AACIMP 2011 Summer School. Science of Global Challenges Stream. Lecture by Satoshi Konishi.

1. International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Advanced energy technology for
sustainable development
- Analysis of energy for sustainability-
Satoshi Konishi
Institute for Sustainability Science,
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Aug.12-13, 2011
Summer School AACIMP-2011
Kiev Polytechnique Institute, Ukraine

2. 3．What is fusion?
ー Fusion reaction
ー Plasma
ー Confinement
ー Status of development
Acknowledgement to JAEA.

3. Fusion: Energy of the Sun
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Reaction in the sun
temperature：1,5million degree
time：10 billion yen
fuel：hydrogen (proton
helium
ヘ リ ウ ム
proton
陽 子 fusion
核融合 neutron
中 性 子
Artifitial sun
proton
陽 子
陽 電 子
positron
temperature：200 million degree
time：１second
fuel：hydrogen isotopes
Deuterium-tritium Helium neutron
oil ８t
fuel １ ｇ

4. Reactions in stars
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−fusion by gravity−
Proton reactions
p+p ––> d + e + n + 0.42 MeV
p+d ––> 3He + g + 5.49 MeV
3He + 3He ––> p + p + a +12.86 MeV
gravity（108 K, 105 g/cm3)
Herium burn （a + a ––> )
In the Sun
temperature：107 K (1,500万K) gravity（109 K, 2×105 g/cm3)
density：150g/cm3
Carbon burn12C + 12C ––> )
（
Finally turns to iron

5. Where does energy come from?
1
n International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
1p
0 2D 0
E = Dmc2 3T
3He
6 Li
●atomic number < 60 -5
5 7 Li
10 Be -5
→ loss of mass 9Be 11 B
238 U
14N
4He(a) 19F
12C 27Al 107 Ag
16 O 20 59Co
●atomic number > 60
208
Ne Pb
→ waight gain 1 3 10 30 100 300
Atomic子
原子量
原mass
量
“Possible” reactions neutron
best d+t → a+n + 17.6 MeV hydrogen
d + d → 3He + n + 3.27 MeV proton deuterium tritium
d+d → t +p + 4.03 MeV
d + 3He → a + p + 18.34 MeV helium
helium3 Alpha particle

6. d-t reaction
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(1) easiest
(2) Abundant fuel resource
●heavy water：limitless（sea water ~150 ppm）
●tritium：Li - n reaction
（lithium in sea water 1,5M year of consumption）
d + t → 4He + n
n + 6Li → t + 4He
(3) d-t fuel 1 gram ＝ 8t oil equivalent

7. How to make the reaction
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
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2
U 1 e
 700 keV
4 0 r Z = 1 Coulomb barrier ~700 keV
(classic physics）
10
r0 ~2 fm R ~5r0
D-T
1 D-3He
0.1
~ r0
D-D
0.01
Quantum physics 、~10 keV
10 100 1000
エネルギー（keV）
keV）

8. Fire of fusion:plasma
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-
e
+
solid liquid gas plasma
COLD HOT
plasmas
TV
Light ball
neon

9. Thermonuclear reaction International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Power balance
wall Confinement E
●power loss
time 3 nT
Ppl  (ni Ti  ne Te )  E 
plasma 2 E
density n ●fusion output
heat
2
temperature T  Pfus
n
 i  v  E fus  n2 f(T)
4
efficiency η Fusion power can be recycled to
heat the plasma again

pow Criteria is temperature, time and
er densitynE, T

10. Lawson criteria
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− energy in =energy out −
 = 11 を仮定
= を仮 定
1023
Fusion energy = power needed to
heat plasma
1022
T ~ 10 keV （100 Million℃）
n ~ 1020 m-3
1021 D-D
E (confinement time)~ 1 s

1020 Current
status 1 eV = 約 10,000 ℃
D-T
1019
1 10 100

11. Institute of Sustainable Science
Trapping particles
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Thermal movement Strong magnetic field
1,000km vessel needed Particles are trapped by the magnetic lines
Movement of ion and
Particles can fly along the line electron

