WMO Summer Training Report 2011

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT I

Apeejay College of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering

Summer Training Report

Submitted by:

Name-Surname : Varun Chopra

Roll Number : 083115

Name and Location of Company : Wireless Monitoring
Organization (WMO)
Village - Ghitorni,
IMS Campus, MG Road,
New Delhi - 110062

Duration of Training : Six Weeks

Apeejay College of Engineering Varun Chopra

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT II

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that VARUN CHOPRA student of Bachelor of
Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, 3rd Year,
(APEEJAY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (SOHNA, GURGAON) has
successfully completed his 6 weeks industrial Training at Wireless
Monitoring Organization (WMO), Village - Ghitorni, IMS Campus, MG
Road, New Delhi – 110062. He has completed the whole training as per the
training Report submitted by him. The matter embodied in this thesis is
original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Training In charge:
Mr. Vishal Singh Yadav
Officer In charge, WMO
Village - Ghitorni, IMS Campus,
MG Road, New Delhi - 110062


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Mr. Vishal Singh Yadav, my guide for the training, for
providing me with the opportunities of studying, learning and gaining
practical experience in various fields during the period of training. His
invaluable suggestions not only helped me to reach the successful
completion of the tasks assigned, but also made me learn a lot. I would like
to give special thanks to Mr. Pranaya Subbah for helping me throughout
with his wise suggestions, innovative ideas and whole-hearted help. I want
to thank Mrs. Anita Shani, Mr. Ajit Singh and all others in the department
who helped me during my work here. And finally I would like to thank the
HR my institute, College of Engineering, for giving me the opportunity to
have a precious and rewarding experience of training in the prestigious
organization of Wireless Monitoring. With profound respect and gratitude, I
take the opportunity to convey my thanks for permitting me to complete my
training here.

VARUN CHOPRA
Apeejay College Of
Engineering
Sohna, Gurgaon


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT IV

ABSTRACT

This thesis presents about WMO (Wireless Monitoring Organization) and
the technologies used in monitoring. They allocate global radio spectrum
and satellite orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and
technologies seamlessly interconnect,
This report describes the summer training experience in the Wireless
Monitoring Organization at Ghitorni, New Delhi. I worked on Esmeralda
software, Spectrum Analyzer, HF and VHF receivers along with various
antennas.
In addition, I came across the wireless monitoring concept. In this report I
describe major components used in WMO and work done on them.

VARUN CHOPRA
Apeejay College Of
Engineering
Sohna, Gurgaon


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT V

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or
written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been
accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or
other institute of higher except where due acknowledgement has been made
in the text.

Signature :

Name : Varun Chopra

Roll No. : 083115

Date :


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT A

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION
……………………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 ITU
………………………………………………………………………………..……1
a) Introduction
………………………………………………………………………..……1
b) Sectors of ITU
………………………………………………………………………..……2
1. Radiocommunications
………………………………………………………………..……3
2. Standardization
………………………………………………………………..……3
3. Development
………………………………………………………………..……3
C) History of ITU
………………………………………………………………………..……4
1.2 Telecommunication in India
………………………………………………………………………………..……4
a) Ministry of Communication and Information Technology
………………………………………………………………………..……4
b) History behind DoT and DoP
………………………………………………………………………..……5
c) The Telecom Commission
………………………………………………………………………..……6
I Introduction
………………………………………………………………..……6


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT B

II Organizational Structure
………………………………………………………………..……
III Functions of Telecom Commission
………………………………………………………………..……7
d) Organizational Structure
………………………………………………………………………..……7
(A) Telecommunication
………………………………………………………………..……8

(B) Postal Sector: Department of Posts

………………………………………………………………..……8
(C) Information Technology
………………………………………………………………..……9
(D) Information and Broadcasting
……………………………………………………………………10
e) National Radio Regulatory Authority since 1952
……………………………………………………………………………11
2 Department of Telecommunications (WPC and WMO)
……………………………………………………………………………………………12
2.1 Introduction
……………………………………………………………………………………12
a) WPC (Wireless Planning & Coordination)
……………………………………………………………………………12
I Introduction
……………………………………………………………………12
II Functionalities of WPC
……………………………………………………………………13
b) WMO (Wireless Monitoring Organization)
……………………………………………………………………………14


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT C

I Introduction
……………………………………………………………………14
II Functionalities of WMO
……………………………………………………………………16
III Spectrum, User & WMO
……………………………………………………………………17
1) Spectrum
……………………………………………………………17
2) Relationship
……………………………………………………………18
3) Spectrum Allocated
……………………………………………………………20
IV Organizational Structure
……………………………………………………………………21
V Need for monitoring cited via Example
……………………………………………………………………22
VI Purpose of monitoring
……………………………………………………………………23
VII Parameters to be checked during monitoring
……………………………………………………………………24
VIII Steps for Monitoring
……………………………………………………………………25
IX Types of Monitoring
……………………………………………………………………27
1. Net Monitoring
……………………………………………………………27
2. Band Monitoring or Frequency Scanning
……………………………………………………………28
a) Activation Parameters for scanning:
……………………………………………………29


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT D

b) Detection Conditions:
……………………………………………………29
3. Specific or Fixed Frequency Monitoring
……………………………………………………………30
3.1 Introduction
……………………………………………………30
3.2 Parameters
……………………………………………………30
4. Mobile Monitoring
……………………………………………………………32
4.1 Broad Architecture of MMS
……………………………………………………32
4.2 Receiver Chain
……………………………………………………33
4.2.1 Antennas
……………………………………………33
4.2.2 Antennas Switches
……………………………………………35
4.2.3 Equipment Rack
……………………………………………36
3 ESMERALDA
……………………………………………………………………………………………39
3.1 Integrated station for spectrum monitoring
……………………………………………………………………………………39
3.2 Total Compliance with ITU Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………41

3.3 Mastering the Radioelectrical Spectrum
……………………………………………………………………………………41


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT E

3.4 Spectrum Management and monitoring interactivity
……………………………………………………………………………………42
3.5 An Efficient Solution
……………………………………………………………………………………43
3.6 A Unique Solution
……………………………………………………………………………………43
3.7 A Multipurpose Architecture
……………………………………………………………………………………45
(A) Fixed HF / VHF / UHF Stations
……………………………………………………………………45
(B) Mobile and / or semi fixed HF / VHF / UHF Stations
……………………………………………………………………46
(C) Transportable VHF / UHF Stations
……………………………………………………………………46
3.8 A Complete Software Suite
……………………………………………………………………………………47
3.8.1 LG 309: operation software for digital receivers
……………………………………………………………………………47
(a) Design
……………………………………………………………………47
(b) Features
……………………………………………………………………47
3.8.2 LG 111: operation software for direction finders
……………………………………………………………………………45
(a) Features
……………………………………………………………………48
(b) Result Windows
……………………………………………………………………49
3.9 A Modular Configuration
……………………………………………………………………………………51


