Effects Of Pesticides On Heavy Metal Pollution

Effects Of Pesticides On Heavy Metal Pollution
Introduction
Industrial pollution has been identified as a major problem in Egypt and is addressed under the
National Pollution Prevention Program (NIPPP). (Abou Elela, 2002). Fertilizers industry is
considered a sub–sector of the chemical industries which is based on the usage of numerous types of
chemicals in large quantities. Increase in fertilizer use has become unavoidable to achieve maximum
agricultural harvest. For instance, due to increasing population pressure, the use of chemical
fertilizers has become essential in increasing crop production efficiency and meets the high needs
for agricultural products in countries with a growing population. Waste from fertilizer factories
usually ends up in sediments and soils. This waste may disturb the health of soil ecosystems. Soil
quality and productivity in these areas have been dramatically reduced. Heavy metals contamination
due to the emission of fertilizer industry is significant problem, which leads to negative influence on
soil characteristics and limitation of productive and environmental functions (Kassir et al., 2012). A
number of field studies have described the reaction of microarthropods on heavy metal pollution
(e.g. Bengtsson and Rundgren, 1988; Hågvar and Abrahamsen, 1990; Rabitsch, 1995; Russell and
Alberti, 1998). Soil organisms may play an important role in the transfer of metals through the
ecosystem in metal–polluted environments (Janssen et al., 1991). The most numerous groups of
microarthropods
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The Overlooked Richness of the Recitatives of Bach's...
The Overlooked Richness of the Recitatives of Bach's Cantata 78
In "Expressivity in the Accompanied Recitatives of Bach's Cantatas," George J. Buelow writes that
although many of the distinguishing properties of Bach's music have been studied over the years,
few scholars have examined Bach's recitatives or have given them proper credit. He notes that these
recitatives generally either are ignored by musical scholarship or are briefly discussed with "general
errors" or "confusion." 1 For example, he cites Jack Westrup as stating that Bach's recitatives are
"basically an adaptation of the idioms of Italian opera" (19), and he mentions others who term them
"improvisatory" or unrelated to the text. Buelow asserts that "informed ... Show more content on
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Some of these instrumentally guided recitatives even contain arioso segments, melodious passages
that may seem out of place in a standard recitative. Two such recitatives that Buelow does not
mention are the intriguing movements 3 and 5 of Cantata No. 78. In the first of these two examples,
the arioso section lasts for the last four and a half bars of the piece and helps show the shift from the
sinner's inner monologue to an outward presentation of his grief to Christ. In the second, the arioso
spans the last dozen "andante" bars of the piece and illustrates a similar shift from the text's
discussion of Christ's strengthening of mankind through his suffering to an individual's placement of
his own suffering heart before Christ.
To most Baroque theorists, recitatives were simply a form of sung speech, an "oration in tones" (25).
Buelow points out that while Bach is a skilled rhetorician, he is also unusually sensitive to words in
his recitative style, finding "such a variety of musical and rhetorical means to express them," an
atypical accomplishment for the Baroque period (26). Buelow notes several approaches that Bach
takes to express his text as he looks in depth at a specific cantata. Cantata No. 78 reveals similar
trends, demonstrating Bach's expressivity through vocal and instrumental

Interpersonal Portfolio Essay
Effective communication is a crucial element fundamental to workplace performance and
achievement. This portfolio explores and furthers the role of organisational communication using
intrapersonal effectiveness in career development. Using the Media Richness Theory in partnership
with the group assessment project, the procedures and performance of the task were analysed and
investigated. This identified a major critical incident in the procedure of the task which involved the
effectiveness of communication within the group. Taking into account that my preferred career goal
is to practice as a professional psychologist the importance of developing the skill of communication
is fundamental. Furthermore, to achieve this career objective, ... Show more content on
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This proved that the communication process was ineffective at monitoring other's task progress.
Plan
To be learnt from this incident, the source of communication needs to be effective and not just
efficient.
Future actions should include:
Meeting more regularly in person (face to face)
Exchanging phone numbers as some members did not always have an internet connection.
To work more collectively as a group.
To set more deadlines before it was due.
2. Theoretical Analysis
Media Richness Theory is defined by Daft and Lengel as "the ability of understanding changing
information within a time interval." (Daft & Lengel, 1984). A conversation that can overcome
different benchmarks and clarify ambiguous issues in a timely manner is considered richer. If the
understanding of the communication is unclear or takes long to understand the communications is
considered less rich.
All communication channels have certain characteristics that make them more or less rich. A
primary goal of choosing a means of communication is to reduce the equivocality of a message. If a
message is ambiguous, it is confusing and thus more difficult for the receiver to decipher. The more
ambiguous a message, the more signals and data the user has to understand. (Daft & Lengel, 1986)
Shown in Figure 1 the media richness theory is displayed by a diagram which places media on a

continuous scale that represents the richness of a medium and its ability to sufficiently communicate
a

Micro Invertebrate Species Richness At Flinders Lake
The effect of latitudinal distance from shoreline on micro invertebrate species richness at Flinders
University Lake.
Introduction:
Species diversity is characterised by the diversity within an ecological community (McGinley, 2014)
that incorporates both the total number of species in a region and the degree to which the abundance
of each of the species is similar; these concepts are termed species richness and species evenness
respectively. The Simpson's Index of Diversity is a measure of the biodiversity within a community
and is derived the number of species and their relative abundances (Knox et al., 2014). The
Simpson's Index of Diversity score ranges from 0–1; the higher the score indicates a higher
diversity.
Biodiversity of micro ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In total, there were six replicates for each habitat. The dependent variable was species richness.
Results:
The data suggests Habitat A (close to shore) had a greater species richness in comparison to Habitat
B (one meter from shore), whereby the mean scores are 5 ± 1.67 and 4.5 ±1.52 respectively (see
Table 1.0). Figure 1.0 compares the distribution of data for both datasets and graphically illustrates
the five number summary. Habitat A's graph has a greater range than Habitat B, whereby 50% of the
data from Habitat A obtained a species richness value from 5 to 8. Conversely, 50% of Habitat B's
dataset lies within 4 and 6.
Figure 2.0 further supports the notion above, where the Simpson's Index of Diversity is greater in
Habitat A in comparison to Habitat B, with a difference of 0.22. From Figure 3.0, it is evident the
species Copepod is most abundant in both Habitats A and B, whereby the proportional abundances
are 0.628 and 0.782 respectively.

