Both strategies violated international treaties:
Congress of Berlin and the Treaty of London 1871.
The List of those
Aehrenthal has angered:
*Serbia
*All Slavic peoples
*Young Turks
And
Violation of two treaties
81. Austria wants an amendment to the old treaty that would allow them to annex
Bosnia-Herzgovina.
82. Izvolsky, once trusting of Aehrenthal,
now sees what is happening and says,
“The dirty Jew has deceived me. He lied
to me, he bamboozled me, that frightful
Jew.”
This is an example of international diplomacy.
84. With two armies
mobilized and looking
toward
each other…….
How will it be stopped?
Treaty
of
Berlin
1878
Article
25
Clearly…..
1. Annexation of
Bosnia-Herzegovina
by Austria is illegal.
2. Any movement of
Russian ships
through the Dardanelles
is illegal.
Bosnia-Herzegovina to
remain under the
sovereignty of the
Ottoman Empire.
85. Amend Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin from 1878.
Russia
Austria
Serbia
Germany
Turkey
France
Bosnia-Hrzegovina
Bulgaria
Britain
Are you noticing how this conflict is leading toward WW I?
Bosnia-Herzegovina to remain under the
sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire.
86. The Bosnian Crisis
reaches its peak……..1908
Serbia is ready for war with Austria-Hungary.
Slavs in Bosnia-Herzegovina are upset
with Austria-Herzegovina.
Russia, allied to Serbia, mobilizes its forces.
Austria-Hungary
Bosnia-
Herzegovina
Serbia
Russia
87. Austria threatens Serbia with force if they
continue their belligerent attitude and the
mobilization of their army.
Serbia seeks help
from Russia.
Russia, still militarily weak
from the 1905 loss to Japan,
seeks help from France.
Without the help of France,
Russia is unable to help Serbia
Without Russia’s help, Serbia
cannot fight Austria and backs-
down.
Austria obtains the backing
of Germany.
France turns down the
Russian request.
WAR
is
AVOIDED
88. Russia
Austria
Serbia
Germany
Bulgaria
Turkey
France
Bosnia-Hrzgvn
Britain
What do they want?
Route through Dardanelles
Expand into Balkans
Build a Slavic Nation
Colonies, Continental power
Total independence
Rebuild military, protect land holdings
Revenge on Germany, gain alliances
Rebel against Austria, join Serbia
Need for alliances on continent
90. Austria wants Bosnia-Hrzgvna
Serbia wants to be free of
Austrian control.
Bosnia-Herzgvna wants to join
Serbia.
Austria will war with Serbia
over any incident…a full
moon, shooting pheasant out of
season, shooting the “King’s
deer,” or the upcoming
assassination of Franz
Ferdinand.
