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A Brief History of English
Indo-European languages
Pre-Historical/Pre-Roman
The Celts/Pre-Roman
  The island we know as England was invaded by two
  groups of people: 1. Celts: known as Bythons (now spelled
  Britons) and 2. Gaels (who settled on the island now
  known as Ireland).
  The Celts were Pagans and their religion was known as
  “animism” a Latin word for “spirit.”
  Druids were their priests and when clans had disputes,
  they intervened to settle them.
Roman Occupation
        Hadrian’s Wall
The Most Important Results of the
Roman Occupation

   Established camps that eventually became towns.
   Maintained relative peace.
   Latin heavily influenced the English language.
   Christianity begins to replace Paganism.
The Anglo-Saxon Period
410-787 A.D.
Anglo-Saxons-Jutes
Important Events in the (First) Anglo-
Saxon Period
 • 410-450 Angles and Saxons invade from Baltic shores of
   Germany, and Jutes invade from Jutland peninsula in
   Denmark, thus driving out the Celts.
 • Nine Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms eventually become the Anglo-
   Saxon heptarchy (England not unified) or “Seven Sovereign
   Kingdoms”.
 • King Alfred “the Great” managed peace against the Danes
   for about a generation, until William of Normandy
   defeated them in 1066.
Viking Invasion
  The Vikings were sea-faring, explorers, traders and warriors,
  Scandinavians during the 8th-11th centuries.
  King Alfred “the Great” in 871 was able to use the language
  to appeal the English and his efforts saved the language.
Importance of the Viking Invasions

Linguistically

    Old English is born- mainly Germanic (although even Germanic languages
    are derived from a theoretical Proto-Indo-European language, the
    grandparent of classical languages such as Greek, Sanskrit, Latin and German).
    LOTS of dialects of Old English- because there are several separate Kingdoms,
    many founded by essentially five or six different cultures: Anlgles, Saxons,
    Frisians, Jutes, Danes and Swedes.
    ……………………

    *King Alfred “the Great” (ruled approx. 871-899 A.D.) was one of the first
    Anglo-Saxon kings to push Vikings back; in fact, he was one of the first kings
    consolidating power, unifying Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
Norman Invasion

    French becomes official language of politics and power and
    exerts enormous influence on Old English, which becomes
    obsolete.
    William maintains efficient system of government of Anglo-
    Saxons, but replaces the English nobility with Normans, and
    creates a great class division that oppressed the Anglo-
    Saxons.
So, what do I need to know about the
History of the English Language?

   Major dates
    55 B.C.
    43 A.D.
    410 A.D.
    597 A.D.
    1066 A.D.
Major people…

   Julius Caesar
   St. Augustine
   King Ethelbert of Kent
   King Alfred “the great”
   William the Conqueror
   William, Duke of Normandy
What I really need to know about “the
making of the English language”

   Major cultural/linguistic influences
      Celtic
      Roman
      Anglo-Saxon
      Viking
      Norman

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History of English

  • 1. A Brief History of English
  • 4. The Celts/Pre-Roman The island we know as England was invaded by two groups of people: 1. Celts: known as Bythons (now spelled Britons) and 2. Gaels (who settled on the island now known as Ireland). The Celts were Pagans and their religion was known as “animism” a Latin word for “spirit.” Druids were their priests and when clans had disputes, they intervened to settle them.
  • 5. Roman Occupation Hadrian’s Wall
  • 6. The Most Important Results of the Roman Occupation Established camps that eventually became towns. Maintained relative peace. Latin heavily influenced the English language. Christianity begins to replace Paganism.
  • 9. Important Events in the (First) Anglo- Saxon Period • 410-450 Angles and Saxons invade from Baltic shores of Germany, and Jutes invade from Jutland peninsula in Denmark, thus driving out the Celts. • Nine Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms eventually become the Anglo- Saxon heptarchy (England not unified) or “Seven Sovereign Kingdoms”. • King Alfred “the Great” managed peace against the Danes for about a generation, until William of Normandy defeated them in 1066.
  • 10. Viking Invasion The Vikings were sea-faring, explorers, traders and warriors, Scandinavians during the 8th-11th centuries. King Alfred “the Great” in 871 was able to use the language to appeal the English and his efforts saved the language.
  • 11. Importance of the Viking Invasions Linguistically Old English is born- mainly Germanic (although even Germanic languages are derived from a theoretical Proto-Indo-European language, the grandparent of classical languages such as Greek, Sanskrit, Latin and German). LOTS of dialects of Old English- because there are several separate Kingdoms, many founded by essentially five or six different cultures: Anlgles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, Danes and Swedes. …………………… *King Alfred “the Great” (ruled approx. 871-899 A.D.) was one of the first Anglo-Saxon kings to push Vikings back; in fact, he was one of the first kings consolidating power, unifying Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
  • 12. Norman Invasion French becomes official language of politics and power and exerts enormous influence on Old English, which becomes obsolete. William maintains efficient system of government of Anglo- Saxons, but replaces the English nobility with Normans, and creates a great class division that oppressed the Anglo- Saxons.
  • 13. So, what do I need to know about the History of the English Language? Major dates 55 B.C. 43 A.D. 410 A.D. 597 A.D. 1066 A.D.
  • 14. Major people… Julius Caesar St. Augustine King Ethelbert of Kent King Alfred “the great” William the Conqueror William, Duke of Normandy
  • 15. What I really need to know about “the making of the English language” Major cultural/linguistic influences Celtic Roman Anglo-Saxon Viking Norman