Relationship Between Functional Diversity And C Stocks On...
Relationships between functional diversity and C stocks in different forest ecosystems
Recent studies focused on biodiversity have begun to include the concept of functional diversity,
which measures the range, value, and distribution of functional traits of organisms in a community
ecosystem (Tilman et al. 1997; Mouchet et al. 2010). It is becoming increasingly accepted that
biodiversity components of plant community, i.e. the species identity, abundance and divergence of
functional traits, strongly affect ecosystem productivity, functioning, litter decomposition and soil
nutrients dynamics (Wardle et al. 2004, 2012; Naeem & Wright 2003; Díaz et al. 2004; Hooper et al.
2005; Mouillot et al. 2005; Cortez et al. 2007; De Deyn et al. 2008). ... Show more content on
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Jonsson & Wardle (2009) and Wardle et al. (2012) also giving more support to mass ration
hypothesis that communities dominated by acquisitive trait values showed lower below–ground C
storage than communities dominated by more conservative trait values in boreal forests. In natural
moist seasonal tropical forests, Ruiz–Jaen & Potvin (2011) reported that C stocks associated
positively with plant height and leaf mass per area (the inverse of SLA) and negatively with the
variety of values of these traits, giving more support to mass–ratio hypothesis while in neighboring
plantations, in contrast, they found a negative association of C stocks with plant height and leaf
mass per area and a non–significant association with variety of values of these traits, giving more
weight to niche–complementarity hypothesis. Thus, it is important to consider both the mass ratio
hypothesis and the complementarity hypothesis when functional diversity–C stocks associations are
examined. The only study that I am aware is Cavanaugh et al. (2014), in which they partly supported
the both hypotheses on the basis of functional dominance and taxonomic diversity (genus richness
and Shannon diversity). However, they did not find a significant relationship between functional
diversity and ACS. In their study, the functional diversity components were calculated by using the
maximum diameter of stem

The Species Richness Of Aquatic Macro Invertebrates Among...
Figure 1. The species richness of aquatic macro–invertebrates among three stream types. The same
number of species was found in the forest and urban streams. There was an insignificantly higher
number of species found in the agriculture stream. Figure 2. The biotic index of the three types of
streams was calculated by the sum of total tolerance values divided by the sum of total number of
individuals. The forest stream had the lowest FBI value, followed by the urban stream and the
agriculture stream. Figure 3. The relative frequency of the functional feeding groups of each stream
type. The total number of individuals for each stream was 368, 1334, and 510 for the forest,
agriculture, and urban streams, respectively. The major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, there is a trend in the number of species found in each stream type based on the riparian
habitat. As the amount of organic pollution increased, there should have been a decrease in the
species richness of the streams. Species richness also has an effect on the processing of leaf
material. Less species richness due to organic pollution forces the litter breakdown to be dependent
on microbial activity rather than shredders (Masese et al. 2014). In addition, microbial breakdown of
leaf litter is accelerated by the presence of nutrients, which is high in agricultural streams (Masese et
al. 2014). Therefore, the species richness of the agricultural stream should have been low and leaf
processing would be controlled by bacteria. Although the agricultural stream had the highest species
richness, the relative frequency of shredders was very low compared to the other functional feeding
groups shown in Figure 3. Likewise, due to the organic pollution present in urban streams, it would
be expected to have a low species richness and thus any leaf material would be processed by
microbes as well. Furthermore, the forest stream should have had the highest species richness,
which would in turn impact leaf processing by having the shredders drive leaf litter breakdown
rather than microbes. The Family Biotic Index describes the water quality of a stream by averaging
the tolerance values of all the individuals that were sampled (Hilsenhoff 1988). Based on the
equation,

Exotic Richness Correlations
The article I choose was entitled "Temporal changes in native–exotic richness correlations during
early post fire succession". The author of this article is Quinfeng Guo who, conceived the model
provided in the article as well as performing the research, and writing the manuscript. The author
examined the relationship between native and exotic richness during a post fire succession as it
specifically relates to how these two groups of species might be related to each other and how their
relative proportions vary through time as it directly pertains in a local community. Previously
studies had been conducted seeking to monitor the temporal trends of both native and exotic as well
the relationship between native and exotic richness with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Guo noted that the relationship between native–exotic species changed over time at the same
location as well as the same spatial scale. The observations made recalled that native–exotic richness
correlations were non–significant as the results seem to change from year to year. Beginning with
the first year the results were non–significant and then positive and again non–significant the third
year. However, exotic fraction saw an initial increase post–fire before tapering off as many of the
native spices namely shrubs returned to the preexisting dominance before the fire. When the author
reflects on meanings of the finds we again observe the fact that although initially there was relatable
and similar fraction in the early onset of the post–fire succession inevitably over time a gradual
decrease in fraction was observed. The author also notes that native–exotic correlations not only
vary across communities and spatial scales but as he finds through time as well. The author revealed
that in the infantile stages of the post–fire chaparral succession exotics such as short lived herbs
tended to emerge first followed by native and exotic perennials, and then ultimately the dominant
native species such as the previously mentioned shrubs. Guo also noted that this study yielded the
findings that in the California chaparral community in which he conducted his experiment,

Henderson Levee Diversity
Diversity of species along an environmental gradient on the Henderson Levee
Abstract
Habitats that contain an environmental gradient, such as the Henderson Levee, attribute to a diverse
speciation of plants. There are multiple factors that determine the assortment of species along a
disturbance gradient, including competition and the availability of nutrients, water, and light. This
paper focuses on the differences in diversity and composition of species in response to an
environmental gradient. Three parallel transects were measured along the Henderson Levee and the
stems for each species of plants were counted within sampling intervals along those transects.
Statistics were used to calculate diversity and to determine how the species changed along the
gradient. The diversity of plant species was determined to be highest at the top of the levee for
transects 1 and 3 and highest at the bottom of the levee for transect 2.
Introduction
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For wetlands, it has been found that richness and species composition is related to flooding
frequency and seasonal water levels as opposed to the availability of nutrients (2). For floodplain
habitats, the composition of species is related to flooding and the availability of light (2). The
arrangement of plant species can be explained by the number of floods that occur as well as the
texture of the soil, with wetter soil near the canal and moist, dry soil towards the top of the levee (6).
In this type of environment, vegetation generally becomes more abundant going up an elevational
gradient from the canal to the top of the levee (1). It is hypothesized that if a floodplain wetland
habitat has an environmental and elevational gradient, then there is a difference in the diversity of
plant species and richness across that gradient, with a higher species composition and richness at
higher

What Is The Ontario Benthos Biomonitoring Network?
The Ontario Benthos Biomonitoring Network was created to assess the quality of aquatic
environments and ecosystems using benthos organisms as biomarkers (Ontario Ministry of the
Environment, 2007). Exclusively used in Ontario, this biomonitoring program assesses ecological
function and condition of streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands across the province (The Dorset
Environmental Science Centre, 2017). The OBBN protocol is ideal for assessing water quality
because of the use of aquatic macroinvertebrates (Borisko, et al. 2007). Since macroinvertebrates are
easy and inexpensive to collect, determining water quality can be conducted continuously over the
course of the year, across many locations (Borisko, et al. 2007; Ontario Ministry of the ... Show
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In the fall, there can be high species richness, but also there is the potential for the populations to
still be affected from the hardships of summer months. The identification of species is more difficult
because reproduction season typically takes place in the cooler months and therefore does not
accurately represent the environment's quality and species richness (Ontario Ministry of
Environment, 2017).
The change in season's results in differences in the flow, size and overall function of the lake,
stream, or river and therefore the constant monitoring of these systems are beneficial to determine
ecosystem characteristics and patterns (Lenat, 1988).
Participants following OBBN protocol predominately use the travelling–kick–and–sweep method to
collect macroinvertebrates in wadeable environments (Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 2007).
This method consists of using a water transect including two riffles and one pool to perform the
collection (Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 2007). Travelling–kick–and–sweep begins by
entering the selected aquatic environment, and kicking the substrate to disrupt the sediment and
potential invertebrates (Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 2007). Holding a net (500um)
downstream and adjacent to the kicking area to collect or sweep up the dislodged organisms
(Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 2007). Other methods include; grab samples in deep water
sites, jab

