Sustainable architecture

University of Liverpool
Department of Architecture
ARCH421 – Current Themes in Sustainable Design

Cheema , Shubh Shagan
Student ID -200843624

25th May 2012

1

Indian Scenario

One of the seventh largest country in the world, India is home to over one billion people. With
the economic reforms of 1991, Indian economy has been growing at a steady pace leading to
rapid urbanization. In 2001, 68.7% of the total urban population was living in Class 1 cities
(defined as cities having a population of over 1, 00,000) .1 80.7 million person or about one
fourth of the country’s total urban population is poor therefore for a third world country,
sustainability also taken on the issue of affordability.2 Green building and construction
techniques need to be affordable by the masses to make the larger impact in a country like
India. One section of architectural community wants to combine modern building designs with
various passive strategies and technologies that allow the use of local material and skill. While
the other section is looking at the international renowned LEED rating system as well as GRIHA
which is designed by the Government of India on the lines of LEED . These two different aspects
of sustainability are coexisting in the Indian construction/design ecosystem. Both have different
perspective on the issue of sustainability. To give the complete picture of Indian sustainability
landscape one need to understand the perspective/drawback of the both directions.

Scale of the issue

With the rapid urbanization, the number of buildings with huge energy consumption is on rise
in the country .Buildings are responsible for 33% of energy consumption in industrialized and
developing countries.3 As per 17th electrical power survey (EPS) of the central electricity
authority, the electricity demand is likely to increase by 39.7% in 2011-12 as compared to 2006-
07, by another 43.7% in 2016-17 as compared to 2011-12 and by yet another 37.5% in 2021-22
as compared to 2016-17. With nearly 8% rise in annual energy consumption in residential and
commercial sector ,building energy consumption has seen an increase from 14% in the 1970’s
to nearly 33% in 2004 -05. 4

1
Govt of India, “Nation Urban Housing and habitat Policy”, 2007: 3
2
3
UNEP, TERI, “Sustainable Building and construction for India :Policies, Practice and performance” : 2
4
UNEP, TERI, “Sustainable Building and construction for India :Policies, Practice and performance” : 2

2

(Fig -1) Requirement vs
Achievement of installed capacity

(Fig-2) Energy scenario in India, 2009

(Fig -3) Demand Growth up to 2030

3

In 2010 India’s total installed energy capacity was approximately 160,000 MW while the
projected capacity in 2030 is 800,000 MW which means additional 600 MW capacity each
week. Peak power deficit in year 2006-07 was 16.6% and the energy deficit was 9.9%. 1 (Fig-1)
(Fig-2) shows the sector wise energy consumption breakup in India emphasizing the
consumption by the industry with respect to others . According to Mckinsey report on India’s
approach to sustainability, they predict the rise in residential and commercial market which will
add strain to energy consumption scenario (Fig-3) .2 India will have to accomplish twin
objectives of sustainable development and inclusive growth .Next few years will be challenging
in this respect and the outcome will be determined by the choices made by India.

Green Building rating system in India

There are currently two rating system being used which is LEED (Leadership in energy and
environmental design) and the other one is GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment).

LEED (Leadership in energy and environmental design)

LEED is most widely used rating system in North America and was developed and managed by
USGBC (US Green Building Council). Buildings are given rating of Platinum, Gold, and Silver or
certified based on various benchmarks set by the rating system. In 2001, CII (Confederation of
Indian Industry) and a private manufacturer Goodrej founded IGBC (Indian Green Building
council), India’s version of LEED, which was based on the similar guidelines as US based LEED
but with few changes with regard to Indian construction scenario. According to research
conducted by IGBC on the executed projects in India, green buildings can be constructed with
an incremental cost of 1-6% and there is no much cost difference between a normal buildings
and a green building.3

