11. • Deccan Plateau, rocky, dry
center btw Ghats (little
moisture, blocked by mts)
• Thar Desert to East(80-100
degrees)
• Rainforest
along West
coast
• Coastal plains
12. • Major rivers flow from HK
& Him mtns:
• Indus River flows thru
Pakistan into
Arabian Sea
(Indus Valley
home to
early civ)
13.
14. • Ganges River-flows to Bay
of Bengal, w/ many
branches. (Holy river)
• Brahmaputra goes E across
India
to Ganges
• Plains area
btw rivers
is fertile!
15.
16.
17. MONSOONS
• Monsoon: (seasonal winds
from June-Sept. Temp
rises, air heats, moist air
blows in from ocean,
brings heavy rain).
Unpredictable!
*Cyclones too!
18.
19.
20.
21. Indus Valley Civilizations
• Little is known (writing not
deciphered)
• Dev 2500 BC
• Over 100
settlements
(Harappa &
Mohenjo-Daro biggest)
23. 4.Citadel (fortified area)
has major buildings(temple,
granary,royals?)
5. 30 ft wide,
straight streets
(e-w & n-S),
cross at right
angles
24.
25. 6. Walls divide residential
districts, homes vary in
size (houses laid out in
block units w/ lanes in btw)
26.
27. • Modern plumbing & sewage
(had bathrooms)
• Toilets of brick w/ wood
seat, pipes connect to
each house w/ waste
flowing into underground
sewage system & into pits
outside of city walls
28.
29. Harappan Culture
• Written language of 400
symbols (found on carved
stone stamps & seals).Animals
on everything
• Religion-maybe theocracy?
• Statues of mother goddess, fertility images, maybe shiva, worship bull
30. • Had potters wheel, made
beautiful jugs, statues etc
• Made toys, jewelry
31.
32. Don’t Write
• Grew wheat barley, cotton,
(could weave into cloth)
• Trade all over region (Persia, Dec Pla,
Afghan) using Indus & Arabian Sea to
trade w/ Meso, Egypt & maybe Crete)
• Traded bright cloth,
copper lumber for gold,
silver, semiprecious
stones
33. • Don’t Write!
• Disappear slowly
ca 2000 BC. Why?
• Tectonic plates
shift, cause floods,
earthquakes, change course of
Indus, changes in climate, farming
dries up?
• May have moved
on into India
36. • Had iron weapons & horses
• Est own govt (individual
tribes elect chief & tribal
council) Combined to form
small kingdoms led by Rajah)
• Brought metalworking,
horses, bronze weapons
• No writing system
• Adopted other cultures
37. Vedic Age- 1500
• Brought Vedas, 4 collections
of religious beliefs, prayers,
spells & ritual instructions
(Rig Veda most
important)
• Not written,
passed along
40. THE CASTE SYSTEM
• Caste: strict religious &
social class/order
• You are BORN into caste
& cannot move out of
caste in THIS life.
• caste is a result of
karma from previous life.
41. THE CASTES
UNTOUCHABLES
Outside of caste, street cleaners, butchers, grave diggers, unclean
jobs
42. Caste System
• Strict rules:
Can’t marry
or associate
w/ people
outside of
caste,
determines
job, clothes,
manners &
even food
43. THE BELIEFS
• People suffer from pain &
sorrow b/c they chase false
goals (material goods)
• Goal is MOKSHA- free soul
from body so soul can join
the ATMAN (universal soul)
• CANNOT reach MOKSHA in
1 life, need reincarnation.
44. CYCLE OF REBIRTH
• Reincarnation is a cycle
of REBIRTH of soul
(reborn over & over until
overcome your
weaknesses)
• KARMA- belief all good &
bad actions, mental or
physical, affect people’s
fate in next life.
45. • DHARMA- duty: every Hindu
has obligations to their
CASTE
• Can improve
your position in
next life by
fulfilling duties
in this life.
• Present life is
result past behavior
48. • Vishnu- preserver of universe
• All-Pervading essence of all beings, the
master of past, present & future, one who
supports, sustains &
governs Universe &
originates & develops
all elements within.