Allochthonous Deciduous Lab Report
The influence of allochthonous deciduous and coniferous leaf material on macro–invertebrate taxa
richness in the Woods Creek River
Jonathan Chu
Help Received: None
20150501
Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to improve our scientific literacy by studying the
factors that shape biological communities. Packs of coniferous and deciduous leaves were placed in
the Woods Creek River at the Virginia Military Institute to discover how aquatic macro–invertebrate
communities are influenced by allochthonous material.
The independent variable was the type of leaf pack used (coniferous or deciduous) and the
dependent variable was the type and amounts of macro invertebrates found in the leaf packs. Macro
invertebrates are organisms large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
& Sowden, F.J. (1959). Decomposition of forest litters. Plant and Soil, 11, 237–248. Teresi, Katrina,
Melissa McLean, Jamie Hoernke, and Anna Botiva. The Effect of Coniferous and Deciduous Soil on
Bacterial Growth in Jackson Park. N.p., 7 Nov. 2013. Web. 24 Apr. 2015.
<http://depts.alverno.edu/nsmt/archive/TeresiMcLeanHoernke.htm>. Dahlgren, Randy, and Max
Turner. "Decomposition." Decomposition. UC Davis, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2015.
<http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/ssc219/biogeo/decomp.htm>. Arctic Monitoring, Assessment
Programme, ACIA – Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Program for the Conservation of Arctic
Flora, Fauna & International Arctic Science Committee (2005). Arctic Climate Impact Assessment –
Scientific Report. Cambridge University Press Smith, W.K. & Hinckley, T.M. (1995). Resource
Physiology of Conifers: Acquisition, Allocation, and Utilization. Academic Press Ligeiro,Raphael,
Moretti,Marcelo S., Gonçalves,José F. & Callisto,Marcos (2010). What is more important for
invertebrate colonization in a stream with low–quality litter inputs: exposure time or leaf
species?.Hydrobiologia, 654,

The Degradation Of Coastal Wetlands
Introduction
There is rapid destruction of salt marshes and wetlands due to dredging operations and filling. In
Boston, almost eighty–one percent of the salt marshes have been lost. For the Canadian Maritimes,
almost sixty–four percent of the coastal wetlands have disappeared due to agricultural reclamation.
Approximately, ninety–three percent coastal marshes have been lost along the Pacific coast in the
United States. In addition, there is a degradation of coastal wetland due to invasive species, nutrient
enrichment, and storm water discharge. It is critical to preserve and restore coastal salt marshes so
that carbon can be sequestered, and fish and bird populations can be preserved (Roman et. al. 2012).
It is estimated that coastal wetlands are being lost at the rate of two times the rate at which they are
being restored. Salt marshes are found amid human developments and coastal areas and play an
important role in protecting these communities from the threats posed by being close to the coast.
Depending on the density of vegetation, production of biomass, and the size of the marsh, salt
marshes provide many critical ecosystem services, such as, stabilization of the shoreline, weakening
of the waves, and reduction of floodwater (Shepard et. al. 2011). Wetlands include boreal peatlands
and tropical mangroves. They provide critical ecosystem services by acting as reserves for carbon,
conserving biodiversity, purifying water, enhancing fish production, and

Absolute Surveillance
1. Absolute abundance of a species provides a population estimate expressed as number of
individuals per unit area. This method requires species–specific detection coefficients or probability
function obtained from the relationship between number of detections and distance from observer.
Whereas, relative abundance is the abundance of a species by any measure divided by the total
abundance of all species combined. Absolute abundance is an estimate whereas relative abundance
is an index.
2. The study conducted utilized a combination of factors that were combined into a single
abundance variable, IV. The first steps towards calculating IV, was finding relative density and
relative basal area. Relative density was calculated by dividing the ... Show more content on
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A). The first and second most abundant species in the floodplain region of Prospect Park are
Sycamores and Silver Maples respectively. The first and second most abundant species in the upland
region of Prospect Park are Red and White Oaks respectively.
B). After corroborating the four trees found at Prospect Park, two from the Floodplain region and
two from the Upland region, appear to be characteristic of Central Iowa.
Sycamores grow in all states east of the Great Plains, wherein its outer boundary reaches southern
Iowa. The range of survivable temperatures and precipitations matches Iowa's temperate climate and
does well in alluvial soils which are characteristic of floodplains. Furthermore, the tree is tolerant of
wet soil conditions which is beneficial in a floodplain environment.
Silver Maples grows all along the east coast and a majority of the Midwest, wherein the range fully
saturates Iowa. The climatic conditions of Iowa are suitable for Silver Maples, especially in alluvial
soils. Silver maples grow best in better–drained moist areas and appears as a dominant species in
streamside/floodplain

The Intertidal Zone And The Air Land Ocean Interface And...
Berenice Yang Gonzalez
Intertidal Lab
Abstract
The intertidal zone is characterized as the limited segment of domain which is found at the air–land–
ocean interface and lies between the tidemarks on all shorelines. From the about dry high tide line
down to the quite often wet low tide line, the intertidal zone exists on rough shores, sandy
shorelines, and mud pads. The Intertidal Zone is a harsh environment. The class sample the
intertidal zone by placing quadrats in a standardized form and recorded all species who were in the
quadrat. The Shannon Index and Evenness were calculated in 4 transects in the mid zone. The
Simpson's Index and Richness were calculated in all three sections separately and all values were
compare to understand the dynamic of this community. Two species were compare from the sample
population to understand the relation of the zones and niches. The sample was too small and many
error were made for the sample to have a relevant result.
Introduction
The intertidal zone is a severe environment that has various stressors and forces which act on
organisms that are not found in strictly marine or terrestrial environments. This environment is
unique due to the constant fluctuating water levels which exposes organisms to air and the forces of
crashing surf that only animals and plants with special adaptations are able to withstand. Despite all
of these environmental conditions, these species are able to survive and reproduce within extreme
environments.