1
USAID INDIA,ECO III , BEE ,”International building energy efficiency and ZEB Conference” , Beijing, China (March 31st , 2010) :5
2
McKinsey & Company ,”Environmental and energy sustainability :An Approach for India” : 6
3
S Srinivas , “Green Buildings – Benefit and impact “ ,Proceedings of International Conference on Energy and Environment
(March 19-21) :1

4

LEED-INDIA promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance
in the following five key areas:1

Sustainable site development

Water savings

Energy efficiency

Materials selection and

Indoor environmental quality

According to the data on their website there are around 1,640 registered buildings and 249
certified buildings that accounts to around 1.16 billion Sq ft Green Building footprint.2

GRIHA – Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment

GRIHA is developed by TERI (The energy and resources Institute) for the ministry of new and
Renewable energy. This is the indigenous national rating system developed by the ministry to
cover the climatic variations, architectural practices, existing practices of construction and
attempting to revive the passive architecture. GRIHA rating system takes into account the
provisions of the National Building Codes 2005 , The energy conservation Building Code 2007
3
announced by BEE and other IS codes. The rating system based on accepted energy and
environmental principles, seeks to strike a balance between the established practices and
emerging concepts, both national and international.4

1
Indian Green Building Council , http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp online accessed , May 22 ,2012
2
Indian Green Building Council , http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp online accessed , May 22,2012
3
TERI ,UNEP , “Background paper for Sustainable Buildings and Construction for India: Policies, Practices and
Performance” , TERI Green Building scenario , Pg 7
4
TERI , GRIHA Manual Vol 1 , Ministry of New and renewable energy , Govt of India , Pg - 118

5

GRIHA is a Sanskrit word meaning ‘Abode’. GRIHA promotes passive techniques to reduce
energy cost while keeping the optimum thermal comfort inside the build environment. They
encourage non energy demanding air conditioning systems and the solar heating systems.
Passive cooling and heating can be replicated for the masses and can reduce the energy load of
the country.

GRIHA is also focusing on the growing residential sector by providing simple, affordable and
versatile approach to the citizens through their website, which is instrumental in creating
awareness among citizens as well as giving them an alternative viewpoint. GRIHA is also
focusing on promoting energy efficiency in existing buildings in urban areas which will in return
reduce energy demand.
Over 120 projects across India of varying scale and function are being built based on GRIHA
guidelines. The centre for environmental sciences and engineering, IIT, Kanpur (2009) and
Suzlon ‘one earth’ office complex (2010), Pune have been certified GRIHA 5 stars .1

With construction industry growing at the rate of 9.5% as compared to the global average of
5%, India will have to look at these alternative methods of construction and government as well
as private sector will have to work hand in hand to promote green sustainable building
construction techniques. Growth in construction sector is also related to the economic growth
of the country, so it will be challenging for India, to keep the pace of the growth while keeping
these sustainable issues to its core. These rating systems clearly show the concern and the
resolve of the government to take note of various issues related to sustainable development.
LEED rating and GRIHA are very recent phenomenon derived by global push towards
sustainability but the architects have always been concerned only that the terminology have
changed to adapt to the new age marketing jargons.