49. • Krishna-god/child prankster in
Mahabharata
• Ganesha is the Remover
• of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings
(patron of arts and sciences,
intellect & wisdom)
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. BUDDHISM
• 563 BC: Prince
Siddhartha
Gautama born
in Nepal.
• Raised to be
king, wealthy,
sheltered.
56. THE PRINCE
• Prince leaves palace & realizes
world is full of pain & misery.
• Sees poor, sick & elderly & dead
• Wants to find answer why & how
to stop it.
• Travels
world &
meditates
under tree for
49 days.
57. THE BUDDHA
• Prince found
answers.
• Became known as
the Buddha, the
“Enlightened One”
as he traveled the
world to teach his
beliefs.
58. THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
1. Everyone suffers
2. Cause of suffering is desire
(riches objects
attachments)
3. Only way to end suffering
is crush desire
4. Way to end desire is to
follow the Noble 8 Fold
Path
59.
60.
61.
62. NIRVANA
• Goal is to reach
NIRVANA- a
condition of
wanting
nothing, a
calmness, great
insight &
happiness.
63.
64. Theravada Buddhism Don’t write
The oldest school of Buddhism, found in s Asia.
The monastic life is the best way
to achieve nirvana.
Focus on wisdom and meditation.
Goal is to become a “Buddha,” or “Enlightened One.”
Over 100,000,000 followers today.
Mahayana Buddhism
The “Great Vehicle.”
Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan).
Buddhism “for the masses.”
Seek guidance from Boddhisatvas, wise beings.
Goal: Not just individual escape from the wheel,
but the salvation of all humanity through self-
sacrifice of those enlightened few.
65. Don’t Write!!!!Jainism
• Founded by Mahavira 599-527 BC
• All living things have a soul &
should not be harmed
• Tolerance of other religions
• Occupations cannot harm others
• encourages spiritual development
thru cultivation of one's own
personal wisdom & reliance on self
control thru 5 vows (Mahavareta)
66.
67. India 1500-1000
• Small kingdoms, no unity
• Different religions &
beliefs
• Magadha:
Indo-Aryan
kingdom runs
N India
68. • 326 BC: Alexander the
Great extends empire over
India (huge battle 12,000
Greeks die, but still wins)
69.
70. Maurya Empire
• 323 BC: Chandragupta
Maurya conquers Maghda
kingdom & Macedonian
satrapies.
• Unites India &
sets Pataliputra
as capital
*Paranoid!
71.
72. • Fights Selecus (Alex’s,
successor), wins. Sel Gives up
Afghan & Pakistan. Marries
his daughter to unite
kingdoms, gets Egyptian,
Greek ambassadors on court.
73. • Chanakya (advisor) wrote
Arthasastra, guide to
running empire
• Built bureaucratic govt w/
4 provinces each headed
by princes. Divided into
local districts to assess &
enforce taxes. Use Spies
• Became Jainist, dumped
throne on son.
74. Asoka
• Grandson of Chan M
• Conqueror, but felt sorrow
when 100,000 die attacking
Kalinga.
• Converts to Buddhism
• Teachings written on pillars,
urged rel toleration, preach
non-violence, monks sent all
over Asia
75.
76. • Don't write!
• Built roads, improved
conditions(every 9 miles houses, wells 4 rest)
• public health care for humans
& animals, improvements in
agriculture, est wildlife
reserves,
• Wanted moral, spiritual, &
social renewal. Reformed
administrative &
judicial systems of India
77. • Fell apart on his death as
Greeks,Persians,Asians invade
• ends 184 BC, w/ 500 yrs of
turmoil (s.India has 3
kingdoms) “There is no better work
than promoting the
welfare of the world.
Whatever be my great
deeds, I have done them
in order to discharge my
debt to all beings."
78. Golden Age of India
• 320 AD Chandra Gupta, local
chief, marries princess & rule
from Magadha (Pataliputra)
(Empire covers anges & Indus)
• Son Samudra focused on arts &
expands empire
• Chandra Gupta II- strengthened
empire thru diplomatic &
marriage alliances
79.
80.
81. • Don’t Write!!!
• relied heavily on infantry archers, The Hindu
version of the longbow was composed of metal,
or more typically bamboo, & fired a long bamboo
cane arrow with a metal head
• Iron shafts were used against
armored elephants& fire arrows
used by archers
• Archers protected by infantry
equipped with shields, javelins, & long swords.
