Managing And Leading

Managing and Leading
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS My workgroup and its function within my
organization – I work for a Fortune 500 Telecommunication company with branches or stores all
over the country. My workgroup is one of AT&T stores, which comprises of my manager, I as the
Assistant and thirteen other employees under me (Sales Representatives). We are Sales set up
considered as one stop shop for all AT&T products and services. From sales to new customers,
maintaining existing ones through outstanding customer services, issue resolution to home products
and solutions. We sell wireless phones, advanced TV, high speed internet, Netbooks, Tablets, Ipads,
and Broadband products. My organization has a mission to be the most regarded wireless provider ...
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Adhere to established procedure – Experiment with Innovation – gap is 4. ii. Individual / Group
Accountability – gap is 2.
Others have no Gap based on my CM report; the sum of my gap is 6. I have the same expectation
with what my organization offers or provided.
The number one gap cannot be altered by my Manager but the only thing he can do is to encourage
individuals in the group who has a better way of overcoming objections and issues encountered by
or with customers to keep improving on it, because when the group is successful in handling
difficult issues and producing satisfied customers, the organization will recognize such group.
On the second gap, whatever result is generated at the end of the month for my group is the group
result not individual members of the group. Therefore my manager can hold individual accountable
for their numbers and also encourage them to work hard so as to close the gap. Things that can be
used to achieve this are : Reward point program, certificates of achievement, plaques, gift cards and
coaching for positive reinforcement of good behaviors. This will help the group or unit to achieve
the organizational goals and shows great sense of accountability for their
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Silicon Based PV Cells
CHAPTER 2 – SILICON BASED PV CELLS 2 2.1 Doping Procedure of Silicon based PV Cells A
Silicon solar PV Cell is a device which is made up of semiconductor materials that produce
electricity when exposed to light energy. [1] The doping process of a Silicon based PV Cell works
by the photovoltaic material converting the light energy, photons, it absorbs into electrical energy.
[1] Light (Photon) Energy ––––––– Electrical Energy Using a doping process, a p–n junction is
created in silicon as shown below: From the image above the photons, light energy, prompt the
electrons flowing from the n–junction to the p–junction creating an electric current flow. [1] This is
highlighted below: The process of doping involves the addition of atoms with different number of
electrons so it creates an unbalanced number of electrons on the material that is being doped, in this
case Silicon. [1] The material being doped, in this case Silicon will carry a negative charge if the
base material absorbs excessive electrons. However, if the base material, Silicon, absorbs to little
electrons then the material will carry a positive charge. [1] To achieve a doped material, using
Silicon then there are 2 methods: Ion implantation of diffusion. These methods are carried out using
Boron (B) to form a positively charged doped material and Arsenide (As) or Phosphorus (P) to form
a negatively charged doped material. This is shown below: Ion Implantation can be achieved at
room temperature for

Applying Two Kinds Of A Spherically Symmetric...
In this work, we consider two kinds of a spherically symmetric semiconductor quantum dots: (a)
type I single quantum dot (SQD) with radius r_1, in which electrons and holes are confined in the
same region of space, and (b) type II core/shell quantum dot (CCQD) with the same core radius, r_1,
coated with shell thickness t=r_2–r_1, in which the spatial confinement of electrons and holes
depends strongly on the geometrical parameters (core radius and shell thickness) and strain effects.
Due to the potential structure of CdSe/CdTe CCQD, electrons mainly reside in the CdSe core
region, while the holes dwell mainly in the CdTe shell region. This separation is shown in Fig. 1.
For clarity, we designate the band–gap energy, the conduction band minimum (CBM) and the
valence band maximum (VBM) of bulk semiconductor materials in the unstrained case by E_g0î,
E_c0î and E_v0î, respectively. E_cî and E_vî denote the bulk band edges of each
nanoheterostructure compound including strain effect. In this paper, the index i=1,2,3 refers to the
CdSe region (1), CdTe region (2) and the external medium (3), c(v) holds for conduction (valence)
band and e(h) holds for electron (hole). E_g and V_(e(h)) are the bulk gap energy and the electron
(hole) confining potential of strained hetero–nanocrystal, respectively. In Fig 1, ε_1, ε_2 and ε_3 are
dielectric constants of core, shell and external medium, respectively. For simplicity, we assume that
the potential outside each kind of nanocrystal is

Marching Band
With over 20 band seniors leaving high school this year a substantial amount of the band is moving
on and leaving a gap to be filled in. As a rising junior at Bristol Central I recognize that successful
upperclassmen transition from being a follower to a leader and I believe that it is my time to show
that I will help lead the band in the same direction as prior effective band managers. Focusing on the
Marching Band aspect of the musical season, I will be able to enforce precision and teach the new
marching band members how to properly march and execute moves. I plan on joining the 186th
Composite Civil Air Patrol Squadron (US Air Force Auxiliary) in which I will be tested on drill and
ceremony. This will perfect my marching ability and my

Backstreet Boys Research Paper
For years, fans of boy bands have been faced with the difficult decision of choosing a favorite band.
New Kids on the Block or Color Me Badd? 98 Degrees or LFO? Now, though, fans of 'NSYNC and
Backstreet Boys may finally have the chance to put their rivalries aside. This weekend, during
Comic–Con's San Diego stop, AJ Mclean, Joey Fatone, and Nick Carter, of boy band fame,
promoted the movie Dead Seven. The SyFy channel zombie western is being directed by Carter,
who also wrote the movie, and stars, Backstreet Boys', McLean and Carter, as well as, 'NSYNC's,
Joey Fatone. The team behind 2013's Sharknado will be helping execute Carter's vision; and while
the movie has yet to be fully cast, it has been reported that McLean will play the villain's

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ink And Dielectrics
1.4.4 INKS AND DIELECTRICS
Different materials are being used now days for the printing of ink on a substrate. The conducting
inks are more useful for this purpose. The difference basically is that of the dielectrics which makes
it different for the working.
Here is a table representing some materials of inks along with their dielectrics: Ink material
Dielectric constant
Copper 6.0
Lead 4.2
Silver 0.99
Nickel 600
Graphite 36.5
Silicon 11.1
Wax 2.3
Printing ink 3.1
Aluminum 2.7
1.5 SUBSTRATES FOR ANTENNA DESIGN
There are several substrate materials that can be used for fabrication antenna. Some of them are low
cost while the others are highly expensive. Each substrate being used has its own advantages and
disadvantages. The dielectric of each substrate plays an important role in the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Sowpati and his co–workers in (2010) investigated the performance of printable antennas with
indifferent conductor thickness. This paper presents an antenna which is able to create very
competitive overall antenna performance, manufactured by inkjet printing of nano–silver ink against
Rogers copper foil structures.
T.H Liu (2012) presented a spiral antenna that was backed on photonic band–gap material. This
exhibits a larger front–to–back radiation level ratio, a broader frequency bandwidth, and higher gain
than a traditional spiral antenna. J.Bell and M.Iskander (2004) presented the implementation of
electromagnetic band–gap structures with an inherently wide–band Archimedean spiral antenna. The
EBG structure was designed to emulate a perfect magnetic conductor.
P.Calvert (2001) presented the inkjet printing for devices and materials with multilayered and
uniform prints. Higher resolutions were required for organic transistors which were to be printed. It
was also possible to print pinhole free layers to sidestep shortage of devices. Multiple layers were
printed in a way that they mixed and reacted to form a single material or sometimes they formed
distinct un–mixed