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT F

(a) Measurement receiver
……………………………………………………………………51
(b) Two channel radio direction finding
……………………………………………………………………51
4 HF Receivers (10 KHz – 30 MHz)
……………………………………………………………………………………………53
4.1 Introduction
……………………………………………………………………………………53
4.2 Software and Methodology of latest technology HF Receivers
……………………………………………………………………………………54
a) Esmeralda LG 309 software
……………………………………………………………………………54
b) Direction finder / Locating unidentified Transmitter
……………………………………………………………………………54
I Triangulation Method
……………………………………………………………………54
II Using Yagi Antenna
……………………………………………………………………55
III Using Loop Aerial Antenna
……………………………………………………………………55
4.3 Examples
……………………………………………………………………………………56
5 VHF/UHF Receivers (30 MHz-3 GHz)
……………………………………………………………………………………………58
5.1 Introduction
……………………………………………………………………………………58
5.2 Features
……………………………………………………………………………………59
5.3 Examples
……………………………………………………………………………………60


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT G

6 Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)
……………………………………………………………………………………………61
6.1 Introduction
……………………………………………………………………………………61
6.2 Features
……………………………………………………………………………………62
6.3 Examples
……………………………………………………………………………………63


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT A

List of Figures

FIGURE 1: ITU
SOURCE – www.itu.int
……………………………………………………………………………………………..1

FIGURE 2: Various mobile operators
SOURCE – telecomtalk.info
……………………………………………………………………………………………..3

FIGURE 3: Electromagnetic Spectrum
SOURCE – kollewin.com
……………………………………………………………………………………………21

FIGURE 4: Spectrum of Visible Light
SOURCE – loke.as.arizona.edu
……………………………………………………………………………………………21

FIGURE 5: Organizational Structure
SOURCE – WMO
……………………………………………………………………………………………21

FIGURE 6: Bandwidth
SOURCE – Self drawn
……………………………………………………………………………………………22

FIGURE 7: Cellular Networks
SOURCE – www.wikipedia.com
……………………………………………………………………………………………27


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT B

FIGURE 8: Instrument used in mobile monitoring
SOURCE – www.thalesgroup.com
……………………………………………………………………………………………32

FIGURE 9: Electronic Compass
SOURCE – www.wikipedia.com
……………………………………………………………………………………………38

FIGURE 10: Esmeralda
……………………………………………………………………………………………39

FIGURE 11: Esmeralda Hardware Setup
……………………………………………………………………………………………40

FIGURE 12: ITU Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………………41

FIGURE 13: Mobile Monitoring by Esmeralda
SOURCE – WMO
……………………………………………………………………………………………44

FIGURE 14: LG 309
……………………………………………………………………………………………47


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT C

FIGURE 15: LG 309
……………………………………………………………………………………………48

FIGURE 16: LG 111
……………………………………………………………………………………………49

FIGURE 17: Modular Configuration
……………………………………………………………………………………………52

FIGURE 18: HF Receivers
SOURCE – www.rohde-schwarz.com
……………………………………………………………………………………………53

FIGURE 19: Triangulation Method
SOURCE – Self
……………………………………………………………………………………………54

FIGURE 20: Direction Finder
……………………………………………………………………………………………56

FIGURE 21: Primitive HF Receiver
……………………………………………………………………………………………57


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT D

FIGURE 22: VHF/UHF Receivers (30 MHz-3 GHz)
……………………………………………………………………………………………60

FIGURE 23: Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)
……………………………………………………………………………………………61

FIGURE 24: Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)
……………………………………………………………………………………………62

FIGURE 25: Spectrum Analyzer Software
SOURCE – www.spectrumanalyzerpro.com
……………………………………………………………………………………………64


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT E

List of Illustrations

ILLUSTRATION 1
……………………………………………………………………………………………..1

ILLUSTRATION 2
……………………………………………………………………………………………..3

ILLUSTRATION 3
……………………………………………………………………………………………..3


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT F

List of Tables

TABLE 1: Spectrum Allocation
SOURCE – WMO
……………………………………………………………………………………………20

TABLE 2: Target Report
SOURCE – WMO
……………………………………………………………………………………………22


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 ITU (International Telecommunication Union):-

Figure 1 ITU

a) Introduction

ITU is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication
technologies – ICTs.

We allocate global radio spectrum and satellite orbits, develop the technical standards
that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and strive to improve
access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.

ITU is committed to connecting all world's people – wherever they live and whatever
their means. Through our work, we protect and support everyone's fundamental right to
communicate.



Illustration 1

Today, ICTs underpin everything we do. They help manage and control emergency
services, water supplies, power networks and food distribution chains. They support
health care, education, government services, financial markets, transportation systems
and environmental management. And they allow people to communicate with colleagues,
friends and family anytime, and almost anywhere.

With the help of our membership, ITU brings the benefits of modern communication
technologies to people everywhere in an efficient, safe, easy and affordable manner.

ITU membership reads like a Who’s Who of the ICT sector. We’re unique among UN
agencies in having both public and private sector membership. So in addition to our 192
Member States, ITU membership includes ICT regulators, leading academic institutions
and some 700 private companies.

In an increasingly interconnected world, ITU is the single global organization embracing
all players in this dynamic and fast-growing sector.

b) Sectors of ITU

ITU has three main areas of activity organized in ‘Sectors’ which work through
conferences and meetings.



1. Radiocommunications:-

ITU's Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) coordinates this vast and growing range of
radiocommunication services, as well as the international management of the radio-
frequency spectrum and satellite orbits.

Illustration 2

2. Standardization:-

ITU standards (called Recommendations) are fundamental to the operation of today’s
ICT networks. Without ITU standards you couldn’t make a telephone call or surf the
Internet. For Internet access, transport protocols, voice and video compression, home
networking.

Illustration 3

3. Development:-

ITU's Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) has a programme to offer –



whether you are interested in entering or expanding your presence in emerging markets,
demonstrating global ICT leadership, learning how to put good policy into practice

c) History of ITU:-

ITU was founded in Paris in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union. It took its
present name in 1934, and in 1947 became a specialized agency of the United Nations.
Although its first area of expertise was the telegraph, the work of ITU now covers the
whole ICT sector, from digital broadcasting to the Internet, and from mobile technologies
to 3D TV.