• Had knowledge of siege craft, & catapults
85. • Late 400s, Huns (from c
Asia) raid
• By 600 AD Gupta
fall
• Descendents of
Huns became
wealthy warrior
princes called
Rajputs
86. • 600 years
of
invasions
w/ civil
wars as
Indian
princes
fight 1
another
87. Muslim invaders
• Muslim leaders start to
invade around 1000 AD.
• Mahmud of Ghazni is SULTAN
(authority), 1st
to have that
title, invades
India,
88.
89. *Invasions directed at
temple towns to steal
wealth & jewels, destroy,
take slaves & break will
of Hindus
• Some towns were
conquered & left in
control of Hidu, Buddhist
or Jains as vassal states
90.
91. • Others invade
• Sultan Aibak Kutbuddin
est sultanate or
kingdom of Delhi.
• Next 400 years, 33 sultans
rule from Delhi Sultanate
• 100s killed, cruel
to Hindus
94. • Babur-born in Uzbekistan -
leader at 12, loses power.
Conquers north, is a Muslim
descendent of Tam & Genghis
Khan .
• Brilliant general.
(led 12,000 troops against
100,000 sultan & an army of
.
rajputs
• Est Mogul empire
95.
96. Don’t write!!!
• Babur is said to have been extremely strong &physically fit.
Would carry 2 men, 1 on each of his shoulders, & then climb
slopes on the run, just for exercise.
• Legend holds that Babur swam across every major river he
encountered, including twice across the Ganges River
• Lovedto kill people, cut heads of people and create pillars out of
cut heads
97. Akbar the Great
• Grandson of Babur
(1556-1605)
1. expanded military
power
2.Used heavy
artillery, cannons,
appt rajputs as
officers (mix
cultures, turn
enemies into allies)
98. “a monarch should
ever be intent on
conquest,
otherwise his
neighbor rise in
arms against him”
99.
100. 3.Muslim, urged religious
tolerance
4. Bureaucratic officials
were both native & foreign
5.Officials trained for civil
service
6. Taxed on graduated system
to be fair
7.Acted as judge, heard cases
101. *Persian main lang, but others
develop. (Urdu grows out of
soldier camps)
*Work carefully w/
Portuguese &
Ottoman empire
*Patron of art,
architecture,
translated works
102. Shah Jahan
• Shah Jahan- grandson of
Akbar. Killed rivals
• Loved architecture
& wife
• Mumtaz Mahal
died in 1631 during
childbirth of 14 th kid
103. • Spent 22 years, w/ 20,000
laborers building Taj Mahal
as a monument to Mumtaz
• Country suffers from
neglect, hi taxes for Taj &
luxuries instead of roads,
irrigation
• 1657 4 sons fight
112. Shah Jahan’s throne was shaped like a bed, standing on
tall table legs with 2 or 3 steps leading up to it.
Western visitors
to Delhi in the
17th century
measured the bed
part to being
1.8 by 1.2 meters
, From its bars rose
12 columns
supporting a canopy
. It was decorated
with 108 rubies,
116 emeralds and
numerous pearls.
113. • DON’T WRITE!!!!!!!!!!!!
• The Shah’s army during this time?
• 440,000 infantry, musketeers &
artillery
• 185,000 Sowars commanded by
princes and nobles
• Marwari horse, colorful,strong
• Mughal Cannons were mass
produced
• Empire became a huge military
machine
114.
115. Aurangzeb
• Aurangzeb- during civil war,
kills brother & arrests dad
• 1658-1707 extends
empire, but loses
power. Drained
resources, money
*Didn’t keep alliances
116. • Intolerant of other
religions
• Enforce Muslim laws
• Tax on non-muslims
• No new Hindu temples.
• Censors, heavy taxes
• killed leader of
Sikhs (who rebel)
• Rajputs rebel
117. *Don’t’ Write!!!
His son tried to rebel, driven to Persia
• Start to break apart into small kingdoms
after his death
• .Port, Dutch, FR & BR start to come in
during empire, eventually take over
(moguls done by 1857-1858)