Argumentative Essay: Why Marching Band Is Not A Sport
Irene is a high school student involved in the marching band. Irene plays the clarinet, but for one
second she was hesitant about being a part of marching band. She weighed two hundred pounds,
people berating her caused the feeling of hesitation. The dark memories of people berating her
physical appearance scared her into thinking that her fellow band–mates would do the same. Irene
desperately wanted to get into shape, so she decided to join a sport, but knew she was not fit enough
for any of the typical ball sports. She eventually realized that the only sport remaining was marching
band. However, people argue that marching band is not a sport, this raises an interesting question:
What is a sport? According to Cambridge English Dictionary, ... Show more content on
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Just about everyday, Irene has to go to practice. Not to mention, most marching bands go to band
camp for a week or more. Irene's band, for example, goes out of town to Bowling Green State
University in August to have day–long band rehearsals. The band members stay in dorm room on
campus for the week, as well. Every member in the band must awaken at seven a.m and be ready
outside the dorms at seven thirty a.m. The band has marching rehearsal from nine a.m. to eleven
a.m, a break for lunch, and another marching rehearsal from six p.m. to eight thirty p.m. The band
also partakes in an afternoon music rehearsal indoors in and an fun activity at about nine p.m.
Consequently, they do not return to their dorm rooms until about ten p.m. In turn, most band
members get eight hours of sleep, one and a half hours of music rehearsal, and four and a half hours
of marching rehearsal. Many people think band camp is fun and exciting, but that is not always the
case. In order for every marching band member to have productive rehearsals, participants have to
go band camp. By many people, marching band members are believed to have 'fun' and play 'games'
all day, but band camp is truly meant to be lengthy, sufficient, and helpful day–long

Cuo Nanoparticle Lab Report
The morphology of pristine CuO nanoparticles are determined by TEM micrograph as shown in
figure 3 (a), the exhibits stacking of small flakes broken of CuO nanostructures giving leafy profile
which had agglomeration. The leaf–like flakes have small width with an average size of the flakes is
500–600nm and thickness ~20–30nm. The corresponding SAED pattern (Fig. 3b) clearly shows that
the CuO flakes are polycrystalline. Similar observation has obtained by SEM results (Fig. 3c),
which demonstrates that the particles have rough surface and possesses flakes like morphology.
EDX spectrum of confirms the presence of Cu and O elements alone (Fig. 3d).
SEM images of Na–doped CuO nanostructures in 20,000X magnification are given in Figure 4a–d
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The peaks centered at 502 cm–1, demonstrate red shift and the peak at 591 cm–1 shows the blue
shift compared with the pristine CuO values (429, 502, 591 cm–1). with the doping of Na. The
observed red and blue shifts due to Na–doping may be related to the surface defects. The broad peak
at about 3450 cm–1 is related to the O–H stretching of hydroxyl group present on the surface of the
samples, which is further confirmed by the band at about 1628 cm–1. Notably, in CuO:Na5mole%
and CuO:Na7mole% samples, low feature band of pristine Na2O were found. Furthermore, the
stretching vibrations were clearly different from the value of Na–O in pristine sodium oxides. It
might be attributed to the presence of the Na–Cu–O stretching vibrations. Conclusively, we
successfully prepared CuO:Na+ nanostructures with different Na doping concentration.
3.4. Optical properties
3.4.1. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS)
The optical properties are very important to select the materials for use in a particular application.
The band gaps were determined from diffused reflectance spectroscopic, Figure 8 exhibits the
typical UV–vis–DRS spectra of CuO:Na+ nanoparticles compared with pristine CuO nanoparticles.
The spectra were recorded between 700 and 1100 nm wavelength region at room temperature. The
Kubelka–Munk (K–M) theory was used to convert reflectance data to absorption mode

A Presentation Of The National Nanotechnology Initiative (...
1. Introduction.
"There's plenty of room at the bottom"; this statement by Richard Feynman in 1959 during a
presentation to a meeting of the American Physical Society, is widely accepted as the spark that
initiated the present 'nano' age1. Nano, "dwarf" in Greek, is defined as one billionth, it follows that
the nanoscale is measured in nanometres, or 10–9 m. To put this in perspective; the average strand
of a human hair is roughly 75,000 nm in diameter, or from the other extreme 1 nm is the length of
10 hydrogen atoms lined up end to end.
Nanotechnology can be difficult to define, as its definition is often engineered to suit the researcher
and their field; this resulted in a need of a general working definition, which the national
nanotechnology initiative (NNI) established []. Nanotechnology is thus defined as possessing the
following features;
Nanotechnology involves research and technology development at the 1 nm to 100 nm range.
Nanotechnology builds on the capability to organize or manipulate at the atomic scale.
Nanotechnology creates and uses structures that have novel properties because of their small size.
.
2. Nanotechnology
Nanoscience involves a study of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, of which at least one of the
dimensions is in 1–100 nm range. Over the past two decades, nanomaterials have been a topic of
both scientific and technological interest2. Due to their compact dimension and enlarged surface
area, these materials possess new physical and

Absorbance Spectra For Different Gamma Doses Of PVA / Ag...
Fig. (1), shows the absorbance spectra for different gamma doses of PVA/Ag nanocomposite films
(b to b4). In the UV region, all the samples showed absorption band at 200 nm, which is mainly
assigned as transition between the Ag nanoparticles and poly(vinyl alcohol)[17]. No absorption in
the wavelength range 350–800 nm was observed for both samples (b and b1) exposed to 0 KGy and
25 KGy. This is due to the time of reaction and the gamma irradiation energy is not sufficient to
reduce all the AgNO3 particles to Ag nanoparticles. However, for the spectra of the samples (b2–b4)
exposed to (50, 75 and 100 KGy) clearly indicate, a peak starts emerging at 427 nm. In addition, this
peak intensity increases with increasing the γ irradiation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that with increasing the γ irradiation doses lead to increase the density of Ag
nanoparticles in the nanocomposite films. Optical band gap (Eg) In order to determine the optical
energy gap (Eg) for the irradiated ﬁlms. The term (αhν)0.5 as a function of photon energy (hν) is
plotted using the Tauc´s relation [21]. Such plots for PVA/Ag nanocomposite ﬁlms without and with
γ irradiation are presented in Fig. (4). From the figure we observed that the values of Eg were found
to be 4.44, 4.10, 3.80, 3.70 and 3.67 eV corresponding to the samples b, b1, b2, b3 and b4,
respectively. It is clear that the value of Eg is 4.44 eV for sample b. This value of the optical band
gap on doping PVA with Ag nanoparticles may be attributed due to the formation of chemical
bonding between poly(vinyl alcohol) chains and Ag nanoparticles responsible for the generation of
localized states (charge transfer complexes (CTCs) between (HOMO) High Occupied Molecular
Orbital and (LUMO) Lower Unoccupied Molecular Orbital energy bands making the lower energy
transitions feasible [17,22]. A further change in the value of Eg for PVA/Ag nanocomposites has
been showed with increasing γ irradiation dose and approaches to 3.67 eV at the dose of 100 kGy.
This is attributed to γ irradiation stimulates the reduction of Ag ions embedded