The Effect Of Plant Richness On The Insect Community
The purpose of this study was to compare the insects of the meadow with insects of the wooden
area. Hadded (2001) previously conducted an experiment on the effect of plant richness on the
insect community in the meadows. He found that three type of results were present; some created
abundance, some were unaffected and some had a positive effect on the plant's richness. It was
found that insects do contribute to its community and help with the growth of its habitat. The habitat
in the meadow area has different insects than the wooden area, due to the different type of grass,
temperature, water availability and more. To examine the species that live in the area, many different
type of experiments had to be conducted.
Different areas affect the species and insects that reside there. As an example, butterflies are affected
by their habitat and landscape area. Liivmagi (2014) examined how much area butterflies needed
and compared the positive and negative impacts of each area. Their expectation was different than
reality, even though there was a positive interaction between the butterflies and the space of the
forest, the meadow that's surrounding the area is negatively impacted by the butterflies. Their results
were to conduct the experiment and examine what the butterflies' needs and what area will they be
better suited.
The meadow area that was examined had tall grasses all the way down the hill, as for the wooden
area, it was surrounded by trees that block the sun and is

Unburned Species Diversity
Comparison of the species and their importance values in the sampled communities of the opposing
sides of Coal Road clearly showed a dominant species in the burned region while a more shared
community in the unburned region. In the burned region, chestnut oak dominated the area with an
importance value of 157.84 compared to the rest of the tree species ranging from 11 to 49. On the
other hand, in the unburned side the species were similarly distributed with chestnut oak and scarlet
oak having the largest importance values of 58.67 and 53.40 respectively. However, the other tree
species followed rather closely; mockernut hickory had an importance value of 37.67, blackgum had
an importance value of 35.34, and the rest of the species' importance values ranged from 10 to 25.
Species diversity is usually characterized by an absence of a dominant species. This implicates the
unburned side of Coal Road has greater diversity than the burned side. This differs from our
hypothesis, as we predicted the prescribed fire region would produce more species diversity while
the unburned side would exhibit less species ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Species richness is the number of tree species. The species richness was 7 for the burned side of
Coal Road compared to 11 for the unburned side. Species evenness is calculated using Shannon's
diversity index by dividing Shannon's diversity index 'H' by the natural logarithm of species
richness. On the burned side of Coal Road, the species evenness was 0.0205 while on the unburned
side of Coal Road the species evenness was 0.0411. The combination of greater species richness and
evenness confirms the unburned side of Coal Road is more diverse than the burned side of Coal
Road. Thus, our hypothesis is incorrect that the burned region would produce more species diversity
while the unburned region would exhibit less species

Water Evenness
We found that water's edge contained a much higher species richness and Shannon diversity index
than the other two, but the evenness is lower than the other two. The higher species richness and
Shannon diversity index could be due to the diverse vegetation growing around the pond. The lower
evenness tells us that this site is less diverse than the other two sites. Secondly, the wooded area
contained slightly lower species richness and Shannon diversity index than the water's edge;
however, the evenness was higher than the evenness at the water's edge. Due to the lower amount of
species and that the site is subject to runoff could cause the slight difference in the species richness
and Shannon diversity index. It also affects the higher ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The high evenness is due to fewer species being present at this site. The results of this lab supported
my hypothesis that the water's edge would have the highest biodiversity, the wooded area would
have medium biodiversity, and the manicured lawn would have the lowest biodiversity. The reason
that the results support my hypothesis is that the water's edge had a diverse vegetation around it for
a variety of species to be found. It also had the pond where species could be found. The wooded area
contained many layers of leave coverage which is good for some species but bad for others. The
wooded area is also subject to runoff which reduced the number of small species that could be found
on the ground. The manicured lawn is cut often causing a reduced amount of species that would be
found on the ground and not enough trees to counteract the cutting affect. The biodiversity of the
three sites are comparable by the evenness being greater with low species richness. The sites are also
comparable by the shannon diversity index being higher as the species richness is increased. An
ecological explanation that we observed was that an area with low evenness were less likely to
interact with each other. The area with a higher evenness would

Roadside Edge Effect On Fauna
The degradation of species richness in the Hawkesbury region induced by roadside edge effects.
Abstract:
Roads are present on a wide scale and have become vital for ensuring the efficiency of travel and
transport. Their contribution to modern society is extensive and there is a large focus on its
development. With the increase of their construction, assessments of roadside edge effects must be
made to guarantee the protection of fauna. Species richness is heavily dependent on habitat
availability and structure. Factors such as soil composition and quality, and availability of resources
are fundamental to the existence of fauna. The study conducted had an objective of evaluating the
impact of roads on fauna, whether negative or positive. Through ... Show more content on
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Patterns such as these reinforce the idea that anthropogenic disturbances have a strong influence on
surrounding environment and its inhabitants. The variety of responses from different species
highlight the theory that some populations may be in more danger than others. There is a strong
correlation between locations further into the forest and greater specie figures which may be
attributed to due to bareness of vegetation and resources closer to the roadside. The removal of trees
that is required in road construction is a destructive implication and this extent of this damage is
supported by trends such as the absence of arboreal animals at the

Heavy Metal Concentrations On Soil Samples
Heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples taken from each of the six sampling sites are shown
in Table 1. A clear gradient of element concentrations in the soils was observed among the study
sites, especially for Cd. Metal concentration varied significantly among sample sites; Cd (H =
16.596, p = 0.005) had the highest significant differences among the sites, whereas Zn (H = 15.409,
p = 0.009) had the lowest significant differences. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the soils
from S1, S2, and S3 (distances of 1–2 km from the industrial area) were 4–35 times, 7–27 times, 2–
6 times, and 3–6 times higher than those from S4, S5, and S6 (distances of 4–10 km from the
industrial area), respectively (U test, p ≤ 0.05). Cadmium concentration ranged from a low of 1.9
mg/kg (S6) to a high of 67.5 mg/kg (S1), Pb concentration ranged from a low of 6.0 mg/kg (S6) to a
high of 160.2 mg/kg (S1), Cu concentration ranged from a low of 51.3 mg/kg (S4) to a high of 292.0
mg/kg (S1), and Zn concentration ranged from a low of 98.2 mg/kg (S6) to a high of 605.0 mg/kg
(S2). Pollution zones with high metal concentrations in soil and biota are often found near industrial
areas (Dudka et al. 1996). It should be noted that the predominant wind direction in our study area is
northerly, resulting in comparatively high levels of soil contamination in areas south of the industrial
complex. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the highly polluted sites exceeded the threshold
values (3 mg/kg for

The Media Richness Theory By Lengel And Daft (1998)
By applying the principles associated to "The Media Richness Theory" by Lengel and Daft (1998),
one can conclude that the more ambiguous and uncertain a task is, the richer the format of media
required to communicate it effectively.
For BCX to communicate more efficiently, e–mail should be replaced with video podcasting.
Furthermore the business should stop issuing corporate communications and begin having corporate
conversations. Start thinking dialog and refrain from monologue! Be specific in what you want to
communicate.
Fact: Specificity communicates better than ambiguity.
Strong and effective leaders stresses fundamentals like discipline, accountability, strategic
alignment, managing in alignment values and empowering employees. For me, the most important
generic key to great leadership is the ability to communicate clearly and engage with good intention
(in humility).
3.3 IDENTIFY AND BUILT LEADERSHIP TEAM AND ADDRESS SUCCESSION PLANNING:
In order to build a leader–rich organisation, I will put emphasis on identifying appropriate leadership
and then initiate a (meticulous) succession planning program backed by an extensive mentoring and
coaching programme.
Identify leadership by assessing personal qualities and values. Prospective leaders must display ...
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A culture of organizational resilience is largely initiated by leadership. Building this integrated
change strategy fit for transformation, is the key to thriving through consistent change and helps the
people involved to regain control much more rapidly during times of change. Getting people ready
to adapt to the changes by ensuring they have the right information and are geared for it. This will
increase performance levels and improve the workforce's attitude towards