1.2 Telecommunication in India:-

a) Ministry of Communication and Information Technology:-

The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Government of India, is
the apex body for overseeing telecommunications in the country. It is headed by a Union
Minister, who is assisted by a Minister of State and a well-established organizational base
to effectively discharge the onerous duties, functions and responsibilities of his office.

As per the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961, there are at present
three departments under the Ministry, viz.,

o The Department of Telecommunications (DoT),
o The Department of Posts (DoP) and
o The Department of Information Technology (DIT).

The Rules also lay down the distribution of subjects amongst these three departments.
The initial Order prescribing the Rules is produced in the box below.
It was signed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of independent India.



b) History behind DoT and DoP:-

The Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department was managed by the P&T Board headed by
its Chairman, who was also the Director General of Posts and Telegraphs (DGP&T) and
the Secretary, Ministry of Communications.
With effect from 31st December 1984, the P&T department was divided into two
independent departments, viz.,

o The Department of Posts, and the
o Department of Telecommunications (DoT),
Both headed by respective Secretaries.
Major policy and operational decisions were to be taken by the respective Boards having
functional Members.

 MTNL and VSNL

In 1986, the Overseas Communications Service was converted into Videsh Sanchar
Nigam Ltd. (VSNL), and the two key operative units of DoT – Delhi Telephones and
Bombay Telephones – into Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL).

Both VSNL and MTNL were established under the Indian Companies Act of 1956. In
April 1989, the DoT superstructure was further modified by upgrading the Telecom
Board to the level of Telecom Commission, with the Secretary, DoT, functioning as the
Chairman of the Telecom Commission.

In March 1999 the government announced the new National Telecom Policy, called
NTP-99. As a part of the continuing process of opening up of the sector, and in pursuance
of NTP-99, the Department of Telecom Services (DTS) and Department of Telecom
Operations (DTO) were carved out from DoT in October 1999 for providing
telecommunications services in the country.



Figure 2 Various mobile operators

c) The Telecom Commission:-

I Introduction

The Telecom Commission was set up by the Government of India on April 11, 1989 with
large administrative and financial powers to effectively deal with multifarious problems
concerning growth of telecommunications. It replaced the erstwhile Telecom Board and
had a much broader mandate. A copy of the gazette notification setting up the
Commission is reproduced in Annexure B at the end of this chapter.

II Organizational Structure

The Commission continues to exist to date and comprises of a chairman, four full time
members that are ex officio secretaries to the Government of India in the Department of



Telecommunications, and four part-time members who are secretaries to the Government
of India in other departments.
The part-time members are the Secretary (Information Technology), Secretary (Finance),
Secretary (Planning Commission) and Secretary (Industrial Policy and Promotion).
The Secretary, Department of Telecommunications, as the chief executive officer of the
Department heads the Commission as its chairman.

III Functions of Telecom Commission

The major functions of Telecom Commission include:

o Formulation of telecommunications policy,
o Licensing of telecommunications services,
o Assignment, monitoring and control of wireless spectrum,
o Administrative control of telecom public sector units (PSU), research,
o Development and standardization of telecommunications equipment and techniques,
o Cooperation with various international telecommunications bodies.

NOTE:-

The financial powers of the Telecom Commission, its Chairman, and its Members are
given at the end of this chapter in Annexure C, D and E respectively.

d) Organizational Structure

(A) Telecommunication

I. Department of Telecom

Department of Telecommunications ( DOT )



Telecom Commission
Wireless Monitoring Organization ( WMO )
Wireless Planning & Co-ordination Wing(WPC)

II. Regulatory Bodies

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
Telecom Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT)

III PSU Providing Telecom Services

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. ( BSNL )
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. ( MTNL )

IV Development and Manufacturing of Telecom Equipment

Indian Telephone Industries (ITI)
Telecom Engineering Centre (TEC)
Centre for Development of Telemetric (C-DOT)

(B) Postal Sector: Department of Posts

Expansion of Postal Network
Computerization of post offices (installation of MPCM), Accounts and
Administrative offices and Software Development.
Computerization and networking of Mail Offices
Up gradation of Customer Care Centre
Modernization & up gradation of VSAT system
Modernization of operative / working systems (improving ergonomics)
AMPC
Mechanization / up gradation of mail movement
Modernization / up gradation of premium products



Up gradation and promotion of philately
Training
Construction of buildings
Modernization of circle stamp depots
Computerization of international mail processing
National data centre
Research and development / studies / surveys
Establishment of express parcel post centre
e-Post
e-Bill Post
New products and services including development of financial products and
services.

(C) Information Technology

I. Department of Information Technology

Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC).
Department of Electronics Accredited Course on Computer (DDEACC).
Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research (SAMEER).
Centre for Material for Electronics (CMET).
Education & Research Network (ERNET) India,
Software Technology Park of India (STPI).
Technology Development Council (TDC).
Semiconductor Complex Limited (SCL).
National Informatics Centre.

II. Strengthening of IT infrastructure in States / UT

E-governance
Community Information Centre (CIC).



(D) Information and Broadcasting

I. Ministry of Information & Broadcasting

II Prasar Bharati Corporation

All India Radio
Doordarshan

III. Information Sector

Press Information Bureau (PIB).
Publications Division
Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP)
Song and Drama Division
Directorate of Field Publicity
Photo Division
Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI)
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC)
Press Council of India (PCI)

IV. Film Sector

Films Division
National Film Archives of India (NFAI)
Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata
Film and Television Institute of India, Pune (FTTI, Pune).
Children Film Society of India
National Film Development Corporation, Ltd.
Directorate of Film Festivals
Central Board of Film Certification



(V) Public Sector Units (PSU)

National Film Development Corporation (NFDC)
Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Ltd. (BECIL)

e) National Radio Regulatory Authority since 1952

 Radio Frequency Allocations for all types of radio usages

To ensure sharing of Radio Frequency Spectrum (RFS)

Mechanism:

 National Frequency Allocation Plan/Specific Authorization
 Licensing of ' Private' Radio Systems
 Coordinated clearance of citing of 'Fixed' Radio Installations
 License Fee, Spectrum Fee
 Adherence to International Radio Regulations as a part of
 Global sharing of RFS and Satellite Orbit

 Nodal Agency interacting with International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
and he Asia Pacific Tele community (APT)

 Wireless Monitoring Organization (WMO), field unit for verification by
Monitoring & Inspection of Authorized Radio Station



2. Department of Telecommunication WPC and WMO

2.1 Introduction

 WPC and WMO stand for:

WPC  (Wireless Planning & Coordination) and
WMO  (Wireless Monitoring Organization)

 These are defined under the Telecommunication Department in the ministry along
with DoT and Telecom Commission.