Filo Lab Report
As a prevailing spectroscopic characterization, fourier transform infrared spectra help us to verify
the existence of addition of sodium based second phase in CuO:Na+ nanoparticles . The bands of
pristine CuO and pristine Na2O are located at 459, 502, 591 cm–1 and 890 cm–1, 1430 cm–1
respectively was reported by kim et. al and khufu et at. [177, 271]. As seen from figure 7, three
characteristic strong peaks located at 429, 502, 591 cm–1, associated with the Cu–O vibrations of
monoclinic CuO. The peaks centered at 502 cm–1, demonstrate red shift and the peak at 591 cm–1
shows blue shift compared with the pristine CuO values (429, 502, 591 cm–1). with the doping of
Na. The observed red and blue shifts due to Na–doping may be related to ... Show more content on
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It demonstrated that Na doping had a widen effect for the band gap of CuO, which was the first
report here. Interestingly, the band gap shifts from 1.49eV to 1.46eV with the increase in Na doping
from 0.0 to 3.0%, with was due to the band gap tailoring effect. The Na content was further
increased when the secondary phase formed and the band gap shift to the higher energy 1.51eV,
1.53eV for 5.0% and 7.0% Na–doped CuO nanostructures. In contrast, the formation of the Na2O
secondary phase caused an enhancement of the Eg value. Hence, to summarize the Eg value of the
Na doped CuO nanoparticles depends upon a variety of parameters such as the size and presence of
the Na dopant in different forms. These unique characteristics were influenced by the quality and
physical properties of the Na–doped CuO nanoparticles and these were strongly related to the
preparation method.
3.4.2. Diffuse photoluminescence spectroscopy
The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was used to investigate the electronic and optical
properties of nanoparticles as well as to elucidate the energy levels within the band gap region
corresponding to the defect sites. Fig. 9 shows room temperature PL spectra of the as–prepared
pristine and Na–doped CuO samples. The samples were excited using the excitation wavelength of
390 nm. The emission spectra of pristine and CuO:Na+ nanoparticles revealed intense sharp peak at
470 nm, 503 nm and 605 nm. The

Cheap DIY Braces
Although it doesn't sound harmful when you think about using elastic bands for shaping your teeth
or reducing the gaps between your teeth, the results can be apparently terrifying. Read more about
this here.
What are cheap DIY braces?
Have you heard about some cheap DIY alternatives for metal braces? It seems popular websites like
youtube has tons of such videos of teens and women giving at–home DIY shaping braces that can be
used to shape teeth and reduce tooth gaps. Some of these videos also claim that the users have seen
results in as less as 40 days. A Washington State woman claims to have reduced the gap in her front
teeth in just 44 days after using DIY braces. What the video states is that she used elastic bands
worth of five dollars to correct her smile?
How did the trend go viral?
A 2012 DIY dentistry video aired on YouTube has got more than 400,000 views. In this video, the
narrator shows cost–efficient way to deal with teeth shape correction without spending money on
the conventional braces.
The reason of such DIY alternatives can be many. While many Americans have dental insurances,
their dental coverage plans often don't include coverage for braces and orthodontic smile makeovers.
As a result, many young adults often look forward for easy and cost effective ways to shape their
teeth effectively. Smile correction is a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the user thinks that these elastic braces shape their teeth by reducing the gaps, the truth is
these bands are actually causing the damage to the gums and the bone. Also, the tight bands can
actually create more gaps between other adjacent teeth. Sudden pressure on the teeth roots can also
cause minor to severe damage to the roots. Using elastic bands don't also ensure that all your teeth
will line up evenly. There are chances that you will end up with more spaces, gaps between your
teeth and damaged

The Degradation Of Solar Cell
Solar Cell Degradation in Space Abstract:
This paper will present the degradation of solar cell performance when exposed to solar wind in
space, particularly in the Van Allen belt region. Also, solar cell theory is mathematically modeled
and described using Matlab simulation software accompanied by the SRIM software to generate the
targeting data. Follow with the degradation modeling of Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple–junction space
solar cells when are exposed to high energy charged particles, especially protons and electrons in the
Mega–electron–Volt range. In this model, carrier removal rate of the base layer and damage
coefficient of minority carrier diffusion length in each sub–cell are considered as radiation
degradation parameters. In addition, this paper will present the status of high radiation–resistant
solar cells made from Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge for space application to guarantee the successful
operation of the satellite.
Acknowledgement:
This Project had been smoothly carried out and implemented at the California State University of
Long Beach. Initially, I would like to thank to Dr. Chu Chow Long for his supervision and support
for this research project.
List of the Figure:
Figure 1: Standard Solar Spectra
Figure 2: Cross–section of the typical solar cell.
Figure 3: Plot of I_sc and V_oc and the power for 100 〖cm〗^2 cell area.
Figure 4: Solar photon effect
Figure 5: A solar panel array of the International Space Station
Figure 6: High

Essay on Physical properties
EGA108 / EG–279 ASSESSED SHEET 1
To be handed in via Blackboard by 5pm on Thurs Nov 8th. Show your workings in all cases – if you
want to include hand–written workings, embed these as a scanned or photographed image. e = 1.6 x
10–19 C NA = 6.03 x 1023 me = 9.11 x 10–31 kg kB = 1.38 x 10–23 JK–1
By: darky– 712402
1 List two aspects of materials behaviour that the Drude model can explain.
The Drude model can explain the Thermal Conductivity in metals and Electrical Conductivity of
metals.
List two aspects of materials behaviour that the Drude model can't explain but the Quantum Free
Electron model can.
Explains the effects of the temperature, impurities, and deformation on Electrical Conductivity in
which the Drude Model ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b) How the Quantum Free Electron Theory predicts that the conductivity of metals decreases as the
temperature increases.
In the Quantum Free Electron Theory the electrons are considered as waves, so the electrons will
have much similar behaviour to waves. The temperature is related to the heat capacitance. So each
element will have different heat capacitance.
The Quantum Free Electron predicts that scattering causes electrons to drop back down in Energy.
Which means that as the temperature goes down the stability of the electrons will increase; also the
amount of electron which can jump into a higher level will decrease thus more stability in the atom.
This means better conductivity in lower temperatures. So when the temperature increases, it will
cause vibrations that change the lattice, and the lower level electron will get excited to move into a
higher level which causes instability in the element. Thus, the conductivity will decrease.
c) How the Band Theory predicts that the conductivity of silicon increases as the temperature
increases.
The band theory gives explanations of how Semiconductors differ from metals because as the
temperature increases the conductivity increases. The Band Theory considers that for

Black Phosphorus Research Paper
Black Phosphorus was discovered in 1914. There was little known about it when it was first
discovered but that has changed in the past few decades. Researchers are looking into using black
phosphorus as a semiconductor, in electronics, optics, and LEDs. Many factors are to be considered
when thinking of using black phosphorus as a semiconductor, the cost, if large–scale synthesis is
possible while to being to complicated or expensive. Black Phosphorus has the potential to be a
great semiconductor because of its large tunable band gap. These are qualities that are wanted for
semiconductors however there needs to be further studies regarding black phosphorus to gain a
better understanding. Black phosphorus has many benefits and flaws compared ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers talk about black phosphori first synthesis in 1914, cost, how it is made, why
semiconductors are important, and how they work. There needs to be more done on black
phosphorus and black phosphorus as semiconductors. There are still a lot of discoveries to be made;
black phosphorus needs to be made stable in atmospheric conditions, cost effective, and have a high
yield. When these obstacles have been overcome, black phosphorus should be ready for testing in
electronic devices. Research involving black phosphorus has increased in popularity in the past 5
years. Black Phosphorus has a long way to go before devices with it in them will be on the market
but in the future there is a good change that there will be phones, computers, tablets and more that
have black phosphorus

