PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Introduction to Interviewing & Observation

PDU 214
METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
SEMESTER GENAP 2013/2014
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA
Kuliah I - 27 Januari 2014
INTRODUCTION
TO INTERVIEWING
& OBSERVATION
01

PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA
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KULIAH I
ONE DAY OBJECTIVES
• Mahasiswa memahami hakikat
wawancara dan observasi sebagai
metode pengumpulan data penelitian
kualitatif
• Mahasiswa memperoleh gambaran
umum wawancara dan observasi
• Mahasiswa memahami elemen
penting dalam wawancara
• Mahasiswa memahami wawancara
sebagai sebuah proses komunikasi
interpersonal
INTRODUCTION
TO INTERVIEWING
& OBSERVATION

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• (Research) “Data” refers to a collection of organized information, usually the
result of experience, observation, experiment. . . . This may consist of
numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations
of a set of variables.
• (Research) “Data” are the smallest or lowest entities or recorded elements
resulting from some experience, observation, experiment, or other similar
situation.
(Yin, 2011)
RESEARCH DATA
& ITS RELEVANCE TO INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION

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• (Research) “Data” refers to a collection of organized information, usually the
result of experience, observation, experiment. . . . This may consist of
numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations
of a set of variables.
• (Research) “Data” are the smallest or lowest entities or recorded elements
resulting from some experience, observation, experiment, or other similar
situation.
(Yin, 2011)
RESEARCH DATA
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

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Getting the research data, 
which forms are words and/or images, 
through interviewing and observation
RESEARCH DATA
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

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INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION
THE DEFINITION

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INTERVIEWING
Main features (Gillham, 2005):
• Questions asked, or topics raised, are ‘open’ with the
interviewee determining their own answers
• The relationship between interviewer and interviewee
is responsive or interactive, allowing for a degree of
‘adjustment’: clarification and exploration
• There is structure and purpose on the part of the
interviewer even when the context is ‘natural’ or at least
naturalistic in the sense of taking advantage of
opportunitis that arise
THE DEFINITION

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observation
Main features (Sattler, 1992):
• Watches behavior in natural settings, records or
classifies each behavior objectively as it occurs or
shortly thereafter, ensures that the obtained data are
replicable.
• Although the scientific principles on which systematic
behavioral observation is based ensure the highest
possible degree of accuracy and precision, it is never
possible to capture entirely all of the behavior exhibited
during a period of observation.
• The behaviors recorded over a period of time will
constitute a representative sample of the behaviors
under observation in the setting.
THE DEFINITION

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THE DEFINITION
INTERVIEWING OBSERVATION

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Should have a purpose, 
which had been described in the
(qualitative) research designs
THE DEFINITION
INTERVIEWING OBSERVATION

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INTERVIEWING

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THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
INTERVIEWS
(Stewart & Cash, 2013)

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INTERACTIONAL
• There is an exchanging, or sharing, of roles, responsibilities, feelings, beliefs, motives, and
information.
• Interactional does not mean equal.
• Before an interview begins, be aware of your feelings, motives, beliefs, and information and
those of other party.
INTERVIEWS

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PROCESS
A dynamic, continuing, ever-changing interaction of variables with a degree of system or
structure. The parties in each interaction generate energy through their desires to achieve
specific goals. Communication interactions are not static.
INTERVIEWS

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PARTIES
An interview never involves more than two parties - an interviewee party and an interviewer
party. An interview is a dyadic process, and adding parties transforms it into a distinctly different
interactions.
INTERVIEWS

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PURPOSE
• At least one of the two parties must come to an interview with an important goal - other than
mere enjoyment - and intention to focus on specific subject matter.
• Interviews must have a degree of advanced planning and structure, even if little more than a
purpose and topics in mind. In most effective interviews, the interviewer will plan the opening,
select topics, prepare questions, gather information, and determine how to close the
interview.
INTERVIEWS

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QUESTIONS
Questions are the tools the interviewers and interviewees employ to obtain information, check
the accuracy of messages sent and received, verify impressions and assumptions, and provoke
feeling or thought.
INTERVIEWS

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• Both parties in interviews are connected
interpersonally and have varying degrees of
interest in the relationship and the outcome of
the interview. This relationship may commence
with the start of the interview or have history
that began days, months, or years before.
• Interactions take experience and flexibility.
A RELATIONAL FORM OF
COMMUNICATION

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RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS that determine the nature of your
relationships (in the interview context)
COMMUNICATION

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RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS that determine the nature of your
relationships (in the interview context)
COMMUNICATION
SIMILARITY INVOLVEMENT AFFECTION CONTROL TRUST

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WANT TO KNOW MORE?
Gillham, B. (2005). Research interviewing: The range of
techniques. New York, NY: Open University Press.
Sattler, J.M. (1992). Assessment of children (3rd ed.). San
Diego, California: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher, Inc.
Stewart, C.J. & Cash, W.B. (2013). Interviewing: Principles
and practices (14th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Yin, R.K. (2011). Qualitative Research from start to finish.
New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Introduction to Interviewing & Observation

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PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Introduction to Interviewing & Observation