Essay On Water
The samples were collect at Fred Howard Park Tarpon Springs, Florida. All samples were collected
on the Northside of the park. The research was performed on April 11th, 2017 in late afternoon.
While performing the experiment tide started to fluctuate with high tide. The site where research
was collected has a sandy bottoms and seagrass beds along the shore line. The impact of human
activity on the research was minimal with little tourism at the park. The weather conditions while
taking the samples was sunny with clouds. Three samples were performed at 15 meters from the
shoreline, and three samples were performed 25 meters from the shoreline. Which gives the research
a sample size of 6. A meter tape was used to measure the distance. A ... Show more content on
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Once the wet weight was determined then the dry weight of both above and below ground seagrass
was recorded. The biomass was dried and it was weighted on a balance. The above ground seagrass
biomass was the shoots and the below ground seagrass biomass was the roots. Sediment was
retained from the core to determine grain size. Different sieve sizes were used to determine the grain
size. The sieves used were the number 5 (4000 μm), 10 (2000 μm), 35 (500 μm),60 (250 μm), 120
(125 μm), 230 (62.5 μm), and < 63. The sediment was sieved and then weight for each sieve was
recorded. A balance was used to find the weight. The mean, median, and sorting was determined by
the sediment size. The average and standard error was calculated for temperature, depth, salinity,
shoots Thalassia testudinum, shoots Syringodium filiforme, shoots Halodule wrightii, percent
covered of rhizophytic algae, percent covered of seagrass, percent covered of sand, epifauna
abundance and richness, fish activity, infauna abundance and richness, root dry weight, shoot dry
weight, wet and dry weights of the sediment core, median grain size, mean grain size, and sorting at
both 15 and 25 meters. An independent t–test was performed for all of the following: shoots
Thalassia testudinum, shoots Syringodium filiforme, shoots Halodule wrightii, percent covered of
rhizophytic algae, percent covered of seagrass, percent covered of sand, epifauna abundance and
richness,

Team Effectiveness
Introduction Effective communication plays a vital role in co–located and virtual teams.The
networks of communication and interpersonal relationships that develop naturally within an
organization form channels for the flow of organizational knowledge ... Show more content on
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These blogs can be used publicly or have a private one that is for exclusive use with in your team or
organization. Blogs are a convenient way for dispersed teams to share knowledge and ideas. Even
co–located teams can benefit from the use of blogs; blogs make it easy to document ideas for use by
the whole team. The benefits of blogs are they can be accessed world wide, anytime ad they easy to
maintain. Blogs are easily adaptable for most uses and provide a good source of communications
between team members. Due to the nature of Blogs, they are not very useful when it comes to real
time meetings. Virtual teams can also integrate mobile devices with web–based group
communication for decision–making tasks, mobile technologies and communication modes are the
best for distributed group teamwork and makes group communication successful. As stated by B.
Violino "IM can be especially useful for collaboration among people in geographically dispersed
locations. Project teams and departments such as IT and support services can use instant messaging
to exchange information with colleagues when calling is not practical or available." Violino, B.
(2007). Media richness Media richness was first introduced by Daft and Lengel (1986), and they
defined "Information Richness" as ability of information to change understanding within a time
interval." The level of media richness is measured by capacity of immediate feedback, multiple
cues, language

Tree Ecology In Battle Park
Marianna Jones
Tree ecology on two slopes in Battle Park
Introduction
Forest communities like Battle Park have different environmental factors within their area. On
different slopes, depending on the direction it is facing, the soil and area could be wetter or drier.
This study is looking to see if the north–facing and south–facing sites have differences in basal area,
density, species richness, and diversity. Also, there may be some similarities in the area since both
are from the same park.
Much of the forest in Battle Park predates European settlement that occurred in the area around
1740 (North Carolina Botanical Garden 2014). Battle Park is a forest of continuity which means that
it is a good representation of an old growth forest (Vandermast, personal communication). It has
some invasive species, but many of the large trees growing there have remained untouched. The area
was never cut down for human use, but some of the fallen logs were used for firewood (Vandermast,
personal communication). Much of the other areas in the piedmont have had significant changes in
the forest cover, changes in species, and mortality. The forest cover is steadily decreasing at a 7%
rate while the mortality of trees ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To see the differences of the two sites, basal area, density, species richness, and the Shannon
diversity index were used. Basal area and density is the average amount of space of trees in hectares.
Basal area is taken using the tree diameters while density uses the number of trees. Species richness
is the number of species found. Abundance of each species is used to find the Shannon diversity
index. The Sorensen similarity index compares the areas based on the number of the same species.
Also, different species were looked at to find the relative basal area, relative density, and importance
value of the trees. There were differences and similarities in both

'Little WomenAndLittle Women And Robert Louis...
Children's Literature is forever created by ideologies that change over time. There are many ways in
which to define richness, such as, material richness, family love, spiritual richness and moral
richness. In this TMA I will be discussing richness and the way it is constructed, reflecting the social
and historical context of the time that these two different novels were wrote within this period. the
two books are, Louisa May Alcott's "Little Women" (1868) and Robert Louis Stephenson's
"Treasure Island" (1881). Both these novels were consciously gender directed. As discussed by
Wadworth (2009) there was a rise in gender specific books wrote at this time. Little women (Alcott
1868) is narrated in the third person, a person who can reflect on all the characters feelings. The
story begins with "Our burdens are here, our road is before us...Now, my little pilgrims", in this
extract there is reference to pilgrims progress a book that has a strong Christian ethos. little women
is a series of didactic lessons on how to be a good woman, how to fit into society within the passive
role of a homemaker. As discussed by Watson (2009) p.14, the 4 march sisters go through a series of
trials on a journey to becoming better women. the story mirrors the book pilgrim's progress. To add
suspense to what is a moralistic and pious story the 4 girls improve their character flaws throughout
a year through a series of trials and tribulations. for example, one of jo's lessons is to learn to keep

The General Analysis Of Invertebrate Richness And...
DISCUSSION
The general analysis of invertebrate richness and diversity prove that shallow leaf litter is more
biodiverse than deep leaf litter. From graph 2, shallow leaf litter is proven to be more biodiverse
where the spread of invertebrate richness is higher with a relatively low rate of error denoted by the
low standard deviation. Similarly, figure 6 also shows a similar trend where the mean of shallow leaf
litter diversity was greater than deep leaf litter. The mean results of invertebrate abundance also
show shallow leaf litter to be more abundant, however this is affected by the extreme outlier seen in
figure 2, where there is a large leeway for error due to the high standard deviation. This may be due
to human error due to transcription, an error in counting the amount of species or the designated
shallow leaf litter contained species that were extremely common, providing a large abundance
value. However, figure 1 and the comparison of boxplots in graph 1, show the overall values of deep
leaf litter are centred higher, indicating that deep leaf litter has greater abundance, excluding
outliers.
Similarly, the analysis of richness and diversity indicate that deep light traps are more biodiverse
than shallow light traps and are quite trustworthy as shown by the low standard deviations.
According to figure 6, the mean of both habitats were very similar but deep light traps had a slightly
higher mean. Abundance of deep light traps also proves to be greater if we