 It works on some guidelines defined by ITU (International Telecommunication
Union).

 Limit no. of frequency & spectrum to provide satisfactory services.

 Responsible for Technological Advancement

 Frequency for radio services etc.

 Establishment In a manner not causing harmful interference to radio services and
communication.

a) WPC (Wireless Planning & Coordination):-

I Introduction:-

Telecommunication is recognized as a key factor in economic, commercial, social and
cultural activity. Radio Communication is one of the key elements in the world of



Telecommunication. Development of Telecommunication infrastructure cannot be
visualized without utilizing techniques of radio communication in one form or other.
Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC Wing) has an important role to play in the
Telecommunication Sector.
The Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC Wing) was created in the Ministry of
communications in 1952 as an independent, non-user agency to bring about orderly
utilization of the radio frequency spectrum in the country as well as to participate in the
work of International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

II Functionalities of WPC :-

• Ensuring proper assignment and protection to India’s recent and planned
requirements of satellite orbit positions in International forum.

• Orderly assignment of radio frequency for all users in the country.

• Protection of National radio users against interference from other countries as
per the provisions of international radio regulations of the ITU.

• Formulation of long term national frequency allocation plans (NFAP) and
policies.

• Piloting India’s proposals to take care of present and long terms interests in
international radio conferences and meetings convened by ITU from time to time .

• Enforcement of the provisions of Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 and rules there
under so for as they relate to Wireless usage.

• Investigation with ITU for International investigations on specific cases by way of
participation in International monitoring campaigns.



• Formulation and implement of national Acts/ rules in so for as its functions are
concerned.

• Conduct of examinations for pilots, Radio officers, navigators on board ship and
Aircraft as per International standards.

• Issue of equipment type approvals (ETA).

• Grant of license to Wireless stations (except receivers for broadcast reception).

• To clear sites for wireless installations.(SACFA)

• Licensing: It issues license on bound conditions that are to be followed strictly.
These conditions are formulated keeping in mind

 Error free transmission
 Interference
 Infringement
 Bandwidth Requirement
 Power rating of antenna
 Antenna length
 Number of transmitters and receivers
 Tolerance of each frequency is defined etc

b) WMO (Wireless Monitoring Organization):-

I Introduction:-

Wireless Monitoring Organization (WMO), also setup in 1952, is responsible for
spectrum engineering, planning and allocation; frequency coordination and assignment,



administration, monitoring and enforcement of wireless licenses and is essentially the
eyes and ears of the Wireless Planning & Co-ordination (WPC) Wing in the Ministry of
Communication & IT.
WPC is divided into major sections like
o Licensing and Regulation (LR),
o New Technology Group (NTG) and
o Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation (SACFA).

The last named makes recommendations on major frequency allocation issues,
Formulation of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP), and various issues
related to International Telecom Union (ITU).
It also sorts out problems referred to the Committee by various wireless users, and gives
site clearance of important wireless installations in the country.

The Wireless Monitoring Organization is the field organization of the WPC Wing. It
provides essential inspection and other technical support for spectrum management with
a view of
o Ensuring interference-free operation of all wireless networks,
o Ensuring adherence to assigned technical parameters and
o Licensing and also fulfilling the international obligations.

Recently the WPC has decentralized some of its licensing functions by creating five field
offices called the Regional Licensing Offices, with headquarters at Chennai, Delhi,
Kolkata, Shillong and Mumbai.
It’s primary task is to monitor the entire radio frequency spectrum with a view to provide
the requisite technical data and logistic support to the WPC Wing in the enforcement of
the National and International Radio Regulatory and statutory provisions for efficient
management of Radio Frequency Spectrum (RFS) and Geo-Stationary Satellite Orbit
(GSO).



This is in the interest of vital national service which, though not revenue bearing, yields
considerable indirect benefits through promoting the efficient utilization of the radio
frequency spectrum and the geostationary satellite orbit.
Effective and efficient spectrum management is the key element for ensuring the co-
existence of various radio communication networks, without causing interference to each
other. Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing (WPC Wing), Department of
Telecommunications, of the Ministry of Communications & IT is the nodal agency for
the management of radio frequency spectrum, which is a limited natural resource, so that
various radio communication networks can co-exists & function in an interference-free
radio environment.
It is essential that radio frequency spectrum is used in the most effective and efficient
manner by all radio communication users across the country, without causing interference
to each.

II Functionalities Of WMO :-

• Interference resolution
• Enforcement of licensing conditions
• Spectrum surveillance and Inspection
• Aid to spectrum planning
• Channel loading Assistance
• Assistance to national users
• Radio Regulation Board’s (ITU) monitoring campaign
• Assistance to foreign Administrations
• Unwanted/ spurious emissions
• Field strength measurements.
• Emission bandwidth measurements.
• Recording of spectrum occupancy.
• Radio direction finding
• Identification of unauthorized station.



III Spectrum, User & WMO:-

1) SPECTRUM

A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set
of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum

The word saw its first scientific use within the field of optics to describe the rainbow of
colors in visible light when separated using a prism; it has since been applied by analogy
to many fields other than optics.

Thus, one might talk about the spectrum of political opinion, or the spectrum of
activity of a drug, or the autism spectrum. In these uses, values within a spectrum may
not be associated with precisely quantifiable numbers or definitions. Such uses imply a
broad range of conditions or behaviors grouped together and studied under a single title
for ease of discussion.

Figure 3 Electromagnetic Spectrum



Figure 4 Spectrum of Visible Light

2) Relationship:

The relationship between the spectrum, the spectrum-user and the WMO is best
understood with the facts below but first let us know about spectrum.

 Spectrum, like other natural resources, is characterized by quantity and quality.
Whereas the WPC Wing, the national nodal agency for the spectrum and related
matters, is solely responsible for the quantitative aspect of the spectrum, it is the
WMO which ensures the quality of spectrum in India.

 From a regulatory standpoint, radio network is borne in WPC Wing, lives its entire
life in WMO, and then dies in WPC Wing.

 The purpose of the WMO, on behalf of the Indian Administration, also derives from
the Preamble of the Radio Regulations of the ITU. The Preamble contains, inter alia,
the following :



• With a view to fulfilling the purposes of the International Telecommunication Union
set out in Article 1 of the Constitution, these Regulations have the following
objectives:

 To facilitate equitable access to and rational use of the natural resources of the radio-
frequency spectrum and the geostationary-satellite orbit;

 To ensure the availability and protection from harmful interference of frequencies
provided for distress and safety purposes;

 To assist in the prevention and resolution of cases of harmful interference between
the radio services of different administrations;

 To facilitate the efficient and effective operation of all radio communication services;

 To provide for and, where necessary, regulate new applications of radio
communication technology.