1
GRIHA , http://www.grihaindia.org/index.php, online , Accessed , May 20 , 2012

6

Auroville experiment

Sustainability is not just limited to green buildings but also encompasses making our cities more
‘livable’, more ‘sustainable’, more ‘Greener’. Modern Indian cities are struggling with these
metaphors; they have lost the age old techniques, the wisdom while in sudden urge to catch up
with the world. Auroville a city near Pondicherry, South India is such an experiment .Auroville
an ‘international city of future’ inspired by the ideas of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. It was set
up in 1968. Auroville’s mission is “to be a universal town where men and women of all
countries are able to live in peace and progress harmony above all creeds, all politics and all
1
nationalities. The purpose of Auroville is realizing human unity. The residents are actively
experimenting and innovating in shaping the city. The citizens have regenerated the whole
environment from the barren land into a lush green landscape with indigenous varieties of
trees and plants. Over 2 million trees have been planted to stabilize and re fertilize the soil,
canyons have been dammed and hundreds of fields bunded to prevent runoff. 2 The community
have focused on conservation, reforestation, sustainable agriculture and was instrumental in
promoting renewal energy and appropriate building technologies. Auroville got a distinct
architecture with houses built by compressed mud bricks or recyclable materials. Most of the
houses are using solar energy in conjunction with grid connection. The community kitchen
which provides food for more than 1000 people runs on steam which is generated by solar
concentrator , which focus the sun’s rays on cylinders which is monitored by computerized
tracking devices. A 37 KW solar plant consisting of 484 PV panel of 75 W each provides lighting
and can store 2 days worth of energy.3
Auroville is melting pot for various sustainable building ideas focusing on passive energies.
According to the Auroville philosophy “Our Mother earth gives us a wonderful building
material, which should be used with awareness, sensitivity and with much respect and
gratitude.” 4
1
Rakesh Kapoor , “Auroville : A Spirtual –Social experiment in Human Unity and Evolution” , Futures 39 (2007): 632
2
3
4
Auroville , http://www.auroville.org/ , online , May 20 , 2012

7

Auroville Earth Institue

Auroville is house to ‘Earth Architecture Institute ‘, which was previously named Auroville
Building centre/earth unit. The earth unit came into existence in 1989 and was the initiative of
HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Program), Government of India .The earth institute is
researching, and developing, promoting and transferring earth based technologies, which are
cost and energy efficient. The Auroville Earth Institute is the representative for Asia of the
1
UNESCO Chair "Earthen Architecture, Constructive Cultures and Sustainable Development”.
According to the statistics from UNCHS 40% of the world population lives in earthen dwellings
and 25% of the world population does not have access to decent housing. 2 The main objectives
of the institute is to how to built large scale projects with earth and how to realize architecture
full of light , suppleness , simplicity, imagination and beauty with a heavy and formless mud. 3
In the research being done by Auroville earth institute, raw earth is being used as the main
building material. The focus is on minimizing the use of steel, cement and reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) and to use local material like raw earth which will be energy saving, eco-friendly
and sustainable. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) is the most being developed by
most advanced technology, for which the machinery is also made in Auroville which is called
Auram press 3000 .
Most of the technologies developed are mastered and the present research is focused on
alternative stabilizers to cement and alternative waterproofing with stabilized earth, composed
of soil, sand, cement, lime, alum and tannin.4
To promote the technology and to create awareness among people, earth institute also holds
various diplomas for the architects/engineers, masons. Various week long programs are held
five to eight times in a year for working professional or anybody who is interested in the mud
architecture.

1
Wikipedia , online accessed 20 May , 2012
,http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Auroville_Earth_Institute
2
Auroville earth Institute,online , Accessed 20 May 2012 , http://www.earth-auroville.com/
3
Auroville earth Institute, online, Accessed 20 May 2012 http://www.earth-auroville.com/
4
Auroville earth Institute, online, Accessed 20 May 2012 http://www.earth-auroville.com/

8

Earth Technologies

Technologies which are being currently used are (Data from their website):1
• Stabilized rammed earth foundations with 5 % cement
• Stabilized rammed earth walls with 5 % cement, rammed manually
• Composite plinth – step plinth with CSEB, plinth beam with reinforced concrete cast in U
shaped CSEB
• Composite columns – Round hollow CSEB with reinforced cement concrete
• Composite beams and lintels – U shaped CSEB with reinforced cement concrete
• Wide variety of compressed stabilized earth blocks (17 moulds are presently available for
producing about 75 different types of blocks)
• Various vaults with compressed stabilized earth blocks
• Stabilized earth mortars and plasters

The following technologies are still under research (Data from their website) 2
• Composite blocks (earth, fibers and stabilizer)
• Alternative stabilizers to cement (“homeopathic” milk of lime and alum)
• Alternative water proofing with stabilized earth (soil, sand, cement, lime, alum and tannin
from the juice of a seed)

Compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) is being used for most of the projects in Auroville.
Stabilized rammed earth is also used extensively for foundations and to a lesser extent for
walls. The initial embodied energy of CSEB is about 4 times less than country fired bricks. Of
course the carbon emission is also about 4 times less for the CSEB, compared to the country
fired bricks.3

1
“Auroville earth Institute”, online, Accessed 20 May 2012 http://www.earth-auroville.com/
2
3

9

Advantages of CSEB to the local country fired Brick: 1

• Walls made of CSEB and stabilized rammed earth is always cheaper than fired bricks.
• The initial embodied energy of CSEB produced on site with 5 % cement is ~ 4 times less than
the local country fired bricks.
• The strength of these blocks is most of the time higher than the local country fired bricks.

Vaulted Structures
At Auroville earth institute they are trying to revive Arches, Vaults and Domes (AVD) by creating
awareness about the possibilities of such roofing. The Research and development seeks to
increase the span of the roof, decrease its thickness, and create new shapes. Arches, Vaults and
Domes are usually built with compressed stabilized earth blocks, which are laid in “free
spanning” mode, without using a formwork.2

The institute has inherited the ideas of the Nubian techniques and are further developing these
to develop other types of vaults, such cloister and groined domes, and has evolved towards the
Free Spanning technique. The free spanning technique is an ongoing development of the
Nubian technique that the Auroville earth Institute is working on since a few years. It allows
courses to be laid horizontally. 3

Advantages of earth as a building material: 4
• The earth is a local material, contributing to sustainable development.
• The production of the building components demands a lot of semi-skilled manpower.
• The technology is easily adaptable and transferable.
• The monetary and environmental costs are much lower than that of most other materials.
• The thermal comfort and quality of space are in general better than conventional materials.
1
2
3
4

10

Project – Hamsa Moily’s House , RT Nagar , Bengaluru , India
Architects – BIOME ENVIRONMENTAL PVT LTD
Site Area – 140 Sqm
Building Area – 172 Sqm
Height of the Building – 10.37 m

Biome is one of the architectural practices that have taken the challenge of building distinctive,
environmentally and socially conscious buildings through Mud architecture. These buildings are
being built for the urban environment testing the usability for an urban citizen. They are using
building materials like compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) or stabilized Mud blocks
(SMB). Architect chitra vishwananth has executed various projects – residential, institutional
and resorts guided by sustainable principles. Biome has also founded ‘Rainwater club’ which
provides services related to water management and rainwater harvesting, ecological
wastewater treatment and sanitation practices. 1Biome’s architecture speaks of honesty where
the architect is striving to create a humane space with natural environment while not
compromising on the comfort and aesthetics. The buildings done by Biome are not only
sustainable but are also economical with the sensible use of local material and also from design
solutions developed for maximum efficiency in energy, water and other natural resources.2
Masonry is done by SMB (Stabilized Mud Blocks) or walls made of Rammed earth, cob and
wattle and daub are some of the techniques used to make these buildings. Since these bricks
are manufactured manually on the site with local soil with a maximum of 6% cement content
and are not burned in order to use, they are much cheaper than the conventional bricks. Filler
slabs and arched panels decrease the dependence on steel and reduce the volume of concrete
needed for a floor slab. 3 Battling social and ideological barriers, educating client and society ,
setting an example and making these ideas observable , are all at the foundation of the Biome’s
approach and method.4
1
Varun Thautam , Priya Joseph : “ Three Houses and a Studiolo “ , Domus India , Vol 01, Issue 05 (March
2012):34
2
Thautam, Joseph ,”Three Houses and a Studiolo” : 34
3
4

11

Since lot of people are not convinced of the durability , strength and performance of the mud
buildings , Biome’s projects stand as testimonial and give a affirmation that mud architecture is
not only for standalone like ‘Auroville’ but it can also be applied in urban and sub-urban
environments.