Local and Regional Forces
Section B. Is local diversity a product of regional forces, local forces, or both, and how might we
know? In ecology, the change in species diversity across space and time is one of the oldest studied
subjects, however the underlying causes of many diversity patterns is under much debate (Field et
al. 2001; MacArthur, 1972; Rosenzweig, 1995). How does diversity arise (Erwin 1991)? How is
diversity distributed in space (Dean et al. 1997, Fonseca et al. 2000)? And how is diversity
maintained (Lande, 1988)? Are three fundamental questions that ecologist look to answer. Early
studies focused around the role of competition in determining diversity at local scales, today
however it is emphasized that many factors on top of competition, such ... Show more content on
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This problem may be avoided with the use of defining and measuring regional species pools
(Srivastava, 1999) as well as other effective methods for avoiding such pitfalls. (Belmaker &
Jetz, 2012; Harrison & Cornell, 2008, Partel, et al. 2011) in future studies. By expanding on the
understanding of the local and regional relationships on diversity patterns it can be demonstrated
that there is a partnered balance between (Cornell & Harrison2008; Ricklefs, 2007) local forces
such as competition and disturbances, and regional factors such as climate history, evolution and
migration all influencing species diversity and regulating species richness within a pool/community
(Blenckner & Hillebrand 2002) Cornell and Lawton 1992, Huston 1999). References Ackerly,
D.D., Adler, F., Agrawal, A. A., Arnold, E.A., Caceres, C., Doak, D.F., Hudson, J., Maron, J.,
Mooney, K.A., Post, E., Power, M., Stachowicz, J., Strauss, S., Turner, M.G. & Werner, E.
(2007). Filling key gaps in population and community ecology. – Front. Ecology Environment. 5:
145–152. Allen, A.P., Brown, J.M., Bush, M.B., Cornell, H.V., Harrison, S.P., Hurlert, A.H.,
Knowlton, N., Lessios, H.A., McCain, C.M., McCune, R., McDade, L.A., McPeek, M.A.,
Mittleback, G.G., Near, T.J., Price, T.D., Ricklefs, R.E., Roy, K., Sax, D.F., Schemske, D.W.,
Schluter, D., Sobel, J.M. &

Comparing Dowell's Draft And Chimney Hollow
Discussion Importance values were calculated by combining the relative density, relative
dominance, and relative frequency of each tree species. The trees with the highest importance values
will be those that exist in the greatest number or are of the greatest size. The importance value
identifies the dominant species in a community that may have the greatest effect on the community,
thus hinting at the physical structure of a plant community. Once the importance values are found, a
community can be defined in terms of its most significant species. Within Dowell's Draft are eastern
white pine–pignut hickory–Virginia pine communities while Chimney Hollow is comprised of
eastern hemlock–white oak–eastern white pine communities. Eastern white ... Show more content
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Species richness is how many species are in a given area and species evenness looks at how equally
abundant each of the species are (Stirling and Wisley, 2007). By determining species richness and
evenness, we can compare biodiversity in different communities. Species richness was found by
simply totaling the number of tree species. As species evenness takes into account the relative
numbers of individuals of each species in a community as well as the number of species present, we
calculated it by dividing Shannon's diversity index 'H' by the natural logarithm of species richness.
As Dowell's Draft and Chimney Hollow vary greatly in microclimate most likely due to solar
radiation, we expected Dowell's Draft to exhibit greater biodiversity than Chimney Hollow. At
Dowell's Draft, the species richness is 9 and the species evenness is 0.9226 while in Chimney
Hollow, the species richness is 5 and the species evenness is 0.8283. Thus, our hypothesis is correct;
Dowell's Draft exhibited greater biodiversity than Chimney Hollow in both species richness and
evenness. Solar radiation may have factored into the difference in plant

Changes Of Climate And Fire Regimes
When both changes of climate and fire regimes were simultaneously accounted for, on average, the
climate scenario RCP2.6 resulted in the highest values for NPV, size diversity and total carbon stock
under all management intensities, and the highest species diversity under most intensities. In year
2100, in general, the 20–year cutting cycle led to higher total carbon stock and size diversity but
lower NPV and species diversity. Low–intensity management caused the highest total carbon stock
(10 years: 823 – 854 ton ha–1; 20 years: 864 – 888 ton ha–1) and size diversity (10 years: 1.93 –
2.11; 20 years: 1.95 – 2.10) but the lowest NPV (10 years: 9,318 – 9,955 $ ha–1; 20 years: 3,426 –
4,056 $ ha–1) and species diversity (10 years: 1.28 – 1.31; 20 years: 1.18 – 1.22). Lower total
carbon stock (10 years: 778 – 814 ton ha–1; 20 years: 800 – 828 ton ha–1) were expected with
medium intensity but satisfactory species diversity (10 years: 1.50 – 1.53; 20 years: 1.36 – 1.39),
size diversity (10 years: 1.47 – 1.59; 20 years: 1.91 – 2.02), and NPV (10 years: 18,721 – 19,812 $
ha–1; 20 years: 7,749 – 9,596 $ ha–1). High intensity resulted in the lowest total carbon stock (10
years: 740 – 775 ton ha–1; 20 years: 768 – 794 ton ha–1) and size diversity (10 years: 0.89 – 1.02;
20 years: 1.27 – 1.40), but the highest NPV (10 years: 26,749 – 27,440 $ ha–1; 20 years: 13,302 –
13,757 $ ha–1) and species diversity (10 years: 1.58 – 1.61; 20 years: 1.53 – 1.56) (Tables 2–4).
Diameter–limit and

What Role Does Invertebrates Play A Role Of The Environment
Soil is one of the most diverse habitats on Earth and it contains one of the most diverse arrays of
living organisms, but soil is still one of the most poorly researched habitats of our planet.
Invertebrates are the majority of the living organisms found in the soil habitat and even make up 95–
97% of all animal species. These animals are characterized and known for lacking a backbone.
There are many living organisms in the soil. This is called biodiversity. Without biodiversity, life on
Earth would be impossible or will be significantly impaired. "Biodiversity encompasses all of the
species, food chains, and biological patterns in the environmental system as small as a microcosm or
large landscape or a geographic region" (Paoletti). The diversity of soil organisms is largely
determined by a number of abiotic and biotic factors. Invertebrates play significant roles. Animals,
plants, microorganisms and their complex interactions respond to human landscape management,
which help protect biodiversity and for ecosystem health. Invertebrates' highly complex and intimate
interactions also help give the soil high resistance and resilience. Studies with bioindicators, "a
species or ecological community that is so closely associated with particular environmental
conditions that its presence is indicative of these conditions in a particular environment"
(Bioindicator), apply biodiversity as a principal tool to evaluate the landscape and the quality and
function and to assess different

