The document contains lecture slides from a textbook on American politics and the courts. It discusses the history and development of the judicial system, including the establishment of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. It also covers topics like methods of judicial selection, the role of the president in appointments, and factors that influence Supreme Court decision-making. Public opinion polls at the end ask questions about issues related to the courts.
The document summarizes how to conduct legal research. It discusses primary and secondary legal sources, including cases, statutes, legal periodicals, and treatises. It explains how to read and brief a case, including identifying the key components of a judicial opinion like the facts, issues, holding, and reasoning. The document also discusses keeping current with changes to the law using resources like legal citations, Shepardizing cases, and online legal research.
The document provides an overview of the US Judicial Branch, including its constitutional role, membership, and key decisions. It discusses the structure of the federal court system with the Supreme Court at the top. It profiles the current justices, judicial philosophies around constructionism and activism, and the appointments process. Notable cases from the Warren, Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts courts are summarized regarding desegregation, privacy, criminal procedure, abortion, executive power, and the Affordable Care Act.
Chapter 3 - The U.S. Supreme Court: The Final Wordlisajurs
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the US and its decisions cannot be overturned by any other body. It has the power of judicial review to determine the constitutionality of laws. Cases reach the Court through appeals or in its original jurisdiction over disputes between states. The 9 Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, holding lifetime appointments. Their decisions depend on whether the Court's composition is considered more liberal or conservative at the time.
The document summarizes key aspects of the US judicial system including:
1. It outlines the creation of the US court system through the Constitution and Judiciary Act of 1789, establishing the Supreme Court and federal court system.
2. It describes the different types of federal courts - special courts that hear narrow cases and constitutional courts like the Supreme Court, Appeals Courts, and District Courts.
3. It provides an overview of important Supreme Court cases that have impacted civil rights and liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, and due process.
The document provides information about the judicial branch and the Supreme Court. It discusses three types of jurisdiction that courts can have - concurrent, original, and appellate. It also discusses several important Supreme Court cases, including Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to strike down laws as unconstitutional. The document discusses how Supreme Court justices reach decisions on cases, outlining the steps from accepting a case to writing opinions. It also notes some limits on the Supreme Court's power and tools it uses to shape public policy through its rulings.
This document summarizes a study on how major news outlets cover U.S. Supreme Court decisions and how their coverage may shape public perception. The study analyzed coverage from CNN, Fox News, ABC News, and NBC News on four landmark cases. It found that while most outlets aimed for objective coverage, CNN emphasized the political divides behind cases more. Fox News also used agenda-setting by framing one case in line with a conservative viewpoint. Overall, news coverage simplified cases and focused more on commentary than facts, which could influence how the public views the non-partisan Court.
The document provides an overview of the legislative branch of the US government. It discusses the constitutional role and composition of Congress, differences between the House of Representatives and Senate, importance of political parties, and the relationship between Congress, government, and Supreme Court. Key details are provided on the makeup and roles of both the House and Senate, including powers, leadership positions, and the legislative process bills must go through.
The document discusses the organization and powers of the US federal court system. It outlines the levels of federal courts, from lower courts that handle initial cases up to the Supreme Court, which has the power of judicial review to determine the constitutionality of laws. It then provides details on the current Supreme Court justices, nomination process, and how the Court evaluates cases, makes decisions, and issues rulings that can shape national public policy by striking down laws.
The document summarizes how to conduct legal research. It discusses primary and secondary legal sources, including cases, statutes, legal periodicals, and treatises. It explains how to read and brief a case, including identifying the key components of a judicial opinion like the facts, issues, holding, and reasoning. The document also discusses keeping current with changes to the law using resources like legal citations, Shepardizing cases, and online legal research.
The document provides an overview of the US Judicial Branch, including its constitutional role, membership, and key decisions. It discusses the structure of the federal court system with the Supreme Court at the top. It profiles the current justices, judicial philosophies around constructionism and activism, and the appointments process. Notable cases from the Warren, Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts courts are summarized regarding desegregation, privacy, criminal procedure, abortion, executive power, and the Affordable Care Act.
Chapter 3 - The U.S. Supreme Court: The Final Wordlisajurs
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the US and its decisions cannot be overturned by any other body. It has the power of judicial review to determine the constitutionality of laws. Cases reach the Court through appeals or in its original jurisdiction over disputes between states. The 9 Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, holding lifetime appointments. Their decisions depend on whether the Court's composition is considered more liberal or conservative at the time.
The document summarizes key aspects of the US judicial system including:
1. It outlines the creation of the US court system through the Constitution and Judiciary Act of 1789, establishing the Supreme Court and federal court system.
2. It describes the different types of federal courts - special courts that hear narrow cases and constitutional courts like the Supreme Court, Appeals Courts, and District Courts.
3. It provides an overview of important Supreme Court cases that have impacted civil rights and liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, and due process.
The document provides information about the judicial branch and the Supreme Court. It discusses three types of jurisdiction that courts can have - concurrent, original, and appellate. It also discusses several important Supreme Court cases, including Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to strike down laws as unconstitutional. The document discusses how Supreme Court justices reach decisions on cases, outlining the steps from accepting a case to writing opinions. It also notes some limits on the Supreme Court's power and tools it uses to shape public policy through its rulings.
This document summarizes a study on how major news outlets cover U.S. Supreme Court decisions and how their coverage may shape public perception. The study analyzed coverage from CNN, Fox News, ABC News, and NBC News on four landmark cases. It found that while most outlets aimed for objective coverage, CNN emphasized the political divides behind cases more. Fox News also used agenda-setting by framing one case in line with a conservative viewpoint. Overall, news coverage simplified cases and focused more on commentary than facts, which could influence how the public views the non-partisan Court.
