2. Meiosis
• The form of cell division by which gametes,
with half the number of chromosomes, are
produced.
• Diploid (2n) → haploid (n)
• Meiosis is sexual reproduction.
• Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).
II
3. Fertilization
• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
zygote
• A zygote is a fertilized egg
sperm
n=23
n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote
4. Meiosis
• Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm
or egg).
egg)
• Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.
chromosomes
• Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).
Male: spermatogenesis
Female: oogenesis
• Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some
chromosomal differences.
5. Spermatogenesis
n=23
human
sex cell
sperm
n=23
n=23
2n=46
haploid (n)
n=23
diploid (2n) n=23
n=23
meiosis I meiosis II
7. Interphase I
• Similar to mitosis interphase.
• Chromosomes replicate (S phase).
• Each duplicated chromosome consist of two
identical sister chromatids attached at their
centromeres.
centromeres
• Centriole pairs also replicate.
8. Interphase I
• Nucleus and nucleolus visible.
chromatin nuclear
membrane
cell membrane
nucleolus
9. Meiosis I (four phases)
• Cell division that reduces the chromosome
number by one-half.
• four phases:
phases
a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. anaphase I
d. telophase I
10. Prophase I
• Longest and most complex phase (90%).
• Chromosomes condense.
• Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes
come together to form a tetrad.
tetrad
• Tetrad is two chromosomes or four
chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).
12. Homologous Chromosomes
• Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are
paternal
similar in shape and size.
• Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling
the same inherited traits.
• Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same
position on homologues.
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
a. 22 pairs of autosomes
b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes
13. Karyotype
• A method of organizing the chromosomes of a
cell in relation to number, size, and type.
14. Homologous Chromosomes
eye color eye color
locus locus
hair color hair color
locus locus
Paternal Maternal
15. Humans have 23 Sets of Homologous Chromosomes
Each Homologous set is made up of 2 Homologues.
Homologue
Homologue
16. Autosomes
(The Autosomes code for most of the offspring’s traits)
In Humans the
“Autosomes”
are sets 1 - 22
17. 21 trisomy – Downs
Syndrome
Can you see the
extra 21st
chromosome?
Is this person
male or female?
18. Sex Chromosomes
The Sex Chromosomes code for the sex of the offspring.
** If the offspring has two “X” chromosomes it will be a female.
** If the offspring has one “X” chromosome and one “Y”
chromosome it will be a male.
In Humans the
“Sex
Chromosomes”
are the 23rd set
XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male
19. Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome “Decides”
Y chromosome
X chromosome
20. Crossing Over
• Crossing over (variation) may occur between
nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata.
chiasmata
• Crossing over: segments of nonsister
over
chromatids break and reattach to the other
chromatid.
chromatid
• Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing
over.
over
21. Crossing Over - variation
nonsister chromatids Tetrad
chiasmata: site variation
of crossing over
22. Another Way Meiosis Makes Lots of
Different Sex Cells – Crossing-Over
Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of
different gamete types produced by independent
24. Prophase I
spindle fiber centrioles
aster
fibers
25. Metaphase I
• Shortest phase
• Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
plate
• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:
1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.
2. Variation
3. Formula: 2n
Example: 2n = 4
then n = 2
thus 22 = 4 combinations
26. Metaphase I
OR
metaphase plate metaphase plate
27.
28.
29. Question:
• In terms of Independent Assortment
-how many different combinations of
sperm could a human male produce?
30. Answer
• Formula: 2n
• Human chromosomes: 2n = 46
n = 23
• 223 = ~8 million combinations
31. Anaphase I
• Homologous chromosomes separate and
move towards the poles.
• Sister chromatids remain attached at their
centromeres.
centromeres
39. Telophase II
• Same as telophase in mitosis.
mitosis
• Nuclei form.
• Cytokinesis occurs.
• Remember: four haploid daughter cells
produced.
gametes = sperm or egg
41. Meiosis
n=2
sex cell sperm
n=2
n=2
2n=4
haploid (n)
n=2
diploid (2n) n=2
n=2
meiosis I meiosis II
42. Variation
• Important to population as the raw
material for natural selection.
• Question:
What are the three sexual sources of
genetic variation?
43. Answer:
1. crossing over (prophase I)
2. independent assortment (metaphase I)
3. random fertilization
Remember: variation is good!
44. Question:
• A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid)
at the beginning of meiosis would, at its
completion, produce cells containing how
many chromosomes?
chromosomes
46. Fertilization
• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
zygote
• A zygote is a fertilized egg
sperm
n=23 n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote
47. Question:
• A cell containing 40 chromatids at the
beginning of meiosis would, at its completion,
produce cells containing how many
chromosomes?
chromosomes
