1. Revolutions of the
19th century
Chapter 23, Lessons 1 & 2
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2. Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815
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3. Nationalism and
Political Revolutions
GUIDING QUESTIONS How did liberalism and nationalism present a
challenge to conservatism in Europe during the 1830s and 1840s? What
were the results of the revolutionary uprisings that occurred throughout
Europe in 1848?
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4. Revolutions of 1830s
Place Cause Effect
French liberals overthrew the Bourbon
France liberalism monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy.
Belgian nationalists rose up against Dutch
Belgium nationalism
control and created an independent state.
Russian authorities crushed a nationalist
Poland nationalism uprising and blocked efforts to establish
an independent Poland.
Austrian troops put down nationalist
Italy nationalism
revolts in various Italian states.
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5. The French Revolutions
1789 1830 1848
The peasants resented their
poverty, the feudal system, and Charles X dissolved the An economic depression that
the wealth of the bourgeoisie; Chamber of Deputies and began in 1846 brought
the bourgeoisie wanted the planned new elections for the suffering to the lower-middle
Causes right to vote; the country was Chamber; caused most voters class, workers, and peasants;
nearly bankrupt; crop failures to lose their right to vote; and and Louis Philippe refused to
caused food shortages; and took away freedom of the extend the vote to members
the ideas of the philosophes press. of the middle class.
held sway.
Government
Republic Constitutional monarchy Republic
after revolution
Before: King Louis XVI Before: King Louis Philippe
Leaders (before Before: King Charles X
After: First Consul Napoleon After: President Louis-
and after) After: King Louis Philippe
Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte
Members of the Chamber of
The National Constituent
Peers were now nominated,
Assembly was formed,
instead of inheriting their
abolished feudalism and
seats; voting rights were The Second Republic had a
tithing, wrote the Declaration
extended to more property- constitution, a president, a
of the Rights of Man and of
Changes owning men; the importance single legislative body, and (for
the Citizen, and expanded
of the Roman Catholic a while) universal male
suffrage; the National
Church was diminished; and suffrage.
Convention, which was
special tribunals and
formed later, formed the
censorship were no longer
Republic
permitted.
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6. Impact on German States
• Demand for change led German rulers to promise
reforms.
• Frankfurt Assembly failed to unify Germany.
• Demonstrations broke out in Austria.
• Revolutionaries demanded independence for Hungary and
Bohemia.
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7. Impact on Central Europe
• Within the Austrian Empire, the German-speaking
Hapsburgs ruled a wide variety of nationalities.
• In 1848, demonstrations erupted in major cities.
• After making some concessions to the revolutionaries, the
Austrian government moved to reassert its control.
• By 1849, the revolutionaries had been defeated.
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8. Impact on Italian States
• Italy consisted of nine states, divided among European
powers.
• In 1848, Italian revolutionaries sought liberal
constitutions and a unified Italy.
• Through liberal constitutions, revolutionaries hoped to
gain more self-determination for the Italian people.
• By 1849, the revolutionaries had failed, with the old order
prevailing.
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10. Nationalism, Unification
and Reform
GUIDING QUESTIONS What led to the unification of Italy and Germany
after the revolution of 1848? What were the political climates in Great
Britain. France, Austria and Russia? How did nationalism influence events
in the United States during the 1800s?
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11. The Crimean War
Russia wanted access to southern ports.
Russia invaded the Turkish provinces of Moldavia and Walachia in 1853.
The Ottoman Turks declared war on Russia.
Great Britain, France and Austria sided with the Turks.
Russia was defeated in 1856.
Russia and Austria became enemies, and the concert of Europe was destroyed.
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16. Changes in Great Britain after 1848
Why didn’t the revolutions in Europe affect Great Britain?
• Gave vote to industrial middle class.
• Made social and political reforms.
• Enjoyed economic prosperity.
• Developed strong sense of nationalism.
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17. Changes in France after 1848
• Restoration of monarchy (Second Empire) under
Napoleon III.
• Brief period of prosperity.
• Construction of railroads, harbors and canals.
• Rebuilding of Paris.
• Fall of Second Empire in 1870.
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18. Changes in Austria and Russia after 1848
Austria:
• Austria was defeated by Prussia in 1866.
• Compromise of 1867 created a dual monarchy of Austria-
Hungary.
Russia:
• Alexander II attempted reforms.
• Serfs were freed but impoverished.
• Impatient reformers assassinated Alexander II.
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20. Civil War in the United States
What were the effects of the Civil War on the United States?
• There was much bloodshed.
• Enslaved persons were declared “forever free”.
• Confederate forces (South) surrendered.
• United States remained united.
• Spirit of nationalism developed in support of “one nation,
indivisible”.
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21. Reform movements in Europe during the 1800s
Goals of the Segment of
Results of the reform
Place reform society calling for
movement
movement these reforms
The Reform Act of 1832 expanded
The number of voting rights to many more adult
people who could Radicals, the lower males.
Great Britain
vote would be classes. The subsequent 1867 Reform Act
increased. expanded the number of males who
could vote even further.
Paris would be The city of Paris was rebuilt with
modernized. broad boulevards, parks, and a new
sewage system. London’s
Parisian residents
transformation during the Industrial
France (especially the lower
Revolution served as inspiration.
classes), Napoleon III.
The government
would be more Napoleon III gave the legislature
democratic. more power.
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22. Reform movements in Europe during the 1800s
Goals of the Segment of
Results of the reform
Place reform society calling for
movement
movement these reforms
The Compromise of 1867 created
Magyars, Romanians,
Austrian Hungarians would the dual monarchy of Austria-
Czechs, Croats (the
Empire have more rights. Hungary. Austria and Hungary each
non-Austrian minority).
got its own constitution.
The emancipation edict freed the
serfs. The government provided land
The serfs would be Peasants, Alexander II
to the peasants, but the landowners
free. (upon realizing that
kept the best lands. Therefore, the
Russia had fallen behind
Russia peasants did not have enough good
western nations that
land to prosper.
Judicial freedoms were thriving due to
would be enacted. Industrial Revolution).
Alexander II created Western-style
courtrooms with juries.
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