The document provides an overview of the legislative branch of the US government. It discusses the constitutional role and composition of Congress, differences between the House of Representatives and Senate, importance of political parties, and the relationship between Congress, government, and Supreme Court. Key details are provided on the makeup and roles of both the House and Senate, including powers, leadership positions, and the legislative process bills must go through.
The document discusses the organization and powers of the US federal court system. It outlines the levels of federal courts, from lower courts that handle initial cases up to the Supreme Court, which has the power of judicial review to determine the constitutionality of laws. It then provides details on the current Supreme Court justices, nomination process, and how the Court evaluates cases, makes decisions, and issues rulings that can shape national public policy by striking down laws.
A2 Edexcel Government & Politics Unit 4 examples and case studiesitskit
This document provides information on checks and balances between the three branches of government in the US (executive, legislative, judicial) and discusses key concepts in federalism. It outlines powers and examples of interactions between Congress, the President, and Supreme Court, such as Obama's nominations, Congressional overrides of vetoes, and landmark Supreme Court cases. Trends during Obama's presidency emphasized increased funding to states but maintained federal policy influence. The document also examines the "imperial presidency" concept and approaches to constitutional interpretation.
The document provides an overview of the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the constitutionally established role and powers of the President, as well as the evolution of the presidency over time. Key points covered include the President's role as head of state, commander-in-chief, and chief legislator. It also examines the Vice President, Cabinet, Executive Office of the President including the White House Office and key positions like the Chief of Staff, and the extensive federal bureaucracy. Historical examples of influential presidents and crises that expanded presidential power are provided.
Civil liberties involve basic freedoms like speech and religion protected by the 1st Amendment, while civil rights protect against discriminatory treatment protected by the 5th and 14th Amendments. Over time, Supreme Court decisions have applied most Bill of Rights protections to states through selective incorporation of the 14th Amendment's due process clause. Legislation like the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 also aimed to protect citizens from discrimination in areas like public accommodations, housing, employment, and voting. However, private discrimination remained an issue addressed by expanding the interpretation of federal powers like the Commerce Clause.
This document provides an overview of the U.S. legal system and Supreme Court. It defines different types of law and crimes in the U.S. system. It also outlines the structure and jurisdiction of state and federal courts. The nomination and confirmation process for Supreme Court justices is discussed, along with factors that influence a president's selection. Theories of Supreme Court decision-making are presented.
The document discusses several topics related to the US presidency, including the process for selecting the president via the Electoral College, the basic qualifications to be president, presidential succession, and the development of presidential nominations becoming controlled by Congress in the early 1800s. It also outlines some of the formal powers of the president as outlined in the Constitution, such as being Commander-in-Chief, granting pardons, making treaties, and nominating ambassadors and Supreme Court justices.
This document provides an overview of the US government and constitution. It discusses the key topics of:
- The Constitution and its establishment, outlining the separation of powers and system of checks and balances.
- The three branches of government - the legislature, executive, and judiciary - and their roles and powers.
- Federalism and the changing relationship between federal and state governments over time.
- Key events like the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Philadelphia Convention, and amendments.
- Specific amendments like the Bill of Rights and their protections of individual liberties.
This document discusses several key aspects of civil liberties in the United States, including protections provided by the Constitution and Bill of Rights against government overreach of power. It outlines how Supreme Court cases have helped apply certain rights to states and details debates around free speech, search and seizure, religious freedom, and balancing security vs liberty, especially in regards to terrorism law post 9/11.
This document provides an overview of the US Congress, including its structure and roles. It discusses the House of Representatives and Senate, the types of representation in Congress, Congress's powers, and the legislative process. Key points include: Congress is established in the Constitution and divided into the House and Senate; representatives represent districts while senators represent states; Congress's main powers include lawmaking, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment; and bills go through committee review, amendments, and votes before potentially becoming law.
A2 Edexcel Government & Politics list of Supreme Court Casesitskit
This document summarizes several important Supreme Court cases related to constitutional rights in the United States:
- Engel v. Vitale (1962) ruled that state-composed school prayers are unconstitutional under the First Amendment's freedom of religion clause.
- Citizens United v. FEC (2010) struck down limits on corporate political spending as a free speech violation of the First Amendment.
- DC v. Heller (2008) affirmed that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to gun ownership for self-defense.
- Miranda v. Arizona (1966) established that statements made during police custody are only admissible if the defendant was informed of their rights.
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
The document provides information about the US judiciary system through a series of multiple choice questions and explanations. It covers topics like the Supreme Court's jurisdiction, nomination process, criteria for accepting cases, amicus briefs, and the relative levels of activism of different Chief Justices. The Warren Court is identified as the most activist in expanding civil rights, while the Rehnquist Court advocated more judicial restraint. Critics of each approach favor courts that align with their views on the judiciary's role in policymaking.
The chapter discusses how the U.S. Constitution applies to public and private sport entities through concepts like state action and theories of when private actors can be considered state actors. It covers protections of the First Amendment regarding free speech, freedom of religion, and establishment of religion. It also discusses the due process clause and how it guarantees fairness through concepts of substantive and procedural due process. Finally, it addresses the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures and how drug testing of students has been analyzed through a balancing test.
This document provides an overview of the US legal system including the purposes of law, types of laws, crimes and their punishments, civil litigation, and the structure and jurisdiction of state and federal courts. It also discusses factors considered in nominating and confirming Supreme Court justices and models of judicial decision making. The key functions of law are to provide security, predictability, and reflect societal values while distributing costs and benefits. Substantive law defines legal actions, and procedural law establishes legal procedures.
