When Things will Speak "Web" (Lecture)

When Things will Speak « Web » Architecture, Challenges and Business Opportunities for a Dominique Guinard, ETH Zurich & SAP Research Lecture for Lancaster University, UK. 18.02.2010

MOTIVATION
Do we really need a Web of Things?
[http://www.flickr.com/photos/moragcasey/]

Embedded Devices Invade us!
Emergence of the physical Web:
Embedded devices get more ubiquitous.
They are also getting connected to the Internet.
Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

Problem: How to Achieve a (Re-)Composable Web of Things?
Huge eco-system of embedded devices.
About 1000 smart objects / person:
and… about 1000 systems to use them and build applications on top of them.
How do we enable tech savvys and companies to create applications on top of this eco-system?
Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research “ re-think the way we design computing systems in order to take into account the >1000 smart objects per people we will soon have to deal with.” David Orban, Open Spime

Contribution: Web of Things (WoT) in a Nutshell
Creating a Web of Things by:
Connecting embedded devices to the Internet (IP) [Hui08].
Having them embedding a Web-Server.
Modelling their services in a Resource Oriented manner (RESTful API) so that they become first-class citizens of the World Wide Web!
Benefits:
Ease the building of applications on top of embedded devices.
Get a lot of the features/services of the Web almost for free:
bookmarking, caching, linking, searching, securing etc.
Twitter, Atom, blogs, social networks, visualization APIs, maps, etc.
And enable physical mashups:
dynamic, ad-hoc composite applications involving real-world devices
[Hui08] Hui, Jonathan W., and David E. Culler. “IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks.” In Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems, 15-28. Raleigh, NC, USA: ACM, 2008.

Enable Real-World Mashups REST REST URL PHP REST API [http://www.pachube.com] [http://www.webothings.com/energievisible] REST [http://www.clickscript.ch] JavaScript Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

Today’s Menu
Motivation
A Web Oriented Architecture for the Real World
Protoypes and Applications
WoT and the Business
Challenges for a seamless WoT
[http://www.flickr.com/photos/lessio/1346732230/ ] Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

A WEB ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE FOR THE REAL WORLD
Push the Web down to devices!
[ http://www.flickr.com/photos/julianbleecker ]

1) Connecting Embedded Devices to the Internet IPv6 lowpan [3] Vlad Trifa, Samuel Wieland, Dominique Guinard, Thomas Michael Bohnert: Design and Implementation of a Gateway for Web-based Interaction and Management of Embedded Devices. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Sensor Network Engineering (IWSNE 09). Marina del Rey, CA, USA, June 2009 Non IP devices Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

2) Resource Oriented Embedded Devices REST in a Nutshell
Resources
Their names (URIs).
Their representations (JSON, XHTML).
Links between them.
A uniform interface (HTTP).
REPRESENTATION HTTP URI Links Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

2.1.) Resource Design
Thanks to their atomicity services on embedded devices are quite adapted to Resource-Oriented Architectures.
Root: http://webofthings.com/
Resources:
Spots: http://webofthings.com/spots
Spot 2: http://webofthings.com/spots/2
Light Sensor: http://webofthings.com/spots/2/sensors/light
Led Actuator: http://webofthings.com/spots/2/actuators/led/

2.2) Representation Design
XHTML as default, ideal for browsing:
http://webofthings.com/spots
JSON, ideal for parsing:
http://webofthings.com/spots.json
XML, ideal for integration with business systems:
http://webofthings.com/spots.xml

2.3. Uniform Interface
HTTP Verbs: What do you want to do?
GET: retrieve the representation of a resource:
Current consumption of an electricity sensor.
PUT: update a resource:
Turn a device on/off.
DELETE: remove a resource:
Delete a threshold on a senors, shut a device down.
POST: create a subordinate:
Create a new feed to trace the location of a tagged object.
HTTP Headers: What type of data are you sending me/requesting?
Metadata:
Content type: application/json, text/html, etc.
Status:
200 OK, 201 Create, 400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized

Today’s Menu
Motivation

APPLICATIONS AND PROTOTYPES
Let’s get concrete!
[http://www.flickr.com/photos/lpettinati/]

The « Energie Visible » Project
Help people better understanding the energy consumption of devices.
Monitor and control your energy consumption at home.
Fully integrate the monitoring and control to the web.
webofthings.com/energievisible
Gateway Level: Web server and RESTful API Sensor Level: Ploggs Device Level: Appliances Client Level: Web/Mobile App Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

Talk to devices: The WEB Way Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

Energy « Mashups »
Energie Visible Control and Visualization Interface [Gui09] :
JavaScript (GWT) page.
E-meter iPhone [Wei09] Interface:
Objective C program.
[http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/res/show.html?what=emeter_demo
[Wei09] Markus Weiss, Dominique Guinard, Thorsten Staake, and Wolf Roediger, eMeter: An interactive energy monitor. Proceedings of Ubicomp 2009.
[Gui09] Dominique Guinard, Vlad Trifa Towards the Web of Things: Web Mashups for Embedded Devices. In proceedings of WWW 2009.