This project is completed in 2010 in the city of Bengaluru. Hamsa’s house is located in the urban
locality in the middle of the concrete jungle. The house can be read as a mud box with
fenestrations. The walls are made of rammed earth and are exposed in the interiors as well
exterior. The walls are used in volumetric proportions which gives a contemporary language to
the age old material. The fenestrations are strategically located to avoid urban chaos around.
The elevation is the play between exposed concrete bands, mud walls and wood parapets. The
same vocabulary is transferred to the exterior boundary of the house. The fenestrations make
an interesting play in the otherwise plain elevation. The focus of the building is on simplicity
and truthfulness to the materials and design intent. Main concrete staircase runs through the
house in the side elevation, making interesting visual pattern. Interior have been left bare in
accordance to the exterior. The interior of the house has no plaster or paint and works with
mezzanines to use the volume available to the maximum. The whole house seems like a
symphony between concrete and mud.

12

(Fig-1) Exterior Façade of the house

(Fig-2) Front Elevation of the house

13

Case study -2
Suzlon Earth one
Architect – Christopher Charles Benniger

One Earth is the corporate headquarters office for Suzlon in pune, India. The project in keeping
with the spirit of the parent company, attempts to showcase itself as a building project with the
minimum impact on the environment.1 The total site is 45392 Sqm and the total buildup area is
70865 Sqm which consists of museum of wind energy and an advanced learning centre. An
auditorium, cafes, central kitchen and meeting halls support this facility, which has basement
parking for eight hundred vehicles.2 The project is a GRIHA registered green building certified.
There are various salient features that enable to become a certified green building, which
include passive design strategies to ensure thermal comfort in the built environment. To
achieve this minimum technological interventions are done in the built environment. The
orientations of the blocks such as to allow day lighting while controlling extra glare and thus
maintaining the inner temperatures. Most of the blocks face north, south, North West and
south east. Louvers have been used on the facades to reduce direct solar radiation which
become the strong visual element for the whole building (Fig-2). Various extrusions on the
upper floors are instrumental in shading the lower floors and thus a massing vocabulary
emerges out of these extrusions and also the whole building is partly shaded to keep out the
strong Indian sun. The buildings are low rise and clustered around the Japanese garden, giving it
serene environment (Fig-1). Interesting breakout spaces in the form of small terraces have
been interspersed all over the office block. The project has created a distinct massing
vocabulary with its shading, open terraces and clustering. The Japanese garden have a Central
Stumb ( Pole) around which whole campus revolves (Fig-4). It is also symbolic of the central axis
in Indian Philosophy. The roofing is also symbolic of architecture in that region. The complex
aimed at creating a ‘office in Garden’ concept rather than monotonous glass box office. 3

1
Griha Manual, Vol 1 , Case studies of Griha registered/Rated Projects : 49 , 50
2
Christopher Charles Benniger architects , online http://www.ccba.in/suzlon.htm# , May 19 , 2012
3
Suzlon, online, http://www.suzlon.com/careers/l3.aspx?l1=8&l2=39&l3=73 , May 19 , 2012

14

(Fig-1) Meandering facades

(Fig-2) Terraces , Louvers and shades.