The document discusses the legislative branch of the US government, known as Congress. It provides information about the structure of Congress including the House of Representatives and Senate. Key points covered include the roles of congressional leaders like the Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader, the committee system, and the legislative process bills must go through to become law.
This document outlines Chapter 7 from a criminal justice textbook. It discusses the structure and functions of the US court system, including: the historical foundations that influenced the US legal system; the dual federal and state court structure; differences between criminal and civil law; the structure and roles of federal courts including magistrate courts, district courts, appeals courts, and the Supreme Court; and the process for case review by the Supreme Court.
This document provides an overview of the legislative branch of the US government, including the structure and roles of Congress. It discusses the House of Representatives and Senate, the committee system, leadership positions, the legislative process, and powers and limitations of Congress.
This document provides an overview of the legislative branch of the US government, including the structure and roles of Congress. It discusses the House of Representatives and Senate, the committee system, leadership positions, the legislative process, and powers and limitations of Congress.
I presented this presentation to the Fatih University in Istanbul Turkey. I discussed why the American legal system is unique by giving the history behind our government and laws.
This document discusses the legislative branch of the US government. It outlines the structure of Congress including the House of Representatives and Senate. The House has larger representation based on population while the Senate provides equal representation for each state. Congress performs key functions like lawmaking, appropriations, treaties, and oversight of the executive branch. Leadership positions and the committee system are also summarized. The legislative process from bill introduction to final votes is briefly explained.
This document discusses the legislative branch of the US government. It covers the structure of Congress including the House of Representatives and Senate. Key powers of Congress are lawmaking, appropriations, impeachment, and oversight of the executive branch. Political parties play an important role in Congress and leadership positions in both the House and Senate are outlined. The committee system and process for introducing, considering, and passing legislation through Congress is also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of the U.S. legal system including:
1) The primary sources of law are common law, constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law.
2) The court system is divided into state and federal levels, with trial courts, appellate courts, and the Supreme Court at the federal level.
3) Legal resources include primary sources like constitutions, statutes, and court rulings, as well as secondary sources like law reviews and journals that examine and discuss the law.
The document appears to be a collection of lecture slides about the Constitution and founding of the United States from a textbook. It discusses the framers of the Constitution, the political theories that influenced them, compromises made at the Constitutional Convention between large and small states and slave and non-slave states. It also summarizes the system of checks and balances established and ambiguity in some areas that has led to debate over interpretations of Constitutional powers and amendments over time. Public opinion poll questions are also included about views on the founding principles, process for amending the Constitution, and how founders would view today's government.
The document is a chapter from a textbook about American politics and Congress. It discusses Congress's role in the US constitutional system, including its bicameral structure with two-year terms for the House and six-year terms for the Senate. It also covers the increasing diversity of Congress, the motivations of reelection that influence members' behavior, and the formal structures of parties, committees, and leadership that impact lawmaking.
A2 Edexcel Government & Politics Unit 4 examples and case studiesitskit
This document provides information on checks and balances between the three branches of government in the US (executive, legislative, judicial) and discusses key concepts in federalism. It outlines powers and examples of interactions between Congress, the President, and Supreme Court, such as Obama's nominations, Congressional overrides of vetoes, and landmark Supreme Court cases. Trends during Obama's presidency emphasized increased funding to states but maintained federal policy influence. The document also examines the "imperial presidency" concept and approaches to constitutional interpretation.
The document provides an overview of the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the constitutionally established role and powers of the President, as well as the evolution of the presidency over time. Key points covered include the President's role as head of state, commander-in-chief, and chief legislator. It also examines the Vice President, Cabinet, Executive Office of the President including the White House Office and key positions like the Chief of Staff, and the extensive federal bureaucracy. Historical examples of influential presidents and crises that expanded presidential power are provided.
Civil liberties involve basic freedoms like speech and religion protected by the 1st Amendment, while civil rights protect against discriminatory treatment protected by the 5th and 14th Amendments. Over time, Supreme Court decisions have applied most Bill of Rights protections to states through selective incorporation of the 14th Amendment's due process clause. Legislation like the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 also aimed to protect citizens from discrimination in areas like public accommodations, housing, employment, and voting. However, private discrimination remained an issue addressed by expanding the interpretation of federal powers like the Commerce Clause.
This document provides an overview of the U.S. legal system and Supreme Court. It defines different types of law and crimes in the U.S. system. It also outlines the structure and jurisdiction of state and federal courts. The nomination and confirmation process for Supreme Court justices is discussed, along with factors that influence a president's selection. Theories of Supreme Court decision-making are presented.
The document discusses several topics related to the US presidency, including the process for selecting the president via the Electoral College, the basic qualifications to be president, presidential succession, and the development of presidential nominations becoming controlled by Congress in the early 1800s. It also outlines some of the formal powers of the president as outlined in the Constitution, such as being Commander-in-Chief, granting pardons, making treaties, and nominating ambassadors and Supreme Court justices.
This document provides an overview of the US government and constitution. It discusses the key topics of:
- The Constitution and its establishment, outlining the separation of powers and system of checks and balances.
- The three branches of government - the legislature, executive, and judiciary - and their roles and powers.
- Federalism and the changing relationship between federal and state governments over time.
- Key events like the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Philadelphia Convention, and amendments.
- Specific amendments like the Bill of Rights and their protections of individual liberties.
This document discusses several key aspects of civil liberties in the United States, including protections provided by the Constitution and Bill of Rights against government overreach of power. It outlines how Supreme Court cases have helped apply certain rights to states and details debates around free speech, search and seizure, religious freedom, and balancing security vs liberty, especially in regards to terrorism law post 9/11.