Italse Model And The VASE Model
Manuscript #JSSP–17–3722:
Note: The original reviewer comments are stated in the bold text. The responses to the reviewers'
comments are stated in the blue Italic text. The modifications made in the revised manuscript are
highlighted Italic text and the original text is in the black italic font.
Editor's Comments:
Reviewer Comments:
Reviewer #1 Evaluations:
Overall Rating: Publish with revision required
Significance Level (4 = highest, 1 = lowest): 3
Reviewer #1 (Significance Level Comment):
The paper is well–written; however, some critical information is missing to make the study
meaningful and complete.
Reviewer #1 (Remarks):
The manuscript should include the following information to make the presented study meaningful
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More details of the analysis of the optical constant are reported previously [3]. Fig. 4 shows the
typical spectra obtained from VASE measurements at different ellipsometric angles and the fitted
data delivering the refractive index and thickness from VASE data (Ψ and Δ parameters). Fig. 4.c
shows an example of the refractive index and extinction coefficient. Hydrogenated SiCxNy thin
films are virtually transparent over the visible spectrum, which allows us to assume k (extinction
coefficient) is equal to zero over most part of the visible spectrum in the employed Cauchy model.
The low value of the best–fit mean–squared error (MSE) of about 4 validates the accuracy of the
modelling.
c
b a Fig. 4. (a) The phase parameter (Δ) and (b) shift parameters given by variable angle
spectroscopic ellipsometer and the corresponding fitted model are shown. An example of the

refractive index and extinction coefficient are illustrated in (c).
Section 3.3: Provide details of the equations used for optical band gap calculations. Include
information on how the direct or indirect nature of the optical transition was established.
The authors thank the reviewer for identifying this area of potential ambiguity. The following
highlighted text has been added to the revised manuscript.
Section 3.3 Optical Properties, Line 205: Experimentally, the band gap of amorphous
semiconductors is quantified using

Essay about Gap Band
Factors Affecting the
Band Gap of LEDs
By Mohammad Reza Farham
Chemistry 222 Thursday 08.02.2012
Lab Partner: Thanh Nguyen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As we are going up, it's obvious that the bond strength is getting weaker because the atomic radius
increases; the orbital overlap decreases (Long bonds are weaker than short bonds).
12. Based on your lab data and answers to Questions 1–8, explain how varying the affects the
band gap energy. Be sure to support your explanation with data.
Data shows Greater ∆EN = GREATER Eg. Electronegativity increases from bottom to top in a
periodic table. P1.00 has the highest electronegativity (smallest atomic radius) as a result it has the
largest band gap energy. The above data shows as the size decreases ( EN increases) the band gap
energy increases.
13. Based on your lab data and answers to Questions 1–8, explain how the degree of ionic character
of a bond affects the band gap energy. Be sure to support your explanation with data. Data shows
Greater ionic character = GREATER Eg
Electronegativity and Ionization energy increase from bottom to top in a periodic table. P1.00 has
the highest ionization energy (smallest atomic radius) as a result it has the largest band gap energy.
The data shows as the size decreases (ionization energy increases) the band gap energy increases.
14. Based on Experiment 3, how does changing the temperature affect the band gap energy of a
solid? You must support your claim with data from your experiment. Be sure to explicitly show (or
reference) the data used to suggest your

Future Research Plan Essay
Research Plans and Objective in Next Future My future research will reflect the strategic research
plan based on the following steps: 1. Synthesis of some oxides, sulphides telluride, iodide and
oxysulphides of metals is interesting and useful semiconductors that can be used to generate the
hydrogen fuel during photocatalytic splitting of water which is recently the most valuable
technology for energy synthesis. It can increase the efficiency of the splitting of water. 2. Our
project shall include the effort to produce inventively nanostructured oxides, sulphides telluride,
iodide and oxysulphides of metals which have band gap between 0.8–3.4 eV. 3. Formation of
nanostructured oxides, sulphides, tellurides, selenides, iodides and ... Show more content on
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Surfactant such as sodium lauryl sulphate is used. The oxides, oxysulphide, iodide and sulphides of
individual, binary and ternary metals will be obtained to investigate of band gap of each
semiconductor. The metals salts and chemicals include M(NO3), MCl4, M(C5H11O)4, K2S, Na2O,
diethyl sulphide, acetonitrile, ethylene glycol , urea, sodium lauryl sulphate, alanine and choline
chloride. Effect of oil component amount, ionic liquid amount, surfactant amount and pH on the
nanosemiconductors properties will be studied. The effect of nanoemulsion, mixing nanoemulsion–
microwave and combining nanoemulsion–sonochemical method on morphology and nanostructure
of semiconductors will be investigated. In nanoemulsion, the nanoemulsions of metals salts are
mixed with the same nanoemulsions of K2S and/or Na2O, and then the mixture is stirred or
transferred into microwave or ultrasonic instruments to accelerate the rate of reaction. Addition of
complexing agent can smooth the reactivity of metal ions which have different activity towards the
reaction to produce homogenous semiconductors of oxides, sulphides, tellurides, selenides and
oxysulphides of metals. When the reaction finished the nanoemulsions is transferred into centrifuge
to separate the obtained nanosemiconductors, then Washed with ethanol, acetone or ether, finally
dried.

Optical Properties : Aspects And Properties Of Optical...
3.3 Optical Properties
The optical transmittance spectra of all cobalt doped pyrite films were shown in Fig.3. The un–
doped results were also included in both figures as the references. It's observed from both figures
that all samples showed higher transparency in the infrared region than in the visible and near
infrared region. All doped films showed much lower transmittance than the un–doped films over the
whole spectrum, which indicated a better light absorption potential of those doped pyrite films than
un–doped pyrite films.
More detailed effects from sulfurization and cobalt doping could be observed from band gap
calculation and analysis. The direct band gap energy was estimated through plotting (αhυ)2 versus
energy hυ. Corresponding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, some natural impurities may also affect the band gap values such as oxygen impurities
[28].
3.4 Photo Response
In order to investigate the effect of cobalt doping on the photo response of FeS2, the photo
responses of cobalt–doped FeS2 thin films were studied under both standard AM 1.5G and NIR light
source. Two Al electrodes were vacuum thermal evaporated before the measurements. All responses
were collected under room temperature and the illumination period was maintained as 15 seconds
every time. From the results it's proved that both as–deposited and sulfurized films were photo–
sensitive. Compared with our previous results of un–doped films (shown in Table 3 and Table 4), all
Co–doped films displayed a clear improvement on the photo response than the corresponding un–
doped films. Detailed results and discussion among different doping levels are shown below.
The photo responses of as–deposited and sulfurized Co–doped FeS2 films under standard AM 1.5G
illumination were shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6, together with results from relevant un–doped FeS2
films. From those results, it's obviously that all samples performed an immediate response when
light sources were applied. The film resistances started decreasing drastically during the 15 seconds.
After the light was shut off, the film resistances began recovering instantly. The recovery period
included two major steps: first, the recovery started with a rapid jump at the beginning,