12. Plasma confinement
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All the magnetic lines connected
Magnetic field in “donut “shape
B
Tokamak field traps particles Plasma current makes field

13. How tokamak is made International Symposium on Global Sustainability
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Tokamak
coil
Current in the coil
Current in the plasma Helical magnetic lines
current

14. TOKAMAK
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Toroidal ル 磁 場 コ イ ル
ト ロ イ ダ field coil
Poroidal field
ポロ イ ダル
磁場コ イ ル
coil Vacuum vessel
真空容器
Plasmaマ
プラ ズ プ Plasma current
ラ ズマ 電流
Magnetic field
磁力線
toroidalnaya kamera and magnitnaya katushka

15. Confinement devices International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Helical magnetic lines confine plasma
Tokamak
Plasma current makes fields to confine itself
JAEA、JT60
Helical
Helical coil makes fields to confine
Kyoto University, Heliotron J

16. Fusion plasma
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Torus chamber
Thermal insulation
Keeps inside hot
plasma

17. Plasma movement
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability

18. Plasma movement
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Numerical simulation is needed to “see” it.
As particles As fluids

20. 4．Fusion development and
its possible market

21. Fusion Research in the World
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Russia Korea
T-10 K-STAR United States
TUMAN-3 Japan Alcator C-mod
JT-60,SA NSTX,DIII-D
Ukraine LATE,HYBTOK-III
Uragan CSTN3
○
○
India
SST1
EU
JET,Tore-Supra
ASDEX-U,TEXTOR
China
FT-U,MAST,W7 EAST,HL-2A,
HT-7,HT-7U
Asian countries are now strongly interested in fusion.

22. Fusion Energy Development
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
ＣＤＡ88-90 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
★
★ ★
★ ★
★
★
★
★
★★ ★
EDA 92-01
Const.Oper..
.
Blanket test
Competition to demonstrate
Fusion power
US-USSR 1985 30 m DEMO reactor
Targetted to 2050 comercialization
→demonstration scheduled 203
EU fast track
ca. 5BUS
Environmental problem requires faster
ＩＴＥＲconstruction site(2010) program.

23. Expectations for Fusion
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
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・Fusion has advantages to sell.
・But electricity (particularly cheap one) is not the unique product
of fusion.
・Expected role and feature of fusion is different among parties.
EU
・Resource (particularly self-sufficiency) US
・Safety (over fission?) KO
・environment (reduction of CO2 emission) CH
-replacing Oil, not nuclear or renewables IN
・Large amount of supply to meet demands JA
・Proliferation Other
・Economy parties
Plant (Demo?)
design Fission acceptance
Nuclear infrastructure

24. Structure of the International collaboration
ITER
Science Council ＴＢＭ
and Program
Technology Management Committee
Advisory Advisory Director (TBM-PC) Member
Committee Committee General Parties
(STAC) (MAC) TBP Working Group
(TBP WG)
ITER Organization
Domestic Domestic Domestic
Agencies ・・・
Agencies ・・・ Agencies

25. Baseline Schedule of the Operation
-25-
In vessel components will be installed after the 1st plasma.

26. Fusion Electricity
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International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Energy converted to heat and fuel
lithium Energy generated by fusion reaction
deuterium
neutron neutron
tritium Fusion reactor
tritium
Fusion fuel Electricity
Power train
breeding
Fuel cycle Coolant

27. Fusion as a potential energy
International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Free from supply constraint of resources
- abundant, not localized resource required Hydrogen
- technology driven, not resource oriented energy Energy
Helium
Economy
- competitive energy price
- meets requirement for economical development
Environmental friendliness
- low carbon dioxide emission
- low pollution, impact to environment
Social acceptance, adaptation
- free from nuclear proliferation and wastes
- meets market needs (urban demand)
- supply fuels (hydrogen), transportation.