2. (Double final consonant before -ed, -ing, -
er, -en, -est)
travel, travelled
stop, stopped, stopping
permit, permitted
forgot, forgotten

3. silent e at the end of a word. Remove silent e
before -ing
hope, hoping
make, making
use, using

4. ee
meet, feet, steep
ei (sounds like ee)
believe ( BUT i before e except after C) – receive
ea (sounds like ee)
eat, seat, creature, peach
ea (sounds like ai)
bear
ai (same sound as a - e)
air, explain
be careful of homophones (hair, hare; fare, fair)
oa (same sound as o - e)
soap

5. ou words
loud
aloud
count
foul
trousers
our
house
mouth
ow words
allow
cow
towel
owl

6. au words
August
autumn
author
fault
sauce
astronaut
aw words (tends to be in short words/at the end of words) .
law
crawl
thaw
drawl

7. silent k
knee
knuckle
know
knight
w words with silent h
who
what
where
when
why
whether
r words with silent h
rhyme
rhythm
rhetorical
silent g
gnome

8. silent gh (makes long vowel)
bought
thought
high
right
ff sound
cough
rough
tough
laugh

9. For most plurals, simply add an S
Words ending consonant y go to -ies
baby, babies
lady, ladies
family, families
hobby, hobbies
For words ending vowel + y just add s
donkey, donkeys
valley, valleys
boy, boys
Irregular plurals
child, children
sheep, sheep
person, people

10. Words ending in f often change to ves
shelf, shelves
loaf, loaves
leaf, leaves
Add -es to words ending in ch, sh, s, ss, x, zz
witch, witches
bus, buses
box, boxes
Nouns ending in o
If a vowel comes before o, just add an s
zoo, zoos
patio, patios
If a consonant comes before the o, add -es
potato, potatoes
hero, heroes
EXCEPTION -words from Italian - musical words like
piano and cello