Comparing The And Hetero Junctions
3.1 Homo– and Hetero–junctions
When the semiconductor materials are homogeneous throughout the entire structure is called a
semiconductor homojunction. Materials used to form a homojunction will have similar energy
bandgaps, On the other hand, when two different semiconductor materials are used to form a
junction, the junction is called a semiconducror heterojunction. The hetero junction is formed with
narrow bandgap material with wide bandgap material. Figure 1 shows three possible combinations.
When the forbidden band gap of wide bandgap material completely overlaps the bandgap of narrow
bandgap materials then it is called straddling which is applicable for most of the heterojunctions. In
staggered, a fraction of wide bandgap and narrow band gap are merged tog ether. In case of broken
gap there is a bandgap itself between energy bandgaps of different semiconductor. Fig.1. different
types of heterojunction (a) straddling (b)staggered (c) broken gap
Metal–semiconductor junction is an example of heterojunction. This junction can be created by
depositing a metal such as Al or Gold or Ag over a semiconductor (ptype/n type) wafer by different
deposition techniques (e–beam/thermal evaporation or sputtering/CVD). Depending on the work
function of the metal, this type of junction may behave as ohmic or schottky contacts. as the name
suggests if the contact is ohmic, the current –voltage relationship is linear as per Ohm's law. For
ohmic contact it is mandatory that the

Investigating The Optical Performance Of Photonic Crystals
abstract Photonic crystal is a composite dielectric with periodic modulation of refractive index that
brings about unique photonic band–gap effect by which light could be totally reflected on the
surface of such material regardless of any incident angle or mode. Such bandgap effect could be
understood by investigating the optical performance of photonic crystals. In this paper, photonic
bandgap calculations are performed for two dimensional photonic crystals using matlab. Plane wave
expansion method is used to solve Maxwell's equations. The effect of lattice constant and refractive
index is investigated.
Introduction Photonic crystals are special class of optical media with periodic modulation of
refractive index by arrangement of dielectric material. They respond to light waves over a desired
range of frequencies by perfectly reflecting them or allowing them to propagate only in certain
directions or confining them within a specified volume. Photons either propagate through this
structure or they don 't. Frequencies that propagate are called modes, and groups of allowed modes
form bands. Disallowed bands of frequencies are called photonic band gaps. This property of
photonic bandgap is utilised to manipulate light propagation. In particular, we can design and
construct photonic crystals with photonic band gaps, preventing light from propagating in certain
directions with specified frequencies By transmitting signals with

Degradation Of A Wide Range Of Model Pollutants
ABSTRACT Heterogeneous photocatalysis, has been reported to be effective for the degradation of
a wide range of model pollutants in suspension. The use of nanostructured materials is one approach
to improving photocatalytic efficiency. Therefore, this work is based on the use of nanomaterials
such as titania and silver–zinc oxide photocatalysts to degrade amoxicillin trihydrate (a model
antibiotic pollutant) in suspension under UV–C irradiation and compares the efficiencies of the
photocatalysts in degrading model pollutant used in the study. The Silver decorated Zinc oxide
Nanoparticles were prepared in–house by hydrothermal synthesis that yielded nanospheres. The
nanomaterial was characterized using XRD and UV Visible spectroscopy. A significant and faster
degradation of amoxicillin has been observed with Degussa P25when compared with in–house
synthesized titania and Ag–ZnOphotocatalysts. Introduction Pharmaceuticals constitute an emerging
class of micropollutants, that occur in the environment due to point sources, like production
effluents and waste disposal, as well as diffuse sources, like run–off from fields and anthropogenic
effluents.The presence of pharmaceutical compounds such as antibiotics in the ecosystem exists
from almost 30 years before. But, in mid–1990s, when the use of such antibiotics increased at
alarming concentration and their presence became a thing of concern, at this point of time many new
analytical technologies were developed.

The Use Of Polymers
Ever since the first polymer was fabricated in 1907, scientists have been seeking new applications
for classic polymers (Brewer, 2006). Recently, in 2010, an enhanced structure of the photovoltaic
cell (PVC) was proposed: synthesising new polymers from regular polymers for advanced donating
and electron–accepting (D–A) moieties in PVCs (Mike et al., 2010). Also, in 2005, another
additional application for traditional polymers has been discovered. By adding cinnamic acid to a
flexible polymer, a material is produced which changes shape in response to different wavelengths
of ultraviolet (UV) light (Lendlein, 2005). Hence, an 'old' polymer can be taught new applications
and 'tricks' if modified in some way. Polymers, known as plastics, are ... Show more content on
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Likewise, polybenzobisoxazoles (PBBO)s, found in zylon, are multifunctional materials commonly
applied in electrical structures for their high tensile strength, thermal stability, efficient electron
transport, and high electron affinity (Intemann et al., 2011). So, when the thiophene and
benzobisoxazoles (BBO)s from these compounds are combined with other molecules such as
aldehydes, and two new polymers, namely poly[(3,4–didodecylthiopene vinylene)–alt–benzo[1,2–
d;5,4–d']–bisoxazole]–2,6–diyl (PTVcBBO) and poly[(3,4–didodecylthiopene vinylene)–alt–
benzo[1,2–d;4,5–d']bisoxazole]–2,6–diyl (PTVtBBO) are formed, D–A moieties with a low band
gap and high electron transfer are produced (Kim et al., 2015). These moieties are then used to
enhance PVC efficiency and electron transfer. Firstly, the direct conversion of sunlight into energy
using PVCs has been recognised as an imperative component of future global energy production. As
a result of their optical and electrical properties, conjugated organic materials are being suggested to
replace inorganic materials in PVCs due to their ability to manipulate their electron properties
through chemical synthesis (Mike et al., 2010). So, to improve the electrical properties of regular
PVCs, the band gap (the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of
the conduction band) must be lowered

Nanocrystalline Materials Lab Report
Photophysical Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials
Allison Bray, Harsha Rao, David Sanchez
Abstract:
Introduction: Nanoparticles are widely researched because of their size dependent properties that
progressively differ from their bulk formations. Nano, meaning these particles are measured to be
~100 nm or less, are structures where the majority of the atoms are located at the surface of the
particle. This gives nanoparticles a high surface area to volume ratio. In comparison to their bulk
counterparts, when materials are in the nano scale, the physical and chemical properties of these
different materials tend to stray from the norm. These changes allow nanoparticles to be effective in
several fields of science and engineering based research, for example, chemical catalysis. These size
dependent properties will be analyzed through three experiments: (1) absorption and fluorescence
emmission of CdSe nanocrystals, (2) Plasmon resonance of metal nanocrystals, and (3) Raman
scattering and surface enhanced Raman scattering.
Nanoparticle orbitals embody valence bands(bonding) and conduction bands(anti–bonding), where
the space between these two bands is known as the Bohr Exciton Radius. Depending on the number
of molecules in the nanocrystal, this will determine the distance between the valence and conduction
bands. As the size of the nanocrystal decreases the band gap inherently increases. This development
is due to the process of when the nanocrystal decreases in size