Note:-

WMO basically keeps check on the licensee that the specifications are same as defined in
the license.

 Amateur band

License is required for this band.
This proves to be very helpful in case of some disaster conditions when all means of
communication is disrupted.



3) Spectrum Allocated:-

Table 1 Spectrum Allocation
Radio Access  9 – 14 KHz

Mobile (Distress Calling)  495 – 505 KHz

Broadcasting  535 – 1605.5 KHz

Maritime mobile  2065.0 – 2107.0 KHz
2170.0 - 2178.5 KHz
2190.5 – 2194.5 Khz

Fixed, Mobile broadcasting  610 – 806 KHz

Mobile, fixed broadcasting  890 – 960 KHz

Mobile satellite  942 – 960 KHz

Radio Location  1350 – 1400 KHz

Mobile, fixed space operations and research  1710 – 1930 KHz

Amateur band  People who research professionally

ISM (Industrial scientific Band)  Vacant for research/study



IV Organizational Structure:-

Figure 5 Organizational Structure



V Need for monitoring cited via example:-

It is needed for efficient radio communication.
Communication can also be classified as
o Communication in which public is involved
E.g. Mobile Network, Radio Broadcasting etc
o Communication inn which public is not involved
E.g. Aircraft landing etc.
In both the cases the monitoring is needed as any problem in any of them cannot be
negotiated.

Example:-

Problem:-
In Tata CDMA noise occurs due to interference due to cable operator i.e. in the CDMA
band.

Table 2 Target Report

Site ID LOCATION Latitude Longitude
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Basic Instrument used:

Rohde and Schwarz Miniport Receiver EB200 and Gunn Antenna.

Source:-

Channel with Video Signal at 836.5 MHz and Audio Signal at 839.250 MHz. This
interferes with the CDMA band allocated to the Tata.



Reason:-

This problem occurs mainly due to booster or amplifier and also from improper
insulation.
The cable operators are permitted to transmit information in the cables only and not in the
outer space.
Basically it originates from the leakage of current from the cables into the space
interfering with the frequencies allocated causing problem.

Signal Strength: -
Here the channel refers to the interfering channel of cable operator in CDMA Band.

Channel OFF  - (2 to 4) db
Channel ON  + 22 db

Solution:-

Proper insulation is required i.e. either by covering the booster or amplifier or by taping
the stray wires.
An alternative approach can be used and the channel can be closed.

VI Purpose of monitoring:-

 Occupancy / Vacancy of the band monitored.

 Error free transmission.

 To ensure there should be no unwanted/ spurious emissions.



.
VII Parameters to be checked during monitoring:-

 SS ( Signal Strength)

 Frequency

 Occupied Bandwidth

Bandwidth measurement method is standardized by ITU as shown below in the
diagram i.e. measured 26 db below the peak value.

Figure 6 Bandwidth

 Emission
Type M – Modulation Technique
Type S – Signal Nature
Type I – Information



Example:-
Examples of emission are as follows:

F3E  F - Frequency Modulation
 3 – Single channel analog information
 E - Broadcasting

A3E  A - Amplitude Modulation
 3 – Single channel analog information
 E - Broadcasting

6KA3E  6 KHz BW

6KSA3E  6 KHz BW Single sideband

Note: -

In broadcasting always 3 is used i.e. single channel analog information.

VIII Steps for Monitoring:-

Following are the steps for monitoring :-

1. Go close to the original transmitter.
2. Check noise.
3. Trace Noise.
4. Correction of the noise.



NOTE:-

WORKING AT WMO:

Target Strategy:-

Target strategy is employed i.e. each employee is given targets from MoT in such away
that each frequency allotted is checked periodically
.
Reports:

The reports are formulated and enclose information about following:

 Licensed Instruments
These are the instruments which are covered under the license.

 Unlicensed Instruments
This includes the instruments which are applied for the license but awaits permission
from WPC.

 Non Authorized Instruments
These are the instruments which are used without any license and prone a problem for
licensed customer.

Example:-

FM frequency allocated to Radio Mirchi is 98.3 MHz and bandwidth of 180 KHz.
Low power transmitter and receiver are used when low range is required.



IX Types of Monitoring:-

1. Net Monitoring:-

It gives information about country and area of mobile. It uses ARFCN Absolute
radio-frequency channel number, BTS ID Base Transceiver Station Identification
Number, CC Country Code and LAC Local Area Code.

In a cellular radio system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into
regular shaped cells, which can be hexagonal, square, circular or some other irregular
shapes, although hexagonal cells are conventional.

Figure 7 Cellular Network

The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies
are not reused in adjacent neighboring cells as that would cause co-channel interference.
We get to know about the area of the mobile network usage BTS ID and approximate
location can be found out.



2. Band /Frequency scanning Monitoring:-

Conducting a search for signals over a band or range of frequencies by means of a
manually or automatically tuned receiver.
Frequency scanning may be used to enable radar to transmit on a clear frequency, i.e., a
no-interference frequency, by searching a frequency band and then tuning the system to a
clear portion of that band.

Following parameters are involved:

 Sub-range Number
 Minimum frequency
 Maximum frequency
 Name
 Detection threshold
 Scanning step/Detection filter
 Scanning type
 Validity
 Antenna

Note:

The tuning rate, i.e., the frequency change rate, may be fixed or variable, or it may be
performed mechanically at low speed or electronically at high speed.
Memory scanning:-
It is same as frequency scanning as far as parameters are concerned. The only difference
lies in its modes and the fact that the channels are stored in memory and can be accessed
easily whenever required. There are parameters and modes predefined by ITU. These are
discussed briefly here.



a) Activation Parameters for scanning:

Modes supported:-

o Manual mode:
Memory scanning is interrupted as soon as level fulfilling the detection conditions
is detected; the scanning is resumed at the operator request.
o Infinite stay time mode:
is detected; the scanning is resumed at the hold time defined by the operator.
o Semi automatic mode:
is detected; the scanning is resumed at the dwell time defined by the operator.
o Rated mode:
Memory scanning is interrupted on each screened channel; the scanning is
resumed at the dwell time defined by the operator.
o Automatic mode:
This mode is quicker to acquire and display level data. Operator cannot intervene
in this mode.