This document provides an overview of the US Congress, including its structure and roles. It discusses the House of Representatives and Senate, the types of representation in Congress, Congress's powers, and the legislative process. Key points include: Congress is established in the Constitution and divided into the House and Senate; representatives represent districts while senators represent states; Congress's main powers include lawmaking, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment; and bills go through committee review, amendments, and votes before potentially becoming law.
A2 Edexcel Government & Politics list of Supreme Court Casesitskit
This document summarizes several important Supreme Court cases related to constitutional rights in the United States:
- Engel v. Vitale (1962) ruled that state-composed school prayers are unconstitutional under the First Amendment's freedom of religion clause.
- Citizens United v. FEC (2010) struck down limits on corporate political spending as a free speech violation of the First Amendment.
- DC v. Heller (2008) affirmed that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to gun ownership for self-defense.
- Miranda v. Arizona (1966) established that statements made during police custody are only admissible if the defendant was informed of their rights.
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
The document provides information about the US judiciary system through a series of multiple choice questions and explanations. It covers topics like the Supreme Court's jurisdiction, nomination process, criteria for accepting cases, amicus briefs, and the relative levels of activism of different Chief Justices. The Warren Court is identified as the most activist in expanding civil rights, while the Rehnquist Court advocated more judicial restraint. Critics of each approach favor courts that align with their views on the judiciary's role in policymaking.
The chapter discusses how the U.S. Constitution applies to public and private sport entities through concepts like state action and theories of when private actors can be considered state actors. It covers protections of the First Amendment regarding free speech, freedom of religion, and establishment of religion. It also discusses the due process clause and how it guarantees fairness through concepts of substantive and procedural due process. Finally, it addresses the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures and how drug testing of students has been analyzed through a balancing test.
This document provides an overview of the US legal system including the purposes of law, types of laws, crimes and their punishments, civil litigation, and the structure and jurisdiction of state and federal courts. It also discusses factors considered in nominating and confirming Supreme Court justices and models of judicial decision making. The key functions of law are to provide security, predictability, and reflect societal values while distributing costs and benefits. Substantive law defines legal actions, and procedural law establishes legal procedures.
The document discusses the legislative branch of the US government, known as Congress. It provides information about the structure of Congress including the House of Representatives and Senate. Key points covered include the roles of congressional leaders like the Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader, the committee system, and the legislative process bills must go through to become law.
This document outlines Chapter 7 from a criminal justice textbook. It discusses the structure and functions of the US court system, including: the historical foundations that influenced the US legal system; the dual federal and state court structure; differences between criminal and civil law; the structure and roles of federal courts including magistrate courts, district courts, appeals courts, and the Supreme Court; and the process for case review by the Supreme Court.
This document provides an overview of the legislative branch of the US government, including the structure and roles of Congress. It discusses the House of Representatives and Senate, the committee system, leadership positions, the legislative process, and powers and limitations of Congress.
This document provides an overview of the legislative branch of the US government, including the structure and roles of Congress. It discusses the House of Representatives and Senate, the committee system, leadership positions, the legislative process, and powers and limitations of Congress.
I presented this presentation to the Fatih University in Istanbul Turkey. I discussed why the American legal system is unique by giving the history behind our government and laws.
This document discusses the legislative branch of the US government. It outlines the structure of Congress including the House of Representatives and Senate. The House has larger representation based on population while the Senate provides equal representation for each state. Congress performs key functions like lawmaking, appropriations, treaties, and oversight of the executive branch. Leadership positions and the committee system are also summarized. The legislative process from bill introduction to final votes is briefly explained.
This document discusses the legislative branch of the US government. It covers the structure of Congress including the House of Representatives and Senate. Key powers of Congress are lawmaking, appropriations, impeachment, and oversight of the executive branch. Political parties play an important role in Congress and leadership positions in both the House and Senate are outlined. The committee system and process for introducing, considering, and passing legislation through Congress is also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of the U.S. legal system including:
1) The primary sources of law are common law, constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law.
2) The court system is divided into state and federal levels, with trial courts, appellate courts, and the Supreme Court at the federal level.
3) Legal resources include primary sources like constitutions, statutes, and court rulings, as well as secondary sources like law reviews and journals that examine and discuss the law.
The document appears to be a collection of lecture slides about the Constitution and founding of the United States from a textbook. It discusses the framers of the Constitution, the political theories that influenced them, compromises made at the Constitutional Convention between large and small states and slave and non-slave states. It also summarizes the system of checks and balances established and ambiguity in some areas that has led to debate over interpretations of Constitutional powers and amendments over time. Public opinion poll questions are also included about views on the founding principles, process for amending the Constitution, and how founders would view today's government.
The document is a chapter from a textbook about American politics and Congress. It discusses Congress's role in the US constitutional system, including its bicameral structure with two-year terms for the House and six-year terms for the Senate. It also covers the increasing diversity of Congress, the motivations of reelection that influence members' behavior, and the formal structures of parties, committees, and leadership that impact lawmaking.
The document appears to be a set of lecture slides from a textbook on American politics and civil liberties. It covers several key topics related to civil liberties in the US Constitution, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, search and seizure, due process, and privacy rights. It also includes sample public opinion poll questions on issues related to balancing civil liberties and national security. In addition to the text, there are some supplementary photos, figures, and captions included from the textbook.
