2. • Interaksi DNA Dengan Protein
● DNA polimerase l merupakan rantai polipeptida tunggal 103-kd, yang
mengkatalisis penambahan-penambahan unit-unit deoksiribonukleotida
selangkah demi selangkah menjadi sebuah rantai DNA
(DNA)n residu n+1 i (DNA)+ dNTP (DNA) n+1 + PP
○ Reaksi perpanjangan rantai yang dikatalisis oleh DNA polimerase
merupakan suatu serangan nukleofilik ujung 3'-OH pada untai pemula
(primer) terhadap atom fosfor paling dalam dari deoksiribonukleosida
trifosfat.
○ Sebuah jembatan fosfodiester terbentuk dan secara bersamaan pirofosfat
dilepaskan.
○ Hidrolisis pirofosfat oleh pirofosfatase anorganik, yaitu enzim yang tersebar
luas, mendorong terlaksananya polimerasi,perpanjangan berlangsung arah
5 ke 3’.
○ DNA polimerase mengkatalisis pembentukan ikatan fosfodiester hanya bila
basa pada nukleotida yang masuk merupakan komplementer terhadap
basa pada untai cetakan.
3.
4.
5. • Transfer RNA (t-RNA)
s-RNA
bentuk terkecil
dari RNA
sebagai akibat
bahwa ia tinggal
di dalam cairan
bagian atas dari
larutan,
sedangkan bentuk RNA yang lain
(yang lebih berat) mengendap
oleh sentrifugasi ultra.
Masing-masing
dari ke-20 asam
amino memliliki
setidaknya 1
molekul t-RNA
istimewa
6. Model “daun
semanggi
Dengan men”ggunakan
analisis difraksi sinar-X
telah ditentukan struktur-
struktur tiga dimensional
sejumlah t-RNA.
A
Konsep goyang
Menjelaskan mengapa triplet
antikodon yang sama dalam
molekul t-RNA tertentu dapat
berpasangan basa dengan
berbagai kodon triplet yang
berbeda.
B
7. • DNA: The human body recipe
Background
Problem
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Sampling
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
Data
Experimentation
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
Report
Despite being red, Mars is
a cold place
Hypothesis
Jupiter is the biggest planet
of them all
8. • DNA: The human body recipe
Instructions
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a very cold
place
Development
Jupiter is the biggest
planet in the Solar
System
Experiments
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and
the smallest
Methods
Venus has a
beautiful name and
is the second
planet from the
Sun
60%
9. • DNA: The human body recipe
Research and
publications
01
“Venus has extremely high temperatures” by
Mel Martinez
02
“Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold
place” by Camilla Beck
03
“Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar
System” by Sergio Doe
04
“Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and
helium” by Robert Pat
10. • DNA: The human body recipe
Chromosomes
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a very cold
place
Gene
Jupiter is the biggest
planet in the Solar
System
Cell
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and
the smallest
Factors to
consider
Venus has a beautiful
name
11. • DNA: The human body recipe
Clinical trial
29%
Phase 1
Mars is actually a very
cold place
90%
Phase 3
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
62%
Phase 2
Mercury is quite a small
planet
12. • DNA: The human body recipe
Research
Mercury is a small
planet
01
Preclinical
Mars is a very
cold place
02 03
Tests
Earth harbors lots
of life
04
Conclusion
Neptune is far
away from us
13. • DNA: The human body recipe
Studies
Mercury is a small
planet
Results
Neptune is far
away from us
Safety
Mars is a very
cold place
Efficacy
Earth harbors lots
of life
Trial process
14. • DNA: The human body recipe
Mercury
Mercury is a small
planet
Mars
Mars is a very
cold place
Earth
Earth harbors lots
of life
Neptune
Neptune is far
away from us
15. • DNA: The human body recipe
Sample
Group 1
Group 2
Outcome
Test 1
Test 2
Sample
Group 1
Group 2
Outcome
Test 1
Test 2
Results
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
Experiment B
Despite being red,
Mars is a very
cold place
Experiment A
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
16. • DNA: The human body recipe
Fundamental information about DNA
Structure Levels Function Form
Primary 1 Mercury Mercury is small
Secondary 2 Venus Venus is very hot
Tertiary 3 Earth Earth has life
Quaternary 4 Mars Mars is cold
Double helix 5 Jupiter Jupiter is big
17. • DNA: The human body recipe
Nucleobase
classification
Adenine Thymine
Guanine Cytosine
Thymine Studies
Cytosine Guanine
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings. It's
composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium. It was
named after the Roman god
of wealth and agriculture
18. • DNA: The human body recipe
DNA Analysis Methodologies
Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)
In vivo In vitro
Cloning
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one that harbors life in
the Solar System. We all live on it!
