- Posterior cortical epilepsies originate from the occipital, parietal, or occipital border of the temporal lobe and can spread to other regions, resulting in different seizure manifestations depending on the direction of spread. - Occipital lobe epilepsies typically involve visual symptoms like elementary hallucinations and may progress to involve other regions, resulting in non-visual symptoms. Common symptoms include visual hallucinations, eye deviation, and impaired consciousness. - Parietal lobe epilepsies most often present with somatosensory symptoms like tingling or numbness that may spread in a jacksonian manner. Seizures can also involve body image distortions, vertigo, or language problems depending

8. seizure propagation pathways

12. Parietal lobe epilepsies

49. Occipital Lobe Epilepsies

90. Occipital seizure Migrane with aura Basilar migrane Occipital epilepsy Migraine with aura Basilar migraine Visual hallucinations Duration for seconds to a minute Exclusive None None Duration for 1–3 minutes Frequent Rare Rare Duration for 4–30 minutes Rare As a rule As a rule Daily in frequency As a rule Rare None Mainly coloured circular patterns As a rule Rare Exceptional Mainly achromatic or black and white linear patterns Exceptional As a rule Rare Moving to the opposite side of the visual field Exclusive None None Expanding from the centre to the periphery of a visual hemifield Rare As a rule Frequent Evolving to blindness Rare Rare As a rule Evolving to tonic deviation of eyes Exclusive None None Evolving to impairment of consciousness without convulsions Frequent Rare Frequent Evolving to impairment of consciousness with convulsions Frequent Exceptional Rare Associated with post-ictal/post-critical headache Frequent As a rule Frequent Blindness and hemianopia Without other preceding or following symptoms Frequent None Frequent Other neurological symptoms Brain stem symptoms None None Exclusive Post-ictal/post-critical vomiting Rare Frequent Frequent Post-ictal/post-critical headache Post-ictal or post-critical severe headache Frequent As a rule Frequent

97. Efficacy Tolerability Serious adverse events Drug–drug interaction Pharmacokinetics Titration Need for laboratory testing Mechanism of action Levetiracetam High Excellent no no Ideal Fast minimal Novel SV2A - ligand Lamotrigine Low Excellent yes yes Poor Very slow maximal Na+ Topiramate High Poor yes yes Satisfactory Very slow Maximal multiple Oxcarbazepine Medium poor yes yes Poor Slow Maximal Na+ Zonisamide Medium good yes no satisfactory slow maximal multiple

98. Surgical treatment

103. ------------

107. Thank you