Expansion and Contraction of Matter
SMJK AVE MARIA CONVENT
SCIENCE
B6D7E1 – The Principles of expansion and contraction of matter
Name: Lim Li Fern (14)
Class: 1P11
Identification Card No.: 990412–11–5206
Subject teacher: Puan Norlida
Heat does to matter is changes it state. There is something more subtle though that can cause big
problems. Look at this devise. When you heat both this ball and the ring the ring expands like a long
bar of metal. The ball expands less so when they are heated the ball fits through the ring. You may
want to look for these and try this demo as many of you probably have these.
Another neat tool to show the expansion of metals is this bimetal bar. It is made with one metal on
one side and another metal on the other side. One metal expands ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What Happened: The water level was slightly below full. As the water cooled, it contracted causing
the water level to drop. However, there may also be another effect here as well. If you used water
with a lot of bubbles, those bubbles also took up a part of the volume inside the bottles. As the
bubbles eventually floated to the top, they would have decreased the volume slightly. Can you think
of some way to insure that what you are seeing is not a result of the bubbles?
A Major Exception to the Rule
The general rule that has already been stated is that matter expands when heated and contracts when
cooled, but there are a few exceptions. The most important exception is water when it freezes.
Procedure: Fill the bottle to the top with water and replace the cap. Wrap the bottle in several layers
of newspaper and place the bottle and paper in the bag. Put the bag in the freezer and leave it there
until the water freezes.
Remove the bag and paper and examine the bottle. What do you see?

What Happened: The bottle was shattered or very swollen. When water is cooled, whether as a gas
(water vapor), a liquid, or a solid, it will contract. The one major exception to this is when water
reaches the freezing point and changes from liquid water to ice. At that point, the water expands,
rather than contracts. This expansion caused the bottle to break.
The reason water behaves this way has to do with the shape of it's

Solar Cell And Its Industry
Solar Cell and Its Industry The conversion of the sunlight directly into electricity by using the
electronic properties of various suitable materials appears to be an attractive energy conversion
process and more or less an ideal alternative to available conventional energy sources. The solar cell
technology has developed enormously over the last four decades, initially for being used to provide
electrical power for spacecrafts and also more recently for various terrestrial applications. The main
reason for this technological development lies in the realization that traditional fossil energy
resources like coal, oil and gas are not just rapidly depleting, but they also contribute to
unpredictable and probably irreversible climate changes in the approaching future through the
extreme high emission levels of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO2, CO, SO2 and P2O5) and also due to
acidification. The photo voltaic source of energy that is solar irradiation, has the major advantage of
being widely distributed over the world. The solar irradiation falling on the earth's surface is not a
limiting factor and also supersedes our needs by far. Photovoltaic industry has leapfrogged the
barriers over the last three decades from merely being a conceptual industry to a full–fledged
commercial industry. Recent major investments and the on hand manufacturing facilities are only
mainly for silicon based technologies, with more than 93% market share, mainly due to its maturity,
growth and huge

Sample Letter : A Program Director Who Is A Great Resource...
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my deepest appreciation and thanks to both of my advisors Dr. Gamini
Sumanasekera, and Dr. Jacek Jasinski. I am grateful to Dr. Gamini for his great support and
guidance throughout my entire PhD program. In science, he is exceptionally knowledgeable and has
a great drive for developing homemade equipment and experimental setup as they become required
in a project. I am also thankful to Dr. Jasinski whose invaluable mentoring and encouragement were
vital to the completion of this dissertation. I have been inspired by his efforts in contributing to the
scientific community. I would like to acknowledge my Ph.D. committee members Dr. Chakram S.
Jayanthi, Dr. Ming Yu, and Dr. Jinjun Liu for their valuable ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I was lucky to work with wonderful research associates and post–doctoral fellows during my
research. I wish to express a sincere thank you to Dr. Bijandra Kumar, Dr. Ramchandra K. Rao, Dr.
John Samuel Dilip Jangam, Dr. Dominika Ziolkowska, and Dr. Ruvini Dharmadasa. I am thankful to
my former and current labmates, George Anderson, Ruwantha Jayasinghe, Venkat Kalyan Vendra,
Swathi Sunkara, Ruchira Dharmasena, Rong Zhao, Sahar Pishgar, and Brandon Lavery.
My deepest gratitude and love to Farzaneh Hoveyda, my love, life partner, and soulmate who has
been a constant source of encouragement and support. She also helped me in writing this
dissertation through great discussion about various scientific aspects. I am heartily thankful to my
parents, Faramarz, Soroor, and my brother, Misagh, for tremendous emotional support.
ABSTRACT
SYNTHESIS AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY STUDIES OF ENERGY MATERIAL UNDER
HIGH PRESSURE
Meysam Akhtar
April 19, 2017
Recently, high–pressure science and technology has flourished and rapidly advanced to impact a
wide domain of materials and physical sciences. One of the most substantial technological
developments is the integration of samples at ultrahigh pressure with a wide range of in–situ probing
techniques. Applications of extreme pressure have

Recurvatum Deformity
Background Recurvatum following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a spectrum of instability which
is the major cause of late failure. TKA in genu recurvatum deformity has received little attention.
Decreased distal femoral bone cut to reduce extension gap and increased posterior femoral condylar
bone cut to increase flexion gap were proposed to equalize the flexion and extension space. Some
surgeons recommended constrain condylar knee or even hinge knee to deal with the recurvatum
deformity. A specific protocol which revealed quantity of bone under–resection to manage various
degree of recurvatum in TKA has not been reported.
Objectives The specific aim was to investigate the amount of bone under–resection in knee with
various degrees of recurvatum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients with major ligamentous instability and neuromuscular disease were excluded. Recurvatum
deformity were categorized into three group; I: < 5 degrees (n=32), II: 5–9 degrees (n=40), III: > 10
degrees (n=18) as measured by lateral standing full extension knee radiographs. One surgeon
operated all patients using techniques of under–resection distal femur first (2–4 mm) then
downsizing femoral component (3 mm) by increased posterior condylar bone cut then implant the
femoral component 2 mm proud if needed to correct recurvatum deformity. Intraoperatively the
knees were forced to fully extend to confirm that anterior part of tibial post and the lowest part of
intercondylar femoral box did not contact each other. Iliotibial band was palpated after the trial
component was put in place if it was tight which was defined as unable to put the surgeon index
through the space between IT band and the lateral condyle of the femur, it would be pie crusted
released. Eighty four patients had varus deformity with the average of 10 degrees and 6 patients had
valgus deformity with the average of 18 degrees. Genesis II posterior–stabilized implants were used
in all patients. The surgeon prospectively measured and recorded the thickness of distal femoral and
posterior condylar bone cut in the operative records. Knee range of motion, functional score
measured by WOMAC and radiographic evaluation were routinely collected before surgery, at 3
months and yearly follow up. The minimum follow up times was two

Literature Review On African Americans
Abstract: This review will consider the reasons why African American students are often referred for
disciplinary action in comparison to their Caucasian peers as well as the disproportionate academic
achievement gap faced by minority students and students in poverty in comparison to their
Caucasian peers. This article will also discuss the impact of trauma from racial stigma on learning
and behavior, and serve to primarily provide immediate solutions to educators and stakeholders
where African American children can thrive both academically and socially through culturally
reflective instructional practices. This review defines and explains the achievement gap of African
American and minority students and students in poverty in relation to(about)