Demo Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

RESTful SunSPOTs
Web-enabling the Sun SPOT platform:
All sensors and actuators become resources.
Two implementation:
Web-server on the nodes.
Web-server on the gateway.
[http://www.sunspotworld.com]
[GuiSpot09] Dominique Guinard, Vlad Trifa, Thomas Pham, Olivier Liechti. Towards Physical Mashups in the Web of Things. Proceedings of IEEE INSS 2009

Physical-Physical Mashup: Ambient Energy Meter
Create an ambient device that can assess the energy consumption of the current place it is in.
Mashup of:
The RESTful Ploggs
The RESTful Sun Spots
The Smart Gateways.

FAT: Friends and Things
Sharing platform for the WoT:
Discovery, share and advertise things with friends (e.g. Facebook), relatives and colleagues (e.g. LinkedIn).
Aggregate feeds from several sensors using ATOM.
Based on social networks APIs.
http://tiny.cc/sac315
[GuiFAT10] Dominique Guinard, Mathias Fischer, Vlad Trifa . Sharing Using Social Networks in a Composable Web of Things. Proc. of the first IEEE Conference on the Web of Things (WoT 2010).

Mobile Energy Mashup Editor
RESTful Framework allowing the creation of physical mashups:
« Turn the heating off when I’m more than two KMs away from home ».
Workflow engine based on Ruote (Ruby).
Interface between devices and the Web.
Mashup editor on Android.

Today’s Menu
Motivation

WOT AND THE BUSINESS
Business Opportunities
[http://www.flickr.com/photos/daviddmuir/]

Forcasts
Specialists talk about a market of $4.6 billion for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2011 [OnWorld07]
This does not take into account Web-enabled consumer electronics.
Clear trend for the Ubiquitous Web.
[OnWorld07] M. Hatler, D. Gurganious, C. Chi, and M. Ritter, “WSN for Smart Industries,” OnWorld Study, 2007. [Online]. Available on: www.onworld.com
[Trends for Web of Things and Internet of Things on www.google.com] Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

Actors of the (future) WoT Market
« Smart Gateway » providers:
There corporation (ex-Nokia), Oberon.ch, Netgear, Arimaz, ioBridge, etc.
The OSGi folks.
Energy dedicated gateways:
Apple, Energy Optimizers
[http://therecorporation.com/] [http://www.netgear.com] [http://www.iobridge.com] [http://www.arimaz.com] Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

« Smart Things » manufacturers:
Consumer « gadgets »:
Violet, Chumby, Poken, Arimaz
Sensors/actuators nets:
Phidget, SunSPOTs, Sentilla, etc.
Energy Monitoring and Management:
Energy Optimizers, DiyKyoto, Current Cost, etc.
[http://violet.net/] [http://www.chumby.com] [http://www.plogginternational.com/] [http://www.diykyoto.com/] Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

« Software » companies:
Pachube
Google:
Power Meter
Visualization API
SAP:
SAP MII, AII
Oberon.ch
Yaler.net
[http://www.google.org/powermeter] [http://www.pachube.com] [http://www.sap.com] [http://code.google.com/apis/charttools] Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

Today’s Menu
Motivation

CHALLENGES FOR A SEAMLESS WOT
Where do we go from there?
[http://www.flickr.com/photos/parmiter/] Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

Beware, WoT is coming!
The vision [Kindberg02] of our everyday physical world merging with the World Wide Web is becoming a reality.
There is a need for standards or at least good practices.
The REST architectural style is a good candidate!
Yes! But…
[Kindberg02] Kindberg, Tim, John Barton, Jeff Morgan, Gene Becker, Debbie Caswell, Philippe Debaty, Gita Gopal, et al. “People, places, things: web presence for the real world.” Mob. Netw. Appl. 7, no. 5 (2002): 365-376.

A Word About Client-Servers
REST over HTTP (i.e. client pull) on/for embedded devices is good for control scenarios (e.g. actuation).
Monitoring scenarios (e.g. sensing) speak for device/gateway push.
Atom can help, but clients still pull data.
« Web-flavored » alternatives exist and have to be further explored:
Pubsubhubbub, Comet, Webhooks, XMPP, etc.

And a Word about Discovery
Another important challenge is discovery and search of Web-enabled things:
How to understand what a thing provides beyond what is described by its REST API?
How to search for things in an ecoystem of billion of devices?
Here also, Web-flavored solutions are being developed:
Microformats, Semantic Web, RDFa, etc.

Thanks a lot for your attention
Contact:
Dominique Guinard
dguinard a t ethz.ch
www.guinard.org
Special thanks to:
Thomas Pham, Mathias Fischer, Azulena Aguilar, Vlad Trifa, …
Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research www.webofthings.com

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When Things will Speak "Web" (Lecture)

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