Dwell time:-
It is used when monitoring is in the rated or semi automatic mode.

Hold time:-
It is used when monitoring is in the Infinite stay time mode.

Antenna:-
It is selected by antenna switching unit controlled directly via PC.



b) Detection Conditions:-

 Detection on a minimum level.
MIN THRESHOLD value is used.

 Detection on a threshold range.
Between MIN THRESHOLD and MAX THRESHOLD

 S/N correction
In semi automatic mode only

3. Specific/Fixed frequency Monitoring:-

3.1 Introduction

In this mode, the receiver is set to a frequency. The user can modify the parameters to
improve listening or to change the frequency.

3.2 Parameters

Parameters which can be altered are:

o Tuning frequency

o Squelch and squelch threshold

It is used to deactivate the audio outputs when the signal level is lower than the squelch
threshold.



o Demodulation

It depends on frequency band. E.g. 88.0 MHz to 108.0 MHz is allotted to FM.

o RF Head

It depends on the band and therefore the frequency entered

o Beat frequency oscillator

Settings authorized for special emissions like A1A etc.

o IF Filter

Listening filter depending upon the band



4. Mobile Monitoring:-

The mobile monitoring system has been constructed on a Swaraj Mazda vehicle. The
vehicle has been divided into various isolated sections to achieve the monitoring
objectives.

Figure 8 Instrument used in mobile monitoring

4.1 Broad Architecture of MMS (Mobile Monitoring System) :-

4.1.1 Operators Cabin

It houses GPS receiver. Antenna switches, UPS, air conditioning unit, a mast for
installing antenna and storage compartment for storing various antennas.

4.1.2 Diesel Generator Cabin

It houses a mast and a 7.5 KVA diesel generator.



4.1.3 Drivers Cabin

It has air conditioning unit and also a LCD screen connected with operators cabin LCD.

4.2 Receiver Chain

4.2.1 Antennas

ANT184A:

Range: 20 Hz – 3 GHz
It is a direction finder antenna housed on the top of the mast. Only used when vehicle is
stationary i.e. the mast is lowered while moving.

It consists of two concentric arrays with five pentagonal structure dipoles.
The direction finder principle works on interferometry principle i.e.

The difference in phase of incident wave is result of the difference in the path of wave.

This difference in path depend upon two parameters

o Distance between the antenna, and
o Incidence angle of incoming wave

NOTE:

Movement of mast is based on the same principle as hydraulic lift.



RN2134:

Range: 20 MHz – 500MHz
It is a passive directional cross log periodic antenna (vertical as well as horizontal
polarization). It has 64 elements which have to be served manually to a fish – bone
structure. This fish bone structure , in turn has to be attached to the rear mast each time
monitoring has to be carried out.

RN2135:

It is also a passive directional cross log periodic antenna (vertical as well as horizontal
polarization).
The difference between RN2134 and RN2135 is that RN2135 is encased in a fiber
cylinder to protect against humidity, dust, and damage. A reflector has been added in the
front of the antenna to increase its gain also a LNA is attached for both H/V
polarizations.

RN4202:

It is a horizontally polarized Omni-directional passive antenna.

RN4301:

Range: 500 MHz – 3 GHz
It is a horizontally polarized Omni-directional passive antenna.



RN1034:

This bi-conical antenna is a vertically polarized Omni-directional passive antenna.

RN1029:

It is a vertically polarized Omni-directional passive antenna.

RN4206-9F:

Range: 9 KHz – 30 MHz (VLF/LF/HF/VHF)
20 MHz – 3000 MHz (VHF/UHF)
This is a VLF/LF/HF/VHF active vertically polarized Omni directional antenna.

GPS Antenna:

This antenna is connected to the GPS receiver and is not used for monitoring.

4.2.2 Antenna Switches

Antenna switches and its description:



AEA192

It is a two channel antenna switching unit connected to the base of direction finder
antenna. It enables to select one of the antenna sub ranges and then to switch a dipole
base to a receiver.
It generates a test signal to test the whole direction finding equipment.
Switching unit is broken down according to the operation of the sub assemblies:

o The 20/700 MHz selector
o The 700/3000 MHz selector
o The amplification output selector
o The test oscillator

AEA192

This unit is housed in the equipment rack and designed to accommodate switching
modules. The switching unit is particularly suited to receiving applications requiring
either remote or manual selection.

4.2.3 Equipment Rack

REC 108:

It is a two to three channel multi – range receiver used by the Direction Finder and
monitoring receiver.
When used as Direction Finder receivers, it receives signals from antennas, filters them
and changes them into the acquisition frequencies used by the radio direction finders.
When used as monitoring receiver, it ensures reception ad measurements as per ITU
standards.



Industrial computer:

It runs on WIN NT (sp6) Operating System and has all the s/w necessary to acquire,
display and demodulate data. Its major elements are:

o Qsharc Caraibe and Qsharc Biac:
It is a signal processing board. It performs direction finding processing such as spectrum
analysis and retrieval of the transmissions required by the Direction Finder
functionalities.

Cal Unit:
It’s an antenna Control and Power supply unit. It processes antenna signal sent to a
Direction Finder Receiver. Its main tasks are:

o To receive VHF/UHF signal intended for the Direction Finder Receiver.
o To Power the antenna switching unit and the active antenna, and
o To Receiver control signal from the Direction Finder Receiver and send them
back to the antenna and switching unit

GPS Receiver:

It uses constellation of 24 satellites and determines the approx. position
(longitude/latitude and altitude) on earth.

Electronic Compass:

It has an outdoor unit connected to PC. It informs the Direction Finder of the angle
formed by the reference axis of the antenna and true North direction.



Figure 9 Electronic Compass

Software used is Esmeralda - LG 309 and LG 111.



3 ESMERALDA:-

Figure 10 Esmeralda

3.1 Integrated station for spectrum monitoring:-

• A unique solution for automatic spectrum monitoring (9 KHz – 3 GHz)

• Compliant with to the latest ITU recommendations and Spectrum Monitoring
Handbook, edition 2002

• Automatic spectrum monitoring missions

• Reliable and accurate technical measurements and radio finding

• Multipurpose and modular: autonomous station or network remotely controlled stations



• Antennas perfectly adapted to each configuration

• Signal analysis and transmissions identification

Figure 11 Esmeralda Hardware Setup



3.2 TOTAL COMPLIANCE WITH ITU RECOMMENDATIONS

Figure 12 ITU Recommendations

3.3 ESMERALDA: MASTERING THE RADIOELECTRICAL SPECTRUM

Born of THALES Communications expertise as designer, integrator and manufacturer of
equipment and Radioelectrical Spectrum Management and Monitoring systems,

ESMERALDA is the solution to the challenge of controlling radioelectrical
transmissions, classical as well as modern (TDMA, CDMA, OFDM, frequency hoppers),
no longer detectable by classical measurement tools.