15

(Fig-3) Campus plan

(Fig-4) Central stambh (Pole) around which the campus revolves

16

Other than the passive techniques used in the campus design various high efficient mechanical
system are also introduced to ensure low energy consumption. Task lights in the interiors are
LED and are governed by motor sensors which turn off when people are not around their desk.
This whole system reduces the lighting load to 0.8 W/Sqft. 1 High efficiency HVAC system also
minimize the energy consumption by the buildings. The HVAC system has various components
like pre cooling of fresh air heat recovery/exchange mechanisms. 2 The complex have been able
to reduce its energy consumption by 47% and also fulfilled the GRIHA criterion for the green
building.
Renewable energy systems like Solar PV and windmills are installed around the campus which
generates around 250000 units of electricity annually. The campus has 18 windmills and 13.44
3
kwp of Solar PV system with power capacity of 4.75 KW each. To reduce the water
consumption the whole campus has low flow fixtures. The water consumption of the buildings
is reduced by 65% than conventional office buildings for sanitary purpose. Only native plants,
shrubs and trees are used in the landscape design. Usage of high efficiency sprinkler and drip
system reduce the landscape water consumption by 50% . Overall 55% of the water in the
building is recycled and reused within the complex which is major feat for an office complex. 4
Various strategies in material usage in interior and structural system also reflect the intent of
the building. By using post tension slab the architect was able to reduce concrete requirement
in slabs and beams by 37% and the use of PT structural system has helped reduce the
requirement of structural steel by almost 50%. 5 Usage of siporex blocks which use the waste
material like fly ash and also make the building better insulated are some the sustainable
features of the project. Even the material used in the interior like paints, carpets and others has
high recyclable content.

1
2
3
4
5

17

Case study

Druk White Lotus School

Ladakh is located in the highest plateau region in the northern India in-between the Himalayan
range. It is also called ‘Little Tibet’. It is a remote area and sparsely populated. For good 8-7
months it is covered by snow. The people of Ladakh are traditional Buddhist. This school is the
brainchild of His Holiness Gyalwang Drukpa, in service of the people of Ladakh. Arup is the
ambassador of the Drukpa trust and to support this endeavor sends an engineer or architect
from the design team every year.
The school is located in Shey (the ancient capital of Ladakh) .It is about 30 minutes drive from
the main town of leh towards Indus valley. Ladakh have extreme weather which is hot in
summers and very cold in winters and also the area is earth quake prone. The project started in
1997 and the first phase which included a nursery and a infant courtyard was opened in
September 2001. Junior school was completed in 2005. Senior secondary school, which is the
final phase of the project, will be completed by 2013. Arup have done the concept, master plan
and detail drawings of the each phase.1
Arup’s design for the school combines sustainable local materials and traditional construction
techniques with leading-edge environmental design. The school is designed as a model for
sustainable development for the region. It will cater for 750 pupils from nursery age to 18
years old.1 The material used in the construction is all locally available like Solid granite blocks
are used for the outer wall. The stone come from the areas adjacent to the site. The inner walls
are made of Mud blocks. These walls have a cavity to increase the insulation and the durability
of the building. The roof is of a traditional Ladakhi mud construction, including poplar and
willow from local monastery plantations, and provides good protection from the cold. 2

1“
Arup website”, online accessed May 18, 2012 , http://www.arup.com/Projects/Druk_White_Lotus_School.aspx
2“
Arup website”, online accessed May 18, 2012 , http://www.arup.com/Projects/Druk_White_Lotus_School.aspx

18

The school is located at the high altitude of around 3,500m where the sun rays falls at the angle
of 30 degree which is ideal for using it for use in solar energy. Also the classroom with their fully
glazed facades gathers sun’s energy and store in the high thermal mass wall. 1 Classrooms are
aligned in south east orientation to gain maximum solar heat .Residences are facing south and
use trombe wall. The exterior of the walls are painted dark and heat absorbing material to
absorb maximum heat so that the dormitories can be warm in the night. 1 By supporting the
heavy roof on a structure that is independent of the walls Arup’s design team made it sure that
the school was built to the Indian Seismic code. 2
42 kWp photo-voltaic systems was installed in October 2008 providing reliable power to the
school .It uses an initial installation of 9 kWp of PV panels, which also act as external shading
devices for three of the school buildings. 2 These PV installment was funded by Arup who used
the project to offset their carbon footprint for 2007.
Due to scarcity of water resources in Ladakh a system pump snow melt water from the depth of
about 30 m to reservoirs near the top of the site. One reservoir provides drinking water under
gravity feed to the school, while the other reservoir provides irrigation water.3
To ensure the safety of the building in the wake of earth quake, all the building structure are
timbre frame and they are independent of the walls so that the structure can be more stable.