A Report On Habitat And Canopy Cover
RESULTS
Habitat assessment
Groundcover and canopy cover were assessed in spring in conjunction with trapping. Ground cover
mean results (figure 1) show that bare ground cover was greatest in Linton and Enfield high severity
sites (61.4 and 52.1 % respectively) and least in the control sites (Enfield 0 % and Linton 0.71 %).
Fine litter cover was greatest in the control sites (72.5 % and 62.5 % in Linton and Enfield
respectively) and lowest in the high severity sites (20.1 % and16.4 %). Coarse litter cover was
highest in Linton low severity (7.1 %) and equal lowest in Linton high and Enfield low (0.71 %).
Vegetation cover was highest in Enfield control (50.4 %) and lowest in Linton high severity (17.1
%). Cryptogam cover was highest in Linton low severity (8.9 %) and lowest in Linton high and
Enfield low severity (0.71 %). Both Enfield and Linton control sites had mean cryptogam cover of
2.5 %.
Figure 1. Mean ground cover by categories per site. Error bars are standard errors of the mean, each
mean is displayed above the error bars. EN = Enfield, LI =Linton.
Figure 2. Mean Canopy Cover for each site. Error bars are standard error of the mean, each mean is
displayed above the error bars. EN = Enfield, LI =Linton.
For canopy cover (figure 2) high severity sites had the lowest mean cover (Linton 8.5 %, Enfield
19.5 %) and for low severity and control sites canopy cover was between 53.5 and 58 %.
Ant Community results
A total of 6337 individuals in 38 morphospecies were

Plant Community Lab Report
Introduction: Plants must be able to tolerate certain conditions in order to survive, grow and
reproduce. In order to become a member of the community plants must be able to tolerate a wide
range of these conditions. For example, aquatic plants cannot survive in desert conditions. Abiotic
factors are non–living components of the environment, which can often have a major impact on
living organisms and their ecosystems. Abiotic factors include soil pH and soil composition. Soil
chemistry often vary geographically across very small areas. Soil composition can greatly impact
local plant communities, some elements such as sodium, iron, and zinc are harmful to some plants
but they could be beneficial to others. Different plants have different nutritional needs, some plants
might need higher calcium amounts than others. Calcium is a secondary plant nutrient which ...
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Each group collected soil and leaf litter samples from each of these communities. The teacher
assistants collected samples from pine savannas as they were too far to be visited within lab time. In
order to collect samples from grass and herb communities we set up a 1 m^2 quadrant made from
PVC pipes; within the quadrant different plant species were identified and their abundances were
recorded. We measured a forest area 20 meters in length and 3 meters from the edge of the forest to
be sampled using a transect tape. Different plant species were identified and their abundances were
recorded within the area to be sampled. Soil samples were collected about 5cm deep from each
community using a small shovel and placed them is their respective sample bags. Litter samples
were also collected for each community and placed in their respective bags. Upon returning to the
ecology lab we determined the wet weight for the different soil samples and the pH using a pH
sample kit. The results are listed in table

Arguments Against The Grand Illusion
In his paper "The Grand Grand Illusion Illusion," Jonathan Cohen argues against research in favor
of a grand illusion of visual perception. Cohen identifies several interpretations of the grand illusion
hypothesis and notes the requirements that must be met in order for any of the proposed
interpretations to be a valid explanation of the grand illusion. This paper will focus on Cohen's
argument against the grand illusion as an illusion of representational richness, and specifically on his
argument for the condition of disconfirmation. In previous research, it has been claimed that that
ordinary perceivers operate under a grand illusion of perception, and illusion that can be unmasked
by change blindness and inattentional blindness. Change blindness and inattentional blindness are
phenomena relating to the inability to notice particular stimuli within our visual field, a sort of lapse
in our visual system. Change blindness is when a person fails to notice a change within their visual
scene because the change occurs during a moment when the intake of visual stimuli is disrupted.
Similar to change blindness, inattentional blindness is characterized by the failure to notice a fully
visible, but unexpected object because attention is engaged in another object, task, or event. Cohen
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Among those in support of the claim that change blindness and inattentional blindness reveal a
grand illusion of visual perception, Cohen identifies three interpretations of the illusory beliefs in
which the grand illusion is understood: world richness, representational richness, and
representational reality. Although Cohen forms arguments against each interpretation of illusory
beliefs, as stated earlier, this paper will focus on the idea of the grand illusion in regards to the
illusory belief of representational

My Love For History As A Pre Service Teacher
History is a subject that is at the bottom of the scale of boring according to most students and some
teachers. Uninteresting, no understanding as to why we learn about dead people, and how useless it
is. These are the words we hear from past, present and some future students. In contrast the few
students that actually find history quite interesting are the ones history teachers live for. As a pre
service teacher I plan to show that I value the richness and viability in history, the profound affect
history has on us today, bringing different authors/artists to uphold richness and viability. This will
be aimed at my students who believe that there is no point to learn about History and build on the
students that find it interesting. My love for history first begins my freshman year of high school.
While listening to the lecture I started to understand how rich and viable our history is. It was
awesome to see all of the events of the past still alive in our society today. I can remember thinking
to myself everything in this textbook and the content my teacher was covering helped grow as well
as shape the United States, and even the World. However, most of my classmates did not think this
was the case they thought this was the most boring part of the day. They didn't see the richness in
what we were learning, sadly most of society doesn't. In fact some people don't know who the first
President of the United States was or if the U.S has 50 or 51 states. As pre–service

Local and Regional Forces
Section B. Is local diversity a product of regional forces, local forces, or both, and how might we
know? In ecology, the change in species diversity across space and time is one of the oldest studied
subjects, however the underlying causes of many diversity patterns is under much debate (Field et
al. 2001; MacArthur, 1972; Rosenzweig, 1995). How does diversity arise (Erwin 1991)? How is
diversity distributed in space (Dean et al. 1997, Fonseca et al. 2000)? And how is diversity
maintained (Lande, 1988)? Are three fundamental questions that ecologist look to answer. Early
studies focused around the role of competition in determining diversity at local scales, today
however it is emphasized that many factors on top of competition, ... Show more content on
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The second type of manipulation varies the isolation of regional areas from a species source region
and thus the species pools for their embedded communities which is represented in a marine study
where reef environments are associated with coral species assemblages (Cornell et al. 2004; 2008).
Five regions with different diversities at three local scales along a longitudinal gradient from
Indonesian archipelago, where species richness peaks at 600+ sp., to the French Polynesia, with only
a peak of 130 (Cornell et al. 2004). The eastward decline in richness is explained by declining area
of shallow water habitat within each region (Bellwood et al. 2005) partnered with isolation from the
Indonesian diversity hotspot due to distance (Cornell & Karlson, 1998) and westward–flowing
currents (Connolly et al. 2003) suggesting regional influence on species diversity. Slopes of
regressions of log–LSR on log–RSR were linear suggesting local assemblages are again open to
enrichment from regional species pool (Cornell et al. 2008). Following on from this, substantial
literature has sought to document what has come to be termed the local–regional richness
relationship (Caley & Schluter, 1997; Cornell, 1999; Cornell & Lawton, 1992; Gaston,
2000; Gaston & Koleff, 2002; Lawton,