Nathaniel Mackey's Bedouin Hornbook Essay
Nathaniel Mackey's Bedouin Hornbook
A Bedouin is a nomad and a nomad a wanderer. Nathaniel Mackey seems to wander far and away in
his Bedouin Hornbook, a series of fictional letters addressed to an "Angel of Dust" and signed by
the ambiguous "N." N. interprets passages of improvisation, analyzing others' musical expression in
surprising detail to the point that his unquestioning sincerity and self–assurance are almost
laughable. That N. can glean meaning from music in such a direct and certain manner is problematic
because his tone implies that there is only one correct interpretation of music. In addressing the
issue of how music conveys meaning, Mackey seems to wander in two disparate directions. After
asserting each seemingly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By employing deceptively similar language in these instances, Mackey sets up a parallel between
music and speech that he uses to make his point about how meaning is conveyed through art.
Aunt Nancy not only challenges Lambert's interpretation of the music, but by extension, every
unchallenged musical interpretation N. offers throughout the novel. But Aunt Nancy faces the same
problem as N. when articulating her complaint. While asserting an alternate interpretation, she
assumes a tone that claims hers as singularly true, which seems hypocritical. Since Aunt Nancy
commits the same contradiction as N., Mackey foreshadows a reconciliation of our understanding of
that contradiction.
Mackey first uses the argument between Aunt Nancy and Lambert to assert that improvisation itself
is the goal of music, rather than a device used to carry a separate meaning. The dispute arises when
the group begins to dissect Lambert's solo. While Djamilaa, Penguin and N. are enthusiastic about
the piece, Aunt Nancy sits sulking. When prompted, she divulges a resentment of the "implied attack
on her" regarding her "increased involvement with the violin at the congas' expense" (132). Lambert
disagrees and defends his playing, saying that "he was genuinely sorry that she'd chosen to take the
questions his piece had raised" in that way, though he welcomes the "opportunity to make

Taking a Look at Quantum Dots
To begin with in layman's language or maybe for a person who has limited or little knowledge about
physics, quantum dots are materials that are small but are sufficient to exhibit quantum mechanical
properties. Quantum dots were first discovered in 1980. They exhibit electronic properties which are
between semiconductors and discrete molecules. That is the very reason for the unusually high
surface to volume ratio. The most visible use of quantum dots is in fluorescence where the
nanocrystal is capable of producing different distinctive colors determined by their particle size.
For the more experienced and the more technical personals, Quantum dots are semiconductor
nanostructures confining the motion of the conduction band electrons, the valence band holes or the
excitons and are in all the three spatial directions. The excitons are confined to the three spatial
directions only. There would be a doubt about what excitons is thus the definition; an exciton is a
state or rather a bound state of an electron or a hole which are attracted to each other by the
coulombs force. They are neutral quasiparticles that are generally existent in semiconductors and
also in insulators. They may also be found in some liquids.
The reasons for confinement can be electrostatic potential which can be due to external electrodes,
strain, impurities and doping. According to a lot of research that has been going on in this field, a
quantum dot has a discrete quantized energy spectrum.

Nt1210 Lab Report Paper
The fig.3 and 4 above is a simulated result showing the red is return loss (S11) and blue is insertion
loss (S21) obtained for model. Figure 4 shows the reflection and transmission factor measured for
the range 1 GHz to 4GHz. This result gives that the bandpass characteristics are valid for a wide
range of EM spectrum for communication. In order to get detailed characteristics in the
neighborhood of 2.45 GHz, Figure 4 gives more information needed to the measurement results.
With the 3 dB boundary, we get about 260 MHz bandwidth, and insertion loss of –4.3 dB, with
parametric dimension as given in Table.1. Table1– Comparision table of coupling gap As shown
from table.1, if the resonator gap between two parallel couple microstrips transmission lines is small
then the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It shows that where the current is minimum & maximum. The red colours indicates current is
maximum along the all resonators. 4. Conclusion The simulation result exactly shows better
insertion loss and return loss curves which define the characteristics of a bandpass filter which
operates at 2.45GHz. The pass–band of the filter is fine and free from noise disturbances such as
higher order harmonics, ripples, EMI etc. One of the techniques for BPF designing has been
presented here. By varying the resonator length from 30mm – 34mm, but get better result at the
32mm as it gives much more enhanced bandwidth response over it.The resonator width also
concurrently varied by length from 0.6mm – 1.0mm, but get better result at 0.8mm width as it
improves the more bandwidth. The proposed filter is an efficient, high–performance and flexible
filter. Because of frequency selective nature of BPF, it is used mainly in reception device for
electromagnetic interference reduction. Also the nearer frequency channels are separate out by
proper filtering at particular frequency

Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Essay
On June 1st, 1967, The Beatles released Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, an album that
would not have been created without the influence of psychedelic drugs. These psychedelic drugs
created the energy of the album because of the relationship LSD brought to The Beatles. Before
November of 1966, the band had been divided in half with the people who took LSD (George
Harrison and John Lennon) and the ones who did not (Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr). In
November of 1966, Paul McCartney agreed to try LSD. This agreement closed the gap between the
band. The mended division between the band led to a collective consciousness between the band
members and filled McCartney with a new sense of possibility, both of which were very important
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The record follows the idea of The Beatles being Sergeant Pepper's band, as some sort of alter ego,
and has a beginning, middle, and end. This allowed the band to present themselves as something
new and fresh by adopting the persona of a fake group (Gould 385). The concept album model set
by The Beatles has been used over the past four decades by many other groups. This was not the
only way that the album was revolutionary, though, the diverse compositions that allowed the album
to be a cross between the uniformed brass bands of Lancashire and the ornately named acid–rock
groups of California caused a massive explosion of aesthetics (Gould 418). The contrast of the
instruments and compositions used from song–to–song in the album, namely the soft ambience of
"imported paisley carpets and a haze of smoldering incense" in George Harrison's Indian–influenced
song, "Within You Without You" vs the 40–piece orchestra in "A Day in the Life", set the tone for
many albums to come (Gould 387). The effect Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band had on
the music industry and the people of the 1960s was undeniably huge and it would not have been
possible without the influence of psychedelic

Linear And Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities And...
Linear and Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities and Hyperpolarizability of Borate LiNaB4O7 Single
Crystals: Theory and Experiment
Ali Hussain Reshak, Xuean Chen, S. Auluck and H. Kamarudin
Journal of Applied Physics 2012
Volume 112, Issue 5, Pages 053526 (1 – 11)
Since the successful demonstration of second harmonic generation by a propagation of a ruby laser
beam via a quartz crystal by Franken et al,1 borate materials have been widely studied to employ in
the potential applications such as nonlinear optics (NLO) and laser (mainly in visible and UV light)
engineering.2, 3, 4, 5 Materials with NLO properties are useful for generating new frequency laser
sources that cannot be directly produced from the common laser sources.2 Consequently, NLO
materials have enabled a wider range of frequencies produced from the available laser. Borate
materials have a few great properties, for example, short growth period, high damage threshold,
large effective nonlinear coefficient and good mechanical properties.6 This suggests that borate
materials are well fitted for the purpose of laser frequency conversion. BaB2O4, LiB3O5, CsB3O5
and YCa4(BO3)3O are examples of well–known borate–based NLO crystals.2 An early review on
the comparison of the damage threshold and optical transmittance of these mentioned borate crystal
compounds have been done by Becker in which the use of the favourable anionic group and
birefringence in the borate materials are the essential features needed to produce