1
”Druk white lotus school”, http://www.dwls.org/sustainability.html , online accessed May 18
2“
Arup website”, http://www.arup.com/Projects/Druk_White_Lotus_School.aspx , online accessed May 18, 2012
3”
Druk white lotus school”, http://www.dwls.org/sustainability.html , online accessed May 18

19

(Fig -1) Exterior view

(Fig- 2) Classroom

20

(Fig-3) Classroom

(Fig-4) PV installation

21

(Fig-5) Interior courtyard view

22

BIBLIOGRAPHY


Kapoor , Rakesh: “Auroville : A Spirtual –Social experiment in Human Unity and Evolution” , Futures 39 (2007): 632-
635
McKinsey & Company ,”Environmental and energy sustainability :An Approach for India” : 6

Srinivas , S: “Green Buildings – Benefit and impact “ ,Proceedings of International Conference on Energy and
Environment (March 19-21) :1

Thautam, Varun and Joseph ,Priya: “ Three Houses and a Studiolo “ , Domus India , Vol 01, Issue 05 (March 2012):
33-39
TERI ,UNEP , “Background paper for Sustainable Buildings and Construction for India: Policies, Practices and
Performance” , TERI Green Building scenario , Pg 7

TERI, “GRIHA Manual Vol 1”, Ministry of New and renewable energy, Govt of India , 49-118

USAID INDIA, ECO III, BEE,”International building energy efficiency and ZEB Conference”, Beijing, China (March 31st
, 2010) :5

“Auroville”, http://www.auroville.org/ , online , May 20 , 2012

“Auroville earth Institute”, http://www.earth-auroville.com/ online, Accessed 20 May 2012

“Arup website”, http://www.arup.com/Projects/Druk_White_Lotus_School.aspx , online accessed May 18,
2012

“Christopher Charles Benniger architects” , http://www.ccba.in/suzlon.htm# ,online , May 19 , 2012

”Druk white lotus school”, http://www.dwls.org/sustainability.html , online accessed May 18, 2012

“GRIHA “, http://www.grihaindia.org/index.php, online , Accessed , May 20 , 2012

“Indian Green Building Council”, http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp online accessed , May 22,2012

Suzlon, http://www.suzlon.com/careers/l3.aspx?l1=8&l2=39&l3=73 ,online, May 19 , 2012

23

LIST OF IMAGES
1. Requirement vs Achievement of installed capacity , USAID INDIA,ECO III , BEE ,”International building
st
energy efficiency and ZEB Conference” , Beijing, China (March 31 , 2010) :5

2. Energy scenario in India, 2009, , USAID INDIA,ECO III , BEE ,”International building energy efficiency and
ZEB Conference” , Beijing, China (March 31st , 2010) :6

3. Demand Growth up to 2030 , USAID INDIA,ECO III , BEE ,”International building energy efficiency and ZEB
Conference” , Beijing, China (March 31st , 2010) :8

4. Biomesolutions.blogspot.com , Online , Accessed , May 18 , 2012
http://biomesolutions.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/earth-house-in-concrete-jungle.html
5. Biomesolutions.blogspot.com , Online , Accessed , May 18 , 2012
http://biomesolutions.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/earth-house-in-concrete-jungle.html
6. Christopher Charles Benniger Architects , Online , Accessed , May 18 , 2012
http://www.ccba.in/suzlon.htm#
8. World Architecture.com , Online , Accessed , May 18 , 2012
http://www.worldarchitecture.org/world-buildings/world-buildings-detail.asp?no=5755
10. World Architecture .com , online , accessed May 18 , 2012
http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=11107
13. Inhabitat.com , Online , Accessed May 18 , 2012 , http://inhabitat.com/good-design-the-perma-
karpo-library-by-arup/
14. Inhabitat.com , Online , Accessed May 18 , 2012 , http://inhabitat.com/good-design-the-perma-
karpo-library-by-arup/

24

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