The Beauty And Richness Of Autumn By John Keats
At one time or another, every person has experienced the beauty of summer. In this time of the year,
nature is full of life, the weather is at its finest, and the paramount joys of life can be experienced to
their fullest. Then the fall comes, the trees turn lovely shades of red and yellow, and the wind offers
a nice chill breeze for relief. Unfortunately, seasons change and the beauty that people once
experienced vanishes. People focusing only on the material and petty aspects of life, rather than the
beauty around them, will let life pass them, missing out on the true wonders of the world. In his
poem "To Autumn," John Keats utilizes imagery to express the importance of indulging in the
beauties of nature, while alive, because humans are mortal beings bound by the limits of time.
Throughout the beginning of the poem, Keats touches on the beauty and richness of autumn. He
accomplishes this by introducing distinct fall imagery. For example, Keats writes in lines 5 and 6,
"To bend with apples the moss'd cottage–trees; And fill all fruit with the ripeness of to the cores"
(414). Having the trees' branches being bent by the weight of the apples and the fruit being ripe to
its core, the narrator points to the plumpness and maturity of the fruit. Typically, fruit reaches this
fullness in autumn when it is ready to harvest. Keats uses this delectable and pleasant image of the
fruit to not only demonstrate the mouthwatering joys nature has to offer during this season, but to
also

What Does The Richness And Fullness Of That First Cup Of...
The picture may seem familiar. Tumbling out of bed and stumbling around in the kitchen–you begin
your day. But wait. It cannot begin properly without that daily ritual, the morning cup of coffee. The
aroma swirls throughout the room. What can compare to the richness and fullness of that first cup of
coffee?
Americans lead the world in coffee drinking, consuming an average of 3.4 cups per person per day
(Pennybacker 18). Gourmet coffee houses are sprouting up all over the place. But what is the real
story behind this dark brown liquid? Is it as innocent as it first seems–just a pleasant morning pick–
me–up? Unfortunately it isn't. Much of today's coffee is grown in such a way that it damages the
environment, although it has been proven that there are far less harmful methods.
Coffee grows only in the tropics, in Mexico, Central and Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa. The
field must be at an altitude between 3000 and 5000 feet with a temperature between 65 and 70
degrees Fahrenheit. For optimum growth, coffee must have shade from nearby trees and overhead
growth, but it also requires at least two hours of sunlight each day ("Shrinking Shadowland" 60).
These are the only requirements nececssary for coffee to grow well.
Coffee comes from small green beans that are really pits of a fruit resembling a cherry. The morning
coffee poured into a mug comes from a small tree (or bush) that grew for seven years before it
bloomed and grew the fruit that held the beans. After one of

Okanagan Urbanization
The Okanagan has a higher local bird species richness due to the fact that it's arid and has a low
elevation area in the interior. Vancouver on the other hand is highly urbanized which has a negative
effect on the richness of bird species due to the lack of area that the birds can inhabit. These
statements are supported by graphs which shows that the developed city of Vancouver (A, Fig. 1)
has very little area for different bird species to be able to inhabit since most of the region is
urbanized. However, the Okanagan is able to support a much larger species richness since it is more
rural (E, Fig. 1). The Okanagan has higher evenness in it's rank abundance curve and has a higher
species richness than Vancouver. The Vancouver rank abundance

Effects Of Flowers With Scent Versus Flowers
Effects of Flowers with Scent Versus Flowers without Scent on Insect Activity
Flower communities are an example of a limited ecosystem that vary from one to another based on
species of flower as well as microclimate differences. The main component of a flower community
is the flowering plant itself. This plant is the main dictator of all activity in the community. Other
aspects of this limited ecosystem include the species that interact with this plant and the resources it
provides. These species may then also interact with each other influencing aspects of the ecosystem
such as species behavior, resource abundance, and competition (Watt, 1947). As a community the
flowering plant and organisms are also affected by microclimate ... Show more content on
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The flower is in bloom from September to November in habitats with relatively dry soils receiving
little sunlight. Although the flowers do not produce a scent, they do provide a nectar source and are
known to attract butterflies. It is also know to be a plant that attracts predatory insects that prey upon
pest insects the same as the Sweet Everlasting ( Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium). Additionally, it is
of special value to pollinators, and known to attract large numbers of native bees ("Native Plant
Database," n.d.).
The ability of both of these flower communities to exist in similar habitats makes them ideal for
comparing differences in insect activity without the influence of outside factors such as temperature,
light, and humidity. Both flower communities are also known to attract similar species, which
allows the quantity of species visiting one site to be easily compared to the quantity of species
visiting the other site. This is essential because the study aims to determine whether the property of
scent, characteristic of the Sweet Everlasting (Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium), had an effect on the
amount of species interacting with each flower community. If certain species are attracted to scent,
then the sweet everlasting will attract larger numbers of species than the white aster
(Symphyotrichum ericoides).
Methods
For this study two sites were chosen to compare the different insects, spiders, and other invertebrates
that inhabit the limited ecosystem

The Biodiversity At Lido Beach
Abstract This study investigated the biodiversity at Lido Beach in Long Island. The objective was to
investigate how biodiversity changed for areas away from human habitat. Salt marshes and wetland
are under severe threat due to irresponsible actions on the part of humans. There needs to be an
awareness and understanding in the general public as to the importance of these natural habitats and
their significance to the general ecosystem. There is enough evidence to suggest the degradation has
already happened, and how critical it is to protect salt marshes and wetlands. The results were
encouraging as they pointed in the general direction that diversity was not impacted close to the
pathway that was subjected to human traffic. However, the data collected did not point to any
specific conclusions. Nonetheless, it provided valuable information on the subject of the study. The
results for the entire class data indicated that for richness, there was a positive correlation between
the family richness of the samples and the distance from the path. Specific results for one group for
each sample point indicated that for richness, there was more richness observed near the path than
away from it. For evenness, the results indicated that as the distance from the path increased, the
evenness did not have a clear pattern, even though there was a general increase in evenness away
from the path, especially, as shown by the 30m and 50m sampling points. For proportional

The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis By Observing Plant...
The purpose of our experiment was to test the intermediate disturbance hypothesis by observing
plant diversity patterns along a trail. According to the theory, we should observe minimal plant
diversity right next to the trail and not much far from the trail. However, there should be a greater
amount of diversity some intermediate distance from the trail. We went to the James K. McPherson
preserve to observe the types of plants and number of them along the trail. Our sampling method
was to observe a patch of vegetation measuring 10cm by 50cm, looking for different plant species
and number of individuals. We excluded all trees and shrubs and only measured tree and shrub
seedlings and other understory species. Our results showed that further away from the trail, there
were more diverse plants and more of them. Our experiment supports the idea that intermediate
levels of disturbance promote diversity.
Introduction
Within ecological communities, species diversity is often associated with the amount of disturbance
within that environment (Yeboah and Chen, 2016). These disturbance factors are becoming more
prominent as human involvement within these environments increase (Pickering and Growcock,
2009). In fact, Cole and Monz (2002) assert that the recreational trampling of vegetation within
these natural environments create a negative impact that should be monitored and ultimately
maintained. This disturbance within the environment could not only lead to a lowering of species

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