This document provides rules for forming plurals in English. It lists common singular and plural noun pairs and explains how to make nouns plural by adding "s", "es", or other suffixes depending on whether the singular form ends in a consonant or vowel. There are also notes on irregular plurals and nouns that stay the same in both singular and plural form. Exceptions to the standard rules are highlighted.

1. PLURAL NOUNS

2. Singular
(one)
Plural
(more than one)
one dog
one watch
one mouse
two dogs
three watches
three mice

3. Add “s”
Singular Plural
one dog two dogs
one door two doors

4. Add “-s”
Singular Plural
one cap two caps
one chair two chairs

5. Singular Plural
“-S”, “-SS”,”-CH”,
”-SH”,”-X”
bus
dress
brush
buses
dresses
brushes
Add “-es”

6. Singular Plural
watch
fox
watches
foxes
sandwich sandwiches
Add “-es”

7. Singular Plural
baby babies
Consonant + Y
butterfly butterflies
Add “-ies”

8. Singular Plural
strawberry strawberries
ferry ferries
Consonant + Y Add “-ies”

9. Singular Plural
toy toys
monkey monkeys
Vowel + Y Add “-s”

10. Singular Plural
key keys
boy boys
Vowel + Y Add “-s”

11. Singular Plural
kangaroo kangaroos
hippo hippos
“-o” Add “-s”

12. Exceptions:
Singular Plural
flamingo flamingoes
tomato tomatoes
Add “-es”

13. Exceptions:
Singular Plural
potato potatoes
hero heroes
Add “-es”

14. Exceptions:
Singular Plural
mango
zero
mangos
zeros
Add “-s” or “-es”

15. Exceptions:
Singular Plural
mango mangoes
zero zeroes
Add “-s” or “-es”

16. Singular Plural
knife knives
“-fe” Add “-ves”
life lives

17. Singular Plural
loaf loaves
“-f”
leaf leaves
Add “-ves”

18. Exceptions:
Singular Plural
chef chefs
roof roofs
Add “-s”

19. Singular
Plural
man
woman
person
men
women
people
Irregular

20. child
tooth
foot
children
teeth
feet
mouse mice
Singular
Plural
Irregular

21. Singular Plural
reindeer reindeer
fish fish
The same

22. Singular Plural
sheep sheep
salmon salmon
The same

23. Singular Plural
pants pants
scissors scissors
Always plural

24. Singular Plural
sandals sandals
binoculars binoculars
Always plural

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