3.4 SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING INTERACTIVITY

■ Preparation of automated spectrum monitoring missions and processing of results,
linked with any existing spectrum management administrative and technical database,
■ Execution of automated spectrum monitoring missions
■ Direction finding and location by triangulation, from monitoring or management centre
or from the ESMERALDA stations upon execution of automated missions



3.5 AN EFFICIENT SOLUTION:

ESMERALDA offers a complete range of automated missions for optimum effectiveness
of spectrum monitoring systems,

■ Systematic control of transmitters

■ Occupancy rate by transmitters

■ Occupancy rate by frequency

■ Specific frequency surveillance

■ Search for unknown transmitters

■ Channel analysis (manual mission)

■ Television measurements

■ Field measurements along the route (mobile station)

3.6 A UNIQUE SOLUTION

■ Interceptor/ fast direction finder

■ High performance digital receiver

■ Spectrum analyzer



■ Spectrum occupancy analyzer

Figure 13 Mobile Monitoring by Esmeralda

■ Real time decoder for data transmissions

■ Frequency meter

■ Field strength analyzer

■ Modulation analyzer

■ Signal vector analyzer

■ Wide band interference analyzer



■ Audio recorder

■ Wide Band digital RF signal

■ TV demodulation and display

■ Edition of reports

3.7 A MULTIPURPOSE ARCHITECTURE

Thanks to its compact and modular structure, ESMERALDA is adapted to every
necessary configuration of a
spectrum monitoring system: a dedicated antenna for each configuration, identical
functional capacities.

 Fixed HF / VHF / UHF Stations:



This configuration may be completed by monitoring antennas (omnidirectional or
directional) for horizontally polarized transmissions.

 B) Mobile and / or semi fixed HF / VHF / UHF Stations:

ESMERALDA can be integrated in a wide range of vehicle (4 wheel drive, vans, etc.)
including GPS receiver, magnetic compass as well as numerous options: remote
exploitation from the passenger front seat for homing application, alternator integrated
into the vehicle engine or independent power supply, additional air conditioning, etc.

 C) Transportable VHF / UHF Stations:



3.8 A COMPLETE SOFTWARE SUITE:

3.8.1 LG 309: operation software for digital receivers

a) Design

 It is designed to control and operate a station which consists of:

 A digital receiver
 An associated antenna network
 A calibration generator
 Antenna switches connected to the equipment.

b) Features

 Features:

■ Reception/ listening-in
■ Fixed frequency monitoring
■ Supports Frequency and Memory scanning

Figure 14 LG 309

■ Transmissions demodulation / filtering



■ ITU measurements operation
■ Graphical and textual displays to take full advantage of the richness of acquired and
measured data
■ Automatic spectrum monitoring missions
■ Real time decoding of data transmissions

Figure 15 LG 309

3.8.2 LG 111: operation software for direction finders

a) Features

 Features:

■ Local operation of radio direction finders
■ Homing for mobile stations
■ Single Station Location (SSL) for direction finders in HF range
■ Graphical and textual displays to take full advantage of the richness of acquired and
measured data
■ Remote operation



Figure 16 LG 111

b) Result Windows

 Widely used result windows and its description:

 Numeric Result Window:

It displays the direction finding data, information contained in this window:

 Azimuth
 Elevation
 Frequency
 Power level
 Duration
 Number of measurement
 Quality mark



 Frequency/Azimuth view:

This view may be accessed in fixed frequency and frequency scanning modes and is used
to display direction finding results in Cartesian form i.e.

o Azimuth on Y axis, and

o Frequency on X axis.

 Amplitude Spectrum view:

This view represents spectrum of the signal received in the elementary acquisition range.

 Frequency Histogram view:

It represents histograms that are elaborated according to the frequencies o which direction
finding results are computed. It allows quick look at the frequencies.

 Homing view:

It is used in a moving vehicle. It is in fact a histogram polar view that highlights the level
and direction changes of the signal listed.



3.9 A MODULAR CONFIGURATION:

ESMERALDA, (standard configuration) integrates a measurement receiver coupled to
a radio direction finder:

♦ A) Measurement receiver:

Digital technology with numerous filters and demodulators

♦ B) Two channel radio direction finding

It ensures a high stability of measures, thanks to the automatic compensation of drifts of
the two channels and an entirely digital process.

High measurement precision, guaranteed by systematic calibration, fixed configurations
as well as for mobile configurations:

Note:

Announced performances are field proven.



Figure 17 Modular Configuration



4 HF Receiver (10 KHz – 30 MHz) :-

4.1 Introduction

 Threshold voltage can be set along with it the signal strength can be displayed in
either dbuV or dbmv

 Frequency and bandwidth are set.

 Latest HF Receiver based on Esmeralda software shows the spectrum and also
operations like frequency scanning and memory scanning can be performed
accurately.

Basic Instrument used:

Rohde and Schwarz VLF – HF Emfanger Receiver EK070

Figure 18 HF Receiver



4.2 Software and Methodology of latest technology HF Receivers -

a) Esmeralda LG 309 software

Latest technology HF Receiver serving Monitoring Purposes (Spectrum/Bandwidth
parameters) already discussed before.

b) Direction finder / Locating unidentified Transmitter

It is used for finding out the signal direction i.e. North, South etc.

Direction finding (DF) refers to the establishment of the direction from which a received
signal was transmitted. This can refer to radio or other forms of wireless communication.

I Triangulation Method

By combining the direction information from two or more suitably spaced receivers (or a
single mobile receiver), the source of a transmission may be located in space
via triangulation.

A

B C

Figure 19 Triangulation Method

 Its location is found out by approximation i.e. by taking various readings and
approximating its location as shown in figure above.



II Using Yagi Antenna

Direction finding often requires an antenna that is directional (more sensitive in certain
directions than in others). Many antenna designs exhibit this property. For example,
a Yagi antenna has quite pronounced directionality, so the source of a transmission can
be determined simply by pointing it in the direction where the maximum signal level is
obtained. However, to establish direction to great accuracy requires much more
sophisticated techniques.

II Using Loop Aerial Antenna

A simple form of directional antenna is the loop aerial. This consists of an open loop
of wire on an insulating former, or a metal ring that forms the antenna elements itself,
where the diameter of the loop is a tenth of a wavelength or smaller at the target
frequency.