19. • DNA: The human body recipe
Applications
80%
Genetic engineering
40%
Forensic medicine
60%
Bio
informatics
30%
DNA
Nanotechnology
20. • DNA: The human body recipe
Mars is actually a
cold place
Useful
substances
Genetic
engineering
Earth is the planet
with life
Gene
therapy
Mercury is a very
small planet
Food
fortification
Venus has a
beautiful name
Resistance to
organisms
21. • DNA: The human body recipe
Chromosome
Length
0.2 - 20µm
Centromere
Saturn has several
rings
Chromatid
Mars is a very cold
planet
Short arm
Earth is a planet
that has life
Long arm
Ceres is in the
asteroid belt
22. • DNA: The human body recipe
Jupiter doesn’t have a
solid surface
Ecology
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Anthropology
Earth is the third planet
from the Sun
Paleontology
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place
Phylogeny
Evolutionary
biology
23. • DNA: The human body recipe
30% Mars Despite being red,
Mars is actually a cold
place
50% Jupiter Jupiter is the biggest
planet in the Solar
System
80% Venus Venus is extremely hot,
even more than
Mercury
24. • DNA: The human body recipe
01
Mercury
Mercury is a small
planet
02
Neptune
Neptune is far
away from us
Mars
Mars is a very
cold place
03
Earth
Earth is the planet
with life
05
Venus
Venus is a very
hot planet
04
25. • DNA: The human body recipe
Discovery chronology
Year Event Autor
1842 Chromosomes were discovered Karl Wilhelm
1865 The laws of heredity are discovered Gregor Mendel
1869 DNA discovery Friedrich Miescher
1953 Discovery of the structure of DNA Watson / Crick
1956 Number of human chromosomes at 46 Joe Hin Tjio
1966 The genetic code is completed Severo Ochoa
26. • DNA: The human body recipe
Artificial
molecule
Pluto is a
dwarf planet
1972
Bacterial
cloning
Neptune is far
away from us
1973
DNA
sequencing
Saturn has
beautiful rings
1977
Prenatal
diagnosis
Mars is a very cold
planet
1981
Transgenic
organisms
Earth is a planet
that has life
1982
Sequencing
genomes
Mercury is quite a
small planet
1983
Human
genome
Venus has high
temperatures
2001
Protein in
bacteria
Jupiter is a huge
gas giant
1978
27. • DNA: The human body recipe
Jupiter Saturn has rings
Saturn Jupiter is big
Mercury Venus is very hot
Venus Mars is very cold
Mars Mercury is a small
28. • DNA: The human body recipe
Earth
Earth harbors lots
of life
40%
Mercury
Mercury is a small
planet
30%
15%
Venus
Venus is a very
hot planet
Mars
Mars is a very
cold place
15%
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29. • DNA: The human body recipe
Mercury is a small
planet
Mercury
Venus is a very
hot planet
Venus
Neptune is far
away from us
Neptune
Earth harbors lots
of life
Earth
Mars is a very cold
place
Mars
Pluto is a
dwarf planet
Pluto
30. • DNA: The human body recipe
These are the main concepts
Adenine
Saturn has
several rings
Thymine
Earth harbors lots
of life
Guanine
Neptune is far
away from us
Cytosine
Ceres is in the
asteroid belt
31. • DNA: The human body recipe
Main things you
need to know about
DNA and your body
A Mercury is very small
B Venus is a hot planet
C Earth harbors life
D Mars is a red planet
E Jupiter is a big planet
F Saturn is a gas giant
Neptune is the fourth-
largest planet in the Solar
System
32. • DNA: The human body recipe
Sex-related diseases
Only 10% of our DNA
makes up the genes
Carrier mother and healthy
father
25%
Of probability of
healthy daughters
25%
Of probability of sick
daughters
25%
Of probability of
healthy sons
25%
Of probability of sick
sons