The document contains lecture slides from a textbook on American politics discussing the role and powers of the American presidency. It outlines the president's constitutional responsibilities as head of the executive branch and commander-in-chief, as well as unilateral powers like executive orders. It also discusses how presidential power has expanded in practice beyond its constitutional grants, through the growth of the federal government and the use of executive privilege. Congress acts to check presidential power through legislation and oversight of the military and foreign policy.
The document summarizes key aspects of the US federal judiciary system, including its historical roots, structure, and processes. It describes how the system was established by the Constitution and Judiciary Act of 1789, with a three-tiered structure of district, appellate, and Supreme Courts. It also discusses important cases like Marbury v. Madison that established judicial review, and how federal judges are nominated and confirmed. The Supreme Court's role in deciding which cases to hear and how it reaches and issues rulings is also outlined.
The document appears to be from lecture slides on civil rights from the textbook "American Politics Today, Fifth Edition". It discusses the historical context of civil rights for various groups in the United States such as African Americans, Native Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, women, and LGBT individuals. It describes how these groups faced various forms of discrimination and disenfranchisement. It also outlines key events and legislation in the civil rights movement as well as ongoing issues regarding civil rights today.
This document contains lecture slides about political parties in American politics from the textbook "American Politics Today". It discusses the history and evolution of political parties, how they organize, their roles in elections and governance, and public opinions about parties. Key points covered include the formation of the first parties, different American party systems, and increasing polarization between the Republican and Democratic parties in recent decades.
The document provides an overview of the US judiciary system. It describes the structure of the federal court system including district courts, courts of appeal, and the Supreme Court. It discusses the concept of judicial review established in Marbury v Madison and debates around judicial activism. It also examines ways the courts have influenced politics and been checked by other branches of government.
The document discusses several key aspects of the US judiciary system:
1) It describes the concept of judicial review and how the federal courts have the power to rule on the constitutionality of laws and executive actions.
2) It outlines the development of the federal court system from the Founding Era to present day and how the role of the courts has expanded over time.
3) It discusses important Supreme Court cases that established principles like national supremacy of federal law and the Court's changing approach to economic and civil rights issues over different time periods.
The document contains lecture slides from the textbook "American Politics Today" covering the topic of elections in the United States. It discusses the functions of elections, the primary and general election process, how congressional and presidential elections are determined, campaign fundamentals like fundraising and advertising, and conclusions from the 2016 election. Public opinion poll questions are also included at the end.
United States Federal Government Structure for International StudentsMolly Nichelson
I'm currently a graduate student in USC's Price School of Public Affairs, International Public Policy and Management program (IPPAM). The majority of my classmates are foreign nationals and they asked me to give a presentation on the US Federal Government structure. It's a basic overview but they were keenly interested in lobbying and PACs.
The document is a set of lecture slides about the federal bureaucracy from the textbook "American Politics Today". It discusses the functions and makeup of the federal bureaucracy, how regulations are developed, and influences on bureaucratic rule making. It also covers expertise and criticism of bureaucracies, oversight and control of bureaucracies, and the history of the American bureaucracy from the Progressive Era to modern reforms. Public opinion on bureaucracies and hypothetical poll questions are also presented.
The document discusses the 1804 Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review by declaring that the Supreme Court has the power to invalidate laws and executive actions that it finds unconstitutional. It also discusses the debate between President Jefferson, who believed elected officials should interpret the Constitution, and Chief Justice John Marshall, who argued the Court was best suited to make such determinations. The document provides background on the structure and role of the Supreme Court as the highest court in the US.
The document discusses the structure and processes of the American court system. It explains that the U.S. has a dual court system containing trial courts that handle both civil lawsuits and criminal prosecutions, appellate courts that hear appeals from trial courts, and the Supreme Court. It describes the jurisdiction and processes of district courts, appellate courts, and the Supreme Court. It also discusses the selection of federal judges and theories of how Supreme Court justices make decisions.
This document contains lecture slides from a textbook on American politics and public opinion. It discusses key topics around public opinion, including what public opinion is, how it is measured through polls and surveys, how opinions are formed through socialization and groups, and how public opinion can influence government policymaking. It also includes sample poll questions and additional slides with figures and photos illustrating public opinion on issues like the economy, immigration, and terrorism.
This document provides an overview of the US legal system. It discusses how the system aims to provide security, predictability, and enforce societal values through substantive and procedural law. It also outlines different types of crimes and offenses, as well as how cases are handled in state and federal court systems from trial courts up to the US Supreme Court. The nomination and confirmation process for Supreme Court justices is also summarized.
Ap government the_federal_court_system_reviewjtoma84
The document summarizes key characteristics of the US federal court system. It describes the system as adversarial, with plaintiffs bringing charges against defendants before impartial judges. It also notes the system is passive, as judges can only rule on actual cases rather than hypothetical ones. The document outlines the complex dual court structure with both federal and state courts. It provides details on jurisdiction, the three tiers of courts including district, appeals, and Supreme Court, and judicial review established by Marbury v Madison.
The document summarizes key characteristics of the federal court system in the United States. It describes the federal court system as adversarial, with plaintiffs bringing charges against defendants before impartial judges. It also notes the system is passive, as judges can only rule on actual cases rather than hypothetical ones. The document outlines the multi-tiered structure of federal courts established by the Constitution and Judiciary Act of 1789, including district courts, courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court as the final arbiter on constitutional matters.
The Federal Judiciary I. Constitutional Provisions .docxtodd771
The Federal Judiciary
I. Constitutional Provisions
A. Article III of the Constitution - “The judicial Power in the United States, shall be vested
in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish.” Also provides for lifetime tenure.
B. Marbury v. Madison (1803) - - gave the judicial branch the power to of judicial review -
decide on the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive actions.