Such an antenna will be least sensitive to signals that are normal to its face
and most responsive to those meeting edge-on, this due to the antenna sensing the
difference between the voltages induced either side of it at any instant because of the
phase output of the transmitting beacon.

Turning the loop face on will not induce any current flow: think of the radio wave
slipping through the loop. Simply turning the antenna to obtain minimum signal will
establish two possible directions from which the signal could be emanating.

The NULL is used, as small angular deflections of the loop aerial near its null positions
produce larger changes in current than similar angular changes near the loops max
positions. For this reason, a null position of the loop aerial is used.



Figure 20 Direction Finder

NOTE :-

The Receiver is portable and hence the readings can be taken easily.
The location output is displayed as latitude and longitude when two antennas are
used and their delta mean is calculated.

4.3 Examples:-

Wave Based:-

1. Medium Wave :- 819.0 Khz Delhi
2. Short Wave :- 4860.0 Khz Delhi



Emissions based:-

1. A1A Emission – Morse code
2. A3 - Emission – LSB
3. A3 + Emission – USB

Figure 21 Primitive HF Receiver

External Service Frequency Schedule:-

Thai AM  17740.00 Khz
Tamil AM  13795.00 Khz
Russian AM  15140.00 Khz
Persian AM  17845.00 Khz
Arabic AM  17965.00 Khz

NOTE:-

CW takes only 300 Hz bandwidth but still is not widely used as it is time consuming.



5 VHF/UHF Receiver (30 MHz-3 GHz) :-

5.1 Introduction

The device driver allows the Rohde & Schwarz EB200 Miniport Receiver to be used with

Radio Control.

The VFO mode (i.e. the "CW/Fixed" mode),

the up- and download of memory channels and

the device-internal scan and search function (M-SCAN and F-SCAN) are supported

In addition, care has been taken during device driver development to fully support
the concurrent control feature of the EB200, which allows simultaneous control of the
radio device, e.g. by the user via the radio device's front panel and Radio Control, or by
more than one application.

To achieve this aim, the device driver handles the events sent by the EB200 and forwards
state and value changes to Radio Control which can then react accordingly.

For example, when the user enters a new frequency or starts the scanner directly on the
radio device, Radio Control immediately reacts by displaying the newly entered
frequency, or by switching into scan mode



 Basic Instrument used:

Rohde and Schwarz Miniport Receiver EB200

Figure 22 VHF/UHF Receivers (30 MHz-3 GHz)

5.2 Features:-

 These receivers available are portable in nature.

 It includes features like squelching, attenuation and level set etc.

Squelching  Muting of Noise Signal

Level Set  Peak level, avg. level, etc

 Bandwidth range varies from 0.15Khz to 150 KHz and can is used for AM, FM, CW,
USB, LSB, Pulse modulation techniques.

 AFC circuits are used.

 Frequency scanning can be done i.e. scanning of frequency channels between given
frequency range.



 Memory scanning can be done i.e. scanning of frequency channels between given
frequency range and storing them in memory and recalling them whenever required.

 Latest UHF/VHF Receiver based on Esmeralda software shows the spectrum and
also operations like frequency scanning and memory scanning can be performed
accurately.

 Same software is used i.e. Esmeralda but the difference comes in their range.

5.3 Example:-

Scanning between 88.0 MHz and 108.0 MHz will give channels like Radio City, Radio
Mirchi etc

Scanning of Maritime Distress and Calling band between 495 MHz to 505.5 MHz.



6 Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz) :-

6.1 Introduction

A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within
the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of
the spectrum of known and unknown signals

The input signal a spectrum analyzer measures is electrical, however, spectral
compositions of other signals, such as acoustic pressure waves and optical light waves,
can be considered through the use of an appropriate transducer.

By analyzing the spectra of electrical signals

o Dominant frequency,

o power,

o distortion,

o harmonics,

o bandwidth, and

Other spectral components of a signal can be observed that are not easily detectable
in time domain waveforms.

These parameters are useful in the characterization of electronic devices, such as wireless
transmitters. The display of a spectrum analyzer has frequency on the horizontal axis and
the amplitude displayed on the vertical axis. To the casual observer, a spectrum analyzer
looks like an oscilloscope and, in fact, some lab instruments can function either as an
oscilloscope or a spectrum analyzer.



Figure 23 Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)

 Basic Instrument used:

E4470B Spectrum Analyzer

6.2 Features

 These receivers available are portable in nature.

 It is used for viewing the signals present in a band. Say we take Maritime distress and
calling i.e. (495 – 505) MHz and can keep check by viewing the spectrum.

 Alignment cable is used to align the spectrum analyzer to the antenna.

 Provision of RBW (Resolution Bandwidth) for better visualizing as required. It
basically filters bandwidth set from energy plot

 Attenuation and Amplification values can also be altered.



Figure 24 Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)

6.3 Example

As seen in the diagram below the spectrum analyzers software are available like
Esmeralda which shows the entire spectrum. Hence monitoring becomes easy for any
given channel.
Let us take Maritime Distress and calling for example:-

Range

It is defined in the range 495 MHz - 505.5 MHz

Parameters

We define the parameters involved like

UPPER AND LOWER FREQUENCY VALUE

We set the upper and lower bandwidth as 505.5 MHz and 495.0 MHz respectively.



STEP:

It refers to the step size an i.e. interval after which channel is searched or signal is
processed.

Other parameters are similar to the previous ones like emission etc..

Then by watching at the spectrum we can easily identify channels in this band
corresponding to the peaks
.

Figure 25 Spectrum Analyzer Software



NOTE:

 Basic difference in Esmeralda and Spectrum Analyzer

 Esmeralda is defined in time domain whereas Spectrum Analyzer is defined in
frequency domain.


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT VI

CONCLUSION

The most significant part of my training is that I was able to experience
variety of work done at WMO. They allocate global radio spectrum and
satellite orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and
technologies seamlessly interconnect. Monitoring is done 24X7 round the
clock and its necessity is understood. I worked on Esmeralda software,
Spectrum Analyzer, HF and VHF receivers along with various antennas.
I came across the wireless monitoring concept. In this report I describe
major components used in WMO and work done on them.


SUMMER TRAINING REPORT VII

REFERENCES

Communication Systems by Sanjay Sharma
Communication Systems by Singh & Sapre
www.itu.int
telecomtalk.info
kollewin.com
loke.as.arizona.edu
www.wikipedia.com
www.thalesgroup.com
www.rohde-schwarz.com


WMO Summer Training Report 2011

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