A N Sinha Institute of Social Science (ANSISS), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) organized a one day consulation on ‘A Food Secure Bihar: Challenges and Way Forward’ on August 06, 2014 at ANSISS, Patna, Bihar. You are aware that National Food Security Act (NFSA) has been enacted with a view to ensure food security in India and Bihar is one of the state where ensuring food security is a major challenge. A better understanding of NFSA in the context of Bihar will be helpful for effective implementation of the NFSA. The main objective of the policy consultative workshop is to deliberate on the options and strategies for making NFSA efficient and effective in Bihar

1. Challenges of Food and Nutrition Security in Bihar
Anjani Kumar
International Food Policy Research Institute
IFPRI-South Asia Regional Office, NASC Complex, Pusa
New Delhi 110 012 India
E-mail: anjani.kumar@cgiar.org
Web: www.ifpri.org

2. International Food Policy Research InstituteDimensions of food security
Food Security
Availability
Accessibility
Utilization
Vulnerability

3. International Food Policy Research Institute
Challenges of food security
Availability
How to increase productivity and production efficiently?
How to strengthen procurement and distribution?
Access
Persistent poverty
Changes in consumption pattern
Intake of energy and other nutrients
Functioning of social safety nets programme
Utilization
Incidence of nutritional deficiency
Nutritional outcome
Vulnerability
Dependence on home produced food
Dependence on PDS food
Dependence on food from market

4. International Food Policy Research Institute
Availability (state production) of food in Bihar
Commodities
TE 1993
TE 2012
Foodgrains
120
133
Cereals
94
127
Pulses
4
6
Vegetables
98
177
Fruits
-
46
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Bihar

5. International Food Policy Research InstituteTrends in incidence of poverty in Bihar (%)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

6. International Food Policy Research InstituteShare of food in consumption expenditure (%)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

7. International Food Policy Research Institute
Food consumption pattern in Bihar (kg/person/annum)
Year
1983
1993-94
2004-05
2011-12
Rice
82.6
86.5
85.8
75.4
Wheat
71.0
69.8
69.1
68.7
Cereals
186.1
163.5
159.4
145.7
Pulses
11.7
9.1
9.3
9.8
Edible Oil
3.0
4.4
5.6
6.4
Vegetables
62.5
80.1
83.2
70.3
Fruits
4.0
4.7
8.0
7.8
Milk
28.8
40.1
46.4
57.9
Sugar
5.0
5.8
5.7
6.3
Non-veg
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.8

8. International Food Policy Research InstituteShare of HVCs in food expenditure (%)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

9. International Food Policy Research InstituteDiversification in food intake
0.760
0.780
0.800
0.820
0.840
0.860
0.880
0.900
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0.780
0.790
0.800
0.810
0.820
0.830
0.840
0.850
0.860
0.870
0.880
0.890
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

10. International Food Policy Research InstituteIncidence of calorie deficiency (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

11. International Food Policy Research InstituteIncidence of under nutrition (%)
On 75 % of norm
On 100 % of norm
Category
Bihar
Jharkhand
Odisha
Bihar
Jharkhand
Odisha
Labour
9.2
6.7
8.5
61.8
40.4
38.7
Small
3.8
14.2
8.0
35.7
51.9
36.8
Medium
3.6
8.4
5.9
27.7
40.5
35.5
Large
1.6
5.6
5.2
28.9
36.7
29.9
All
4.6
8.7
6.9
38.7
42.3
35.1
CV (%)
62.1
38.2
19.8
35.8
13.5
9.3

12. International Food Policy Research InstituteDeficiency of micro-nutrients, 2011-12 (%)
On 100 percent
On 75 percent
Particulars
Bihar
Jharkhand
Odisha
Eastern states
Bihar
Jharkhand
Odisha
Eastern states
Iron
59.0
76.5
71.5
68.5
18.5
68.5
57.6
46.6
Carotene
98.8
99.7
99.8
99.4
98.1
97.8
99.2
98.3
Thiamine
4.1
66.9
59.3
41.2
0.2
58.5
44.2
32.4
Riboflavin
71.2
81.2
78.5
76.7
44.9
70.6
63.4
58.8
Niacin
17.1
57.4
49.2
39.9
2.1
27.4
25.9
17.5
Folic acid
53.7
69.9
56.8
59.9
19.1
55.6
42.7
38.1
Vitamin C
41.7
29.7
24.4
32.5
26.1
16.8
12.6
19.0

13. International Food Policy Research Institute
Nature of Food Insecurity (%)
On100 percent
On75 percent
State
Chronic
Transitory
Chronic
Transitory
Bihar
87.2
12.8
50.0
50.0
Jharkhand
85.7
14.3
66.7
33.3
Odisha
78.4
21.6
44.4
55.6
Eastern states
83.7
16.3
50.0
50.0

14. International Food Policy Research Institute% households accessing PDS for cereals
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

15. International Food Policy Research InstituteShare of PDS in cereal consumption (%)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

16. International Food Policy Research InstitutePer capita subsidy at 2004-05 price (Rs./person)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

17. International Food Policy Research InstituteShare of subsidy in expenditure (%)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

18. International Food Policy Research InstituteAverage impact on nutrition deficiency (“without” – “with”)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

19. International Food Policy Research InstituteAverage impact on poverty (“without” –“with”)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Bihar
India
Rural
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Bihar
India
Urban
1993-94
2004-05
2009-10
2011-12

20. International Food Policy Research InstituteCan decentralized food management be a better option?

21. International Food Policy Research InstituteDeterminants of food security
•Socio-demographic characteristics
–Age
–Household size
–Education
–Social group
•Economic characteristics
–Land holding
–Occupation
–Income
•Policy instruments
–Functioning of PDS
–Prices of food commodities
•Regional characteristics

22. International Food Policy Research Institute
Determinants of food self-sufficiency
Dependent variable –(Self sufficient household -1, otherwise-0)
Variable
Coefficient
Standard error
Age of head (years)
0.0070*
0.0037
Education of head (years)
0.0248**
0.0113
Caste group (SC&ST -1, otherwise -0)
-0.6148***
0.1232
Land size (acre)
0.2541***
0.0266
No of pumpset(no.)
0.1552***
0.0516
Access of KCC
-0.1531
0.2041
Livestock size (no.)
0.0600**
0.0247
State 1 (Bihar -1, otherwise -0)
0.8775***
0.1277
State 2 (Jharkhand -1, otherwise -0)
0.2554*
0.1360
Constant
-1.7235***
0.2290
No. of observation
998
Prob> chi2
0.0000
Pseudo R2
0.2769
Log likelihood
-480.8773

23. International Food Policy Research Institute
Determinants of food security
Dependent variable –(Chronically insecure -1, Transitory-2, Secure -3)
Variable
Coefficient
Standard error
Age of head (years)
-0.0094**
0.0047
Education of head (years)
0.0655***
0.0146
Caste group (SC&ST -1, otherwise -0)
-0.7409***
0.1564
Land size (acre)
0.0788***
0.0249
Livestock size (no.)
-0.0284
0.0319
State 1 (Bihar -1, otherwise -0)
-0.0318
0.1720
State 2 (Jharkhand -1, otherwise -0)
-0.0110
0.1752
Access of PDS
-0.4141***
0.1490
Cut1
-1.1554
0.3224
Cut2
0.7462
0.3215
No. of observation
998
Prob > chi2
0.0000
Pseudo R2
0.0601
Log likelihood
-1010.4949

24. International Food Policy Research Institute
Thank you