II. The Legal System
A. Criminal and Civil Law
1. Criminal Law - the branch of law dealing with crimes and their punishments.
(Murder, rape, robbery) state v citizen, innocent until proven guilty, burden of
proof on government, beyond a reasonable doubt
2. Civil Law - is the body of law dealing with noncriminal matters, such as the laws
of property, commercial law, and family law. (Employment discrimination)
citizen v citizen, threshold of proof is lower, PREPONDERANCE OF
EVIDENCE.
B. Jurisdiction - the authority to hear and decide cases.
1. Original Jurisdiction - refers to a court’s authority to hear disputes as a trial
court (Ex. O. J. Simpson’s case was held in a state level trial court). The facts of
the case are established at the trial court level. More than 90 percent of all cases
end at this stage.
2. Appellate Jurisdiction - refers to a court’s ability to review cases already decided
by a trial court.
III. The U.S. Court System: Organization and Jurisdiction
A. Federal District Courts - are trial courts. There are 94, based on population but with at
least one in each state.
1. They are courts of original jurisdiction.
2. Some use juries (either grand jury to decide if there is sufficient evidence to bring
an indictment to an accused person or petit jury that hear evidence and sit in
judgment) and other cases are heard by only a judge.
B. Circuit Court of Appeal - are intermediate appellate courts. There are 12, based on
regions or circuits that hear appeals from the federal district court. A thirteenth court, U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, hears cases on patents and government contracts.
Usually, a group of three judges decides their cases.
C. Supreme Court - is the ultimate appellate court. Most cases that it hears have proceeded
through the lower courts first. Today, we have 8 justices and one chief justice - 9 in total.
1. Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are binding throughout the nation and
establish legal precedents.
2. Also has original jurisdiction - disputes involving ambassadors, two or more
states, etc.
IV. Judicial Selection - the president’s means of exercising leadership of the judicial branch
is through the nomination of federal judges.
A. Selection of Lower-Court Judges - this involves the federal district courts and the
court of appeals. The president nominates for a lifetime tenure and the Senate must
confirm each nomination by a majority vo.
This section of Solutions for America pertains to issues such as: the delicate balance of the current Supreme Court, closely decided landmark decisions, importing of foreign law and others. It offers suggestions for handling these various issues.
This document discusses a lesson on presidential introductions that is split into 5 parts. It asks how the lyrics of the song "Fortunate Son" relate to the American presidency and what the overall message of the songwriter is. The lesson aims to introduce students to concepts around the US presidency.
This document discusses fiscal policy and the multiplier effect through a series of scenarios. It explains that an increase in spending, such as from government spending or tax cuts, can have a multiplier effect as that new spending becomes income for others and continues circulating. However, increased government borrowing to fund spending can raise interest rates and "crowd out" private investment. It also discusses how fiscal policy tools like tax increases can combat inflation by reducing aggregate demand.
This document appears to be a lesson on the concept of sovereign states. It includes definitions and examples related to the four key features that define a sovereign state: a permanent population, defined territory, government, and sovereignty. It discusses topics like what makes a country a country, the roles of government, and features of a state's population and territory. The lesson uses questions, diagrams, and activities to engage students in understanding the concept of sovereign states.
The document contains certificates from the 2021 session of the HHS E-Congress certifying that 12 bills authored by students passed in the House of Representatives. The bills cover topics including minor consent to vaccines, humane disciplinary acts, increased funding for opportunities, renewable energy incorporation, teacher salary accommodation, reduction and prevention of homelessness, job programs to combat homelessness, nectar bearing flower's tax credit, and fixing the system. All bills were sponsored by the Youth Leadership Initiative.
The document appears to be a series of slides from an AP review lesson on day 2. It covers various topics related to US constitutional law and Supreme Court cases, including discussions of enumerated vs implied powers, the impact of key cases like McCulloch v. Maryland and Marbury v. Madison, and comparisons of different court cases. It also includes brief quizzes on required court cases and foundational documents like the Articles of Confederation.
The document appears to be a 14-page lesson on the 2nd Amendment and firearm regulation in the United States. It presents 4 proposals related to gun laws and asks the reader to state if they would personally support each proposal and if the Supreme Court would find it constitutional, explaining their reasoning for both. The proposals relate to restrictions on carrying handguns in public, banning high-capacity magazines, restricting gun ownership for those living with felons, and limiting the rate of fire for certain weapons.
This document provides an overview of Unit 3 in AP Government, which covers civil liberties and civil rights. It notes that the unit will include 2 chapters, 9 court cases, and 1 required document. It also provides test dates and formats for the AP exam in May, with the paper and pencil exam on May 3 at the student's high school, and the digital exam from home on May 20. The document indicates civil liberties are rooted in the Bill of Rights and protect individuals from government overreach, while civil rights rely on the 14th Amendment and protect individuals from discrimination.
The document discusses the Supreme Court nomination process. It explains that the President nominates Supreme Court justices and the Senate holds confirmation hearings and votes on whether to approve the nomination. It also discusses different judicial philosophies that influence a President's selection of nominees and how the nomination and confirmation process allows the executive and legislative branches to check the judicial branch.
This document appears to be a series of slides from an online lesson about the executive branch of the US government and bureaucracy. It includes definitions of key terms, examples of executive agencies and their roles, quizzes and discussion questions about regulations and enforcement. The goal seems to be helping students understand the large network of departments, agencies, and roles within the executive branch.
This document is a 30-page lesson on the legislative process. It includes sections on when a congressman might act as a delegate or trustee, an open-ended question, a Schoolhouse Rock video, another open-ended question on why so few bills become law, and a quiz on the legislative process. The lesson covers the typical steps bills go through in Congress, from introduction to committee work to floor debates to the president.