Preparation of Semiconducting Thin Films
Abstract:
One is to determine the gap energy of cadmium sulfide semiconductor thin film using the equation:
Eg = h.c/ is the signal of the long wavelength limit of the absorption peaks (measured in the
lab). The reaction between cadmium sulfide and NH3, in the presents of thiourea yield a  of
579(nm). The % error of the reaction is 1.24%.
Introduction:
There are 3 types of metals for electricity conducting: metallic conductor, semiconductor, and
superconductor. Metallic conductors allow the free flow of ions and electrons through a sample; and
its conductivity decreases as the temperature increases.
Semiconductors allow the flow of both ions and electrons through the sample but not completely
free; and its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The higher the gap band energy, the lower the conductivity. The energy (Eg) of cadmium sulfide
calculated was 3.92×10–19J which corresponds to 2.45 eV.
Reference:
http://www.veeco.com/learning/learning_lattice.asp
URFE." LoveToKnow 1911 Online Encyclopedia. © 2003, 2004 LoveToKnow.
http://46.1911encyclopedia.org/U/UR/URFE.htm. Experimental Exercises in Introductory Inorganic
Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Concordia University, Montreal, Canada;
Chemistry 241 Wet Labs Manual, p 6–1 to 6–8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide

Interest Rate Risk
Interest Rate Risk (IRR) Management
What is Interest Rate Risk :
Interest rate risk is the risk where changes in market interest rates might adversely affect a bank's
financial condition. The management of Interest Rate Risk should be one of the critical components
of market risk management in banks. The regulatory restrictions in the past had greatly reduced
many of the risks in the banking system. Deregulation of interest rates has, however, exposed them
to the adverse impacts of interest rate risk.
What is the Impact of IRR: The immediate impact of changes in interest rates is on the Net Interest
Income (NII). A long term impact of changing interest rates is on the bank's networth since the
economic value of a bank's assets, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These policies should be applied on a consolidated basis and, as appropriate, at the level of
individual affiliates, especially when recognising legal distinctions and possible obstacles to cash
movements among affiliates. Principle 5: It is important that banks identify the risks inherent in new
products and activities and ensure these are subject to adequate procedures and controls before being
introduced or undertaken. Major hedging or risk management initiatives should be approved in
advance by the board or its appropriate delegated committee. Risk measurement, monitoring and
control functions
Principle 6: It is essential that banks have interest rate risk measurement systems that capture all
material sources of interest rate risk and that assess the effect of interest rate changes in ways that
are consistent with the scope of their activities. The assumptions underlying the system should be
clearly understood by risk managers and bank management. Principle 7: Banks must establish and
enforce operating limits and other practices that maintain exposures within levels consistent with
their internal policies.
Principle 8: Banks should measure their vulnerability to loss under stressful market conditions –
including the breakdown of key assumptions – and consider those results when establishing and
reviewing their policies and limits for interest rate risk. Principle 9: Banks must have

Organic Semiconductors Abstract
Organic semiconductors
Abstract:
This paper covers advantages of organic semiconductors over the conventional one's and also the
use of organic semiconductors and polymers to make OLED's and PLED's.
Introduction:
An organic semiconductor is an organic material with semiconductor properties. They can be
divided into single molecules, oligomers or polymers. Many organic materials are very colorful and
these materials interact very strongly with light. Due to this reason they are used in applications like
light emitting diodes and photo voltaic cells. Although these materials are not intended to replace
silicon–based technologies, organic semiconductors can help to realize fully flexible devices for
television displays, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. Production: organic materials can be produced with relative ease as compared to conventional
semiconductors as it does not involve the need of high temperatures which requires lot of energy.
6. Encapsulation: organic devices have to be protected from any kind of environmental influences.
Hence they are encapsulated in between two plastic foils other such materials also can be used to
protect them. [1]
Charge transport in organic semiconductors:
Various materials are available that transport either electrons or holes. This distinction does not rely
on the actual ability of materials to transport charges ( ie. On the actual value of charge mobility).
But rather reflects the ease of charge injection from electrodes traditionally used in devices. In that
context, a material is often referred to as a hole [electron] transporter when its ionization energy
[electron affinity] closely matches the Fermi level of the electrode material. Materials that transport
both electrons and holes are also available nowadays these materials are called ambipolar transport
materials.[2]
The charge transport in organic materials is similar to that in the conventional semiconductors, the
charge carriers (electrons or holes) have to overcome the barrier potential formed at the junction of
metal and the semiconductor. The carriers are then injected into the organic semiconductor layer.

Characterization Of Photo Catalysts : Raman Spectroscopy
Results & Discussions: Characterization of photo–catalysts: Raman Spectroscopy:
Figure (2) shows the Raman spectrum of prepared activated carbon (AC). The sample shows the
characteristic D and G carbon peaks at 1380 cm−1 and 1585 cm−1, respectively. In simple terms,
for carbon materials, the D peak intensity correlates with defects in the carbon lattice and is linked
to the extent of sp3 hybridization while the G peak arises from the graphitic network and extent of
sp2 hybridization. ID/IG = 0 .663, it is smaller than 1, so the structures are considered to show a
higher concentration of sp2 hybridization (i.e. extended graphitic character). Moreover, the ratio is
close to 1 then the material is considered to have a more amorphous structure with a mixture of sp2
and sp3 hybridization. In this case, where ID/IG is close to 1, the presence of a 2D peak, further
associated to interactions between graphene–like planes, suggests a strong graphitic component.
Figure (2): The Raman spectrum of AC. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE–SEM):
The activated carbon was scanned by scanning electron microscopy .Figure (3) showed that the
prepared activated carbon had an irregular spherical and porous surface, which indicated high
surface area.
Figure (3): FE–SEM of AC.
Figure (4) showed the FE–SEM images of neat TiO2 (a) and 70TiO2–AC (b, c). Titania in TiO2–AC
composite has distributed in carbon framework along the entire and external surface of the carbon

Carbon Is The Fastest Most Abundant Element On Earth
Introduction: Carbon is the fourth most abundant element on Earth. It has many practical uses in a
variety of different areas of science. Due to the wide variety of structures, which all have different
properties, there are a variety of uses. Carbon is an element with the most allotropes, next to sulfur.
The allotropes greatly differ in structure but are all widely used in modern production. Graphite,
diamond and fullerenes are the three allotropes of carbon. Graphite has lubricating properties which
makes it useful in pencils. The lubricating property exists due to the six membered rings existing in
planes that can easily slide past one another. Graphite is the most thermodynamically stable
allotrope at ordinary conditions. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term graphene should be used only when the reactions, structural relations or other properties of
individual layers are discussed." While graphene has become one of the leading researched materials
in electronics it was found that large area graphene does not have as many useful properties as
graphene nanoribbons. The nanoribbons are graphene that has a finite width.
Background:
The discovery of graphene was given credit to the director of the center for Mesoscience and
Nanotechnology at the University of Manchester, Andre Geim and his colleague Kostya Novoselev.
The paper was published in October 2004 in Science Magazine. The title of the paper was "Electric
field effect in atomically thin carbon films." The paper has become one of the most cited papers in
material physics. Around the time of the discovery, carbon nanotubes was an interesting area of
research. Geim was also interested in carbon nanotubes but had an idea about using them in an
unfolded configuration. With the idea for the unfolded nanotubes he took a graphite block and
polished it. After the block was polished Scotch tape was used to peel the top layer away. After
pulling away the tape only flakes of graphite were left on the tape. The process was repeated
applying more tape to the

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