1. Alan Brinkley,Alan Brinkley,
AMERICAN HISTORYAMERICAN HISTORY
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Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the GreatAmerica and the Great
WarWar

2. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 IntroductionIntroduction
 Total WarTotal War
 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917
– Roosevelt and “Civilization”Roosevelt and “Civilization”
 Racial and Economic Basis of Roosevelt’s DiplomacyRacial and Economic Basis of Roosevelt’s Diplomacy
““Speak softly, but carry a big stick”Speak softly, but carry a big stick”
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
2

3. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917
– Protecting the “Open Door” in AsiaProtecting the “Open Door” in Asia
 ““Great White Fleet”-Alfred Thayer MahanGreat White Fleet”-Alfred Thayer Mahan
 Roosevelt Prevented Rival Nations from Being DominantRoosevelt Prevented Rival Nations from Being Dominant
– The Iron-Fisted NeighborThe Iron-Fisted Neighbor
 ““Roosevelt Corollary”-1904Roosevelt Corollary”-1904
 Intervention in Neighboring CountriesIntervention in Neighboring Countries
 Platt Amendment-CubaPlatt Amendment-Cuba
3

4. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
The United States and Latin America, 1895-19414

5. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917
– The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal
– Failed French AttemptFailed French Attempt
 Panamanian RevoltPanamanian Revolt
 U.S. Assists Panamanian RevolutionU.S. Assists Panamanian Revolution
– William H. Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy”William H. Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy”
 Intervention in NicaraguaIntervention in Nicaragua
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7. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917The “Big Stick”: America and the World, 1901-1917
– Diplomacy and MoralityDiplomacy and Morality
 Wilson’s Moral DiplomacyWilson’s Moral Diplomacy
 Supporting Overthrow of MaderoSupporting Overthrow of Madero
 Invasion of VeracruzInvasion of Veracruz
 Non-recognition of Huerta GovernmentNon-recognition of Huerta Government
 Villa’s Attack on Columbus, N.M.-1916Villa’s Attack on Columbus, N.M.-1916
 Recognition of Carranza’s Govt.Recognition of Carranza’s Govt.
 Intervention in MexicoIntervention in Mexico
 Expedition of Gen. John J. PershingExpedition of Gen. John J. Pershing
7
Woodrow Wilson

8. Mexican Revolution

9. Mexican Revolution
• Porfirio Diaz
• Francisco Madero
• Francisco Villa
• Pasqual Orozco
• Emiliano Zapata
• Victoriano Huerta
• Venustiano Carranza
• Alvaro Obregon

10. Attack on Columbus, New Mexico

11. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
Promoting the
War in Australia.
(Private
 The Road to WarThe Road to War
– The Collapse of theThe Collapse of the
European PeaceEuropean Peace
 Competing AlliancesCompeting Alliances
 Triple EntenteTriple Entente
 Triple AllianceTriple Alliance
 Germany vs. Great BritainGermany vs. Great Britain
 Assassination of ArchdukeAssassination of Archduke
Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand
 Austria-Hungary vs. SerbiaAustria-Hungary vs. Serbia
11

13. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The Road to WarThe Road to War
– Wilson’s NeutralityWilson’s Neutrality
 Economic Ties to BritainEconomic Ties to Britain
 Wilson calls for U.S. ImpartialityWilson calls for U.S. Impartiality
 Sinking of theSinking of the Lusitania-Lusitania-19161916
The Lusitania in New York City (Library of Congress)13

14. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The Road to WarThe Road to War
– Preparedness VersusPreparedness Versus
PacifismPacifism
 1916 Election1916 Election
The Election
of 1916
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15. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The Road to WarThe Road to War
– A War for DemocracyA War for Democracy
– Wilson calls for a League of NationsWilson calls for a League of Nations
 Zimmerman Telegram-1917Zimmerman Telegram-1917
 Alliance between Germany and MexicoAlliance between Germany and Mexico
 Resumption of Unrestricted Submarine WarfareResumption of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 U.S. Declares War On Germany-April 1917U.S. Declares War On Germany-April 1917
Woodrow Wilson
15

17. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 ““War Without Stint”War Without Stint”
 StalemateStalemate
– Entering the WarEntering the War
 Russian Revolution-1917Russian Revolution-1917
 Czar Nicholas II OverthrownCzar Nicholas II Overthrown
– The AmericanThe American
Expeditionary ForceExpeditionary Force
 Selective Service ActSelective Service Act
 African-AmericanAfrican-American
SoldiersSoldiers
WWI Recruiting Poster by
James Montgomery Flagg (NARA)17

18. Russian Revolution

19. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 ““War Without Stint”War Without Stint”
– The Military StruggleThe Military Struggle
 General John Pershing-AEFGeneral John Pershing-AEF
 Heavy U.S. Casualties(1917-1918)Heavy U.S. Casualties(1917-1918)
 Disease RampantDisease Rampant
 Spanish InfluenzaSpanish Influenza
 Château-ThierryChâteau-Thierry
 Meuse-Argonne OffensiveMeuse-Argonne Offensive
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20. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
America in World War I: The Western Front, 1918.20

21. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 ““War Without Stint”War Without Stint”
– The New Technology of WarfareThe New Technology of Warfare
 High Casualty RatesHigh Casualty Rates
 Germany Loses over 2 Million menGermany Loses over 2 Million men
WWI soldiers using
a machine gun
21

23. World War I

24. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The War and American SocietyThe War and American Society
– Organizing the Economy for WarOrganizing the Economy for War
 Financing the WarFinancing the War
 War Industries BoardWar Industries Board
 Lessons of theLessons of the
Managed EconomyManaged Economy
– Labor and the WarLabor and the War
 Ludlow MassacreLudlow Massacre
Selling Liberty Bonds
(NARA)
24

25. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
African-American Migration, 1910-1950
25

26. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The War and American SocietyThe War and American Society
– Economic and Social Results of theEconomic and Social Results of the
WarWar
 ““Great Migration”Great Migration”
 Race RiotsRace Riots
Women Industrial Workers
(NARA)
26

27. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The Search for Social UnityThe Search for Social Unity
– The Peace MovementThe Peace Movement
 Women’s Peace PartyWomen’s Peace Party
 Maternal Opposition to WarMaternal Opposition to War
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28. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The Search for Social UnityThe Search for Social Unity
– Selling the War and Suppressing DissentSelling the War and Suppressing Dissent
 CPICPI
 Espionage Act-1917Espionage Act-1917
 Sabotage Act-1918Sabotage Act-1918
 Sedition Act-1918Sedition Act-1918
 Violation of the First AmendmentViolation of the First Amendment
 Schenck vs. U.S.(1919)Schenck vs. U.S.(1919)
 Repressing DissentRepressing Dissent
 ““100 Percent Americanism”100 Percent Americanism”
 ““Liberty Cabbage” and “Liberty Pups”Liberty Cabbage” and “Liberty Pups”
A Warning
(Library of Congress)
28

29. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The Search for A New World OrderThe Search for A New World Order
– The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points
 Wilson’s Idealistic VisionWilson’s Idealistic Vision
 End to Secret TreatiesEnd to Secret Treaties
 Lenin’s ChallengeLenin’s Challenge
 Overthrow of Alexander Kerensky-1917Overthrow of Alexander Kerensky-1917
– Early ObstaclesEarly Obstacles
 Allied IntransigenceAllied Intransigence
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30. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The Search for A New World OrderThe Search for A New World Order
– The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference
 The Big Four-1919The Big Four-1919
 George ClemenceauGeorge Clemenceau
 David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George
 Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando
 Wilson’s RetreatWilson’s Retreat
 ReparationsReparations
 League of NationsLeague of Nations
 Allies Accept “Covenant”Allies Accept “Covenant”
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31. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The Search for A New World OrderThe Search for A New World Order
– The Ratification BattleThe Ratification Battle
 Wilson’s IntransigenceWilson’s Intransigence
 Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge
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““I have found that you get nothing in this world that is worthwhileI have found that you get nothing in this world that is worthwhile
without fighting for it.”without fighting for it.”
Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

32. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 The Search for A New World OrderThe Search for A New World Order
– Wilson’s OrdealWilson’s Ordeal
– Wilson Suffers a Stroke-1919Wilson Suffers a Stroke-1919
 League MembershipLeague Membership
Rejected by U.S. SenateRejected by U.S. Senate
 Treaty of Versailles NOT ratifiedTreaty of Versailles NOT ratified
 Wilson Serves the rest of hisWilson Serves the rest of his
Term as an InvalidTerm as an Invalid
Woodrow Wilson
(Library of Congress)
32

33. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 A Society in TurmoilA Society in Turmoil
 New Social EnvironmentNew Social Environment
Union Membership, 1900-1920
33

34. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 A Society in TurmoilA Society in Turmoil
– Industry and LaborIndustry and Labor
 Postwar RecessionPostwar Recession
 Boston Police StrikeBoston Police Strike
 Steel Workers’ Strike DefeatedSteel Workers’ Strike Defeated
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35. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 A Society in TurmoilA Society in Turmoil
– The Demands ofThe Demands of
African AmericansAfrican Americans
 New Black AttitudesNew Black Attitudes
 Increased Black ActivismIncreased Black Activism
 Chicago Race RiotsChicago Race Riots
 Marcus Garvey’sMarcus Garvey’s
Black NationalismBlack Nationalism
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True Sons of Freedom
(Library of Congress)

36. Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War
 A Society in TurmoilA Society in Turmoil
– The Red ScareThe Red Scare
– Bombing on Wall Street-1920Bombing on Wall Street-1920
 Popular AntiradicalismPopular Antiradicalism
 Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids
 Sacco and Vanzetti TrialSacco and Vanzetti Trial
– The Retreat from IdealismThe Retreat from Idealism
– Nineteenth Amendment-1920Nineteenth Amendment-1920
 Return to “NormalcyReturn to “Normalcy””
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A. Mitchell Palmer

37. Interior of Billy Sunday Tabernacle, 1910
(Library of Congress)
Patterns of Popular Culture:Patterns of Popular Culture:
Billy Sunday and ModernBilly Sunday and Modern
RevivalismRevivalism
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Chapter Twenty-one:Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great WarAmerica and the Great War