This document appears to be a 31-slide lesson on how Congress works. It includes slides with text, questions for students to answer, and political cartoons. The slides cover topics like the composition of Congress, differences between the House and Senate, the role of party leadership and committees, and the legislative process. The goal seems to be to educate students on the structure and functions of the U.S. Congress.
The document is a lesson about the peaceful transfer of power in the US presidency. It includes sections on Ronald Reagan's 1981 inaugural address, where he notes that the regular transfer of power through elections seems miraculous globally. It asks how cooperation in transitions safeguards the American Republic. Learners are prompted to explain why transitions illustrate the success of the US experiment or are important domestically and internationally.
This document appears to be a lesson plan on the role of media. It includes links to various news articles and videos. The lesson discusses how different types of media outlets have different agendas that influence which stories they choose to cover. It also addresses how commercial news sources make money through advertising and aim to attract audiences. The lesson quizzes students on these concepts and asks them to reflect on questions about media influence and setting the public agenda.
This document is a 50-page lesson on interest groups. It includes definitions of interest groups, examples of different types of interest groups like the Sierra Club and AARP, activities they engage in like lobbying and donating money, and quizzes about interest groups. The lesson explains how interest groups try to influence public policy and elections by informing the public, endorsing political candidates, and lobbying the government.
This document is a 38-page lesson on the connection between money and politics. It includes a Pink Floyd music video, discussion questions, explanations of terms like interest groups, political action committees (PACs), and super PACs. It also discusses how these groups can raise and spend unlimited sums to influence elections, and covers the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision that deregulated campaign finance laws. The lesson aims to explain how interest groups, political donations, and spending work within the political process in the United States.
This document is a lesson on primaries and caucuses that is presented over 35 slides. It includes information about the general process of the presidential election, a timeline activity, an election calendar, videos explaining how primaries and caucuses work, quizzes comparing primaries and caucuses, and open-ended discussion questions about advantages of each and a state's primary process. Students are asked to create a Venn diagram to contrast primaries and caucuses. The lesson provides information to help students understand the differences between primaries and caucuses and how the presidential nomination process unfolds.
The document discusses political parties and the two-party system in the United States. It includes questions about party roles, platforms, and voter registration. There are also true/false questions testing understanding of independent voters, third party candidates, party access and information, and the balance of power between parties in Congress. The purpose is to help students learn about the characteristics and functions of the two dominant political parties in the US.
This document discusses fiscal and monetary policy tools used by governments and central banks to influence aggregate demand and stabilize economies. Fiscal policy tools include changes to government spending and taxes by Congress and the President. Monetary policy tools are used by the Federal Reserve and include open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. Both fiscal and monetary policies can be either expansionary or contractionary depending on whether their goal is to increase or decrease aggregate demand to address recessionary or inflationary gaps in the economy.
This document appears to be a series of lessons examining global opinion on various topics based on poll data and graphs. It includes open-ended questions asking students to summarize information, identify trends or inconsistencies, and compare opinions across different countries and time periods. Students are prompted to analyze differences in how favorably various nations view the American people versus the United States. The lesson examines topics like priorities around jobs versus the environment, views of U.S. anti-terrorism efforts, and support for continued Western military presence.
This document discusses the concept of federalism in the United States, focusing on the landmark Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland. It presents information on the enumerated and reserved powers of the federal and state governments. It also considers whether the federal government has the authority to establish a national bank and whether states can tax that bank, addressing arguments made in McCulloch v. Maryland. Open-ended questions ask about the advantages of a national bank, why states may feel threatened by one, and whether certain laws are justified by implied federal powers.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
People outside the Supreme Court in April 2016 urge the Senate to “do their job” and hold hearings on the nomination of Merrick Garland. The vacancy in 2016 was one of the longest for the Court in U.S. history. #DoYourJob
Federalists believed the new Supreme Court would be too weak, and Antifederalists believed it would be too strong.
Congress set up a judiciary system, including the lower court structure, in the Judiciary Act of 1789. This also included creating 13 district courts and three circuit courts. It set the initial Supreme Court size at six.
It created appellate jurisdiction for the court system, which included the ability to hear appeals from state supreme courts on issues of federal law.
Chief Justice John Marshall favored the idea of judicial review and claimed this power for the Court in the Marbury v. Madison decision.
The Court performs both constitutional interpretation (is the law constitutional?) and statutory interpretation (applying national and state law to specific cases).
When popular commentators on TV, radio, newspapers, and magazines talk about “judicial review” today, they frequently talk about “judicial activism.”
Judicial activism is when the court strikes down a duly enacted (e.g., legislatively enacted) law.
That is its formal, or descriptive, meaning.
In the course of politics, commentators often call a decision to strike down a law “judicial activism” if they don’t like the court’s action. If they do like the court’s decision, they don’t use that term.
The Radiolab podcast spinoff, More Perfect, has a fantastic episode (“Kittens Kick The Giggly Blue Robot All Summer”) on the early Court and Marshall’s establishment of judicial review.
Why is the standard of evidence lower in a civil case than in a criminal case?
Currently, people can face a criminal trial and a civil trial for the same incident without triggering the Constitution’s ban on double jeopardy. That’s what the law says.
Is the law right? What are the arguments for and against being able to be tried both in civil and criminal court?
Precedent: “stare decisis,” which means “let the decision stand”; previously decided cases and sets of decisions that serve as a guide for future cases on the same topic.
Supreme Court strongly honored precedent in first 100 years of its existence; the modern Court is more willing to overturn precedent.
Also note the existence of another kind of lawsuit: class-action lawsuits can hold businesses accountable for fraud or selling dangerous products. For example, the tobacco class-action lawsuit filed by 46 states’ attorneys general led to the largest civil settlement in U.S. history.
Collusion: the requirement that litigants in the case cannot want the same outcome
Standing: means the petitioner has a legitimate basis for bringing the case to the Court
Mootness: the requirement that a controversy must still be relevant when the Court hears the case
Controversy over judicial elections: some people desire the responsiveness associated with elections, while others are concerned about conflicts of interest and interest group involvement.
Presidents can influence the direction of the federal courts by selecting judges who share their views. President Obama is shown with Judge Merrick B. Garland, whom he nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court to fill the vacancy created by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia.
Presidents want to pick judges and justices who share their view on issues. This does not always work out in the way the president intended:
Earl Warren was much more liberal than President Eisenhower thought he would be.
David Souter was less conservative than George H. W. Bush thought he would be.
Since the 1980s, the proportion of women on the federal bench has gone up fivefold while the percentage of white men has plummeted by more than half. Do you think that descriptive representation in the judicial branch is important?
Since the 1980s, the length of time needed to confirm federal court nominations has increased dramatically. Why do you think this happened? Why does it matter?
The Supreme Court’s workload appears to be headed in two directions: the Court is receiving more cases but hearing fewer of them. What are the implications of having the Supreme Court hear fewer cases? Should something be done to try to get the Court to hear more cases?
On rare occasions the Supreme Court serves as a court of original jurisdiction. One of those unusual times is when there is a dispute between two states, such as when the Court had to settle a disagreement between New York and New Jersey over Ellis Island.
Cameras are not allowed in the Supreme Court, so artists’ sketches are the only images of oral arguments. Depicted here is the oral argument in the 2016 case concerning the affirmative action policy at the University of Texas, Austin.
If he or she is in the majority, the chief justice decides who will write the majority opinion. Otherwise, the most senior justice in the majority makes the assignment. Since being named chief justice in 2005, John Roberts has spread opinion-writing duties fairly evenly among the justices.
We see evidence of each of these political factors in judicial decision making.
The attitudinalist approach shows that justices are not bound by precedent, but able to choose the specific precedent that allows them to achieve their policy goals.
The strategic model helps explain the Court’s reluctance to consider political cases (and why Baker v. Carr was so contentious). But also shows court’s willingness to make decisions consonant with public opinion, or else slow the process (as it did with Brown v. Board of Education) to establish solid footing should it go against public opinion.
Judicial activism is not liberal or conservative; it is simply a court’s willingness to defer to the elected branches of government.
Controversial decisions always bring accusations that the Court is using ideology to “wage politics by other means,” meaning that it’s suppressing democracy.
Recently, there have been a couple of cases favorable to conservatives such as the Second Amendment cases Heller v. District of Columbia and McDonald v. Chicago, which together interpreted the Second Amendment as securing an individual’s right to keep and bear arms on the federal level.
More explosively, the Citizens United case stated that corporations and labor unions could make unlimited donations to campaigns as a matter of First Amendment free speech.
Do you consider these cases as the Court protecting minority rights, following public opinion, neither, or both?
After Justice Antonin Scalia died in early 2016, the open seat on the Supreme Court became a major issue in the presidential election. Why? As this figure shows, when justices are replaced the ideological shifts can be quite large (as when Clarence Thomas replaced Thurgood Marshall) or nonexistent (as when Sonia Sotomayor replaced David Souter). Many people said that replacing Scalia would drastically alter the ideological makeup of the Court, given the 4–4 split on the Court between liberal and conservative justices. What do the numbers say?
Source: The Upshot, “A Supreme Court with Merrick Garland Would Be the Most Liberal in Decades,” www.nytimes.com (accessed 8/26/16).
High school students in Maize, Kansas, join hands around a flagpole at the annual nationwide event calling Christian youth to pre-class schoolyard prayer at the start of the new school year. Enforcing the prohibition of school prayer and drawing the line between permissible and impermissible prayer have both been difficult for the Court.
In a survey taken about the judicial branch, most respondents were unable to name any Supreme Court justices. Just so you are not in danger of falling into that category, as of the fall of 2016 the justices were (front row, left to right) Clarence Thomas, a blank space representing the justice who will replace Antonin Scalia, John G. Roberts Jr. (chief justice), Anthony M. Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, (standing, left to right) Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito Jr., and Elena Kagan.
When they have been the minority party in the Senate, both Democrats and Republicans have been willing to use the filibuster to block judicial nominees.
The Court has been an important protector of minority rights, including in the civil rights era. This picture from 1953 shows people waiting in line at the Supreme Court to hear oral arguments in Brown v. Board of Education. But at other times, the Court has supported the will of the majority.
O. J. Simpson dons a pair of gloves during testimony in his double-murder trial in Los Angeles in June 1995. The jury was not convinced of his guilt “beyond a reasonable doubt” and thus acquitted Simpson in this criminal trial. However, a subsequent civil trial found that a “preponderance of evidence” was against him.
Senate hearings on Supreme Court nominations have been more conflictual since the 1960s. Although President Obama’s nomination of Sonia Sotomayor was confirmed by a 68–31 vote in 2009, Senate Republicans challenged her to explain and defend her views on several issues.
Mary Beth Tinker and two other students in the Des Moines, Iowa, public schools were suspended for wearing armbands to protest the Vietnam War. The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected symbolic political speech, even in public schools. Mary Beth is shown here with her mother at the trial.