an introduction and brief insight on schizophrenia, a psychological disorder.

1. SCHIZOPHRENIA
Created by :- Lulun Guite. Psy-III.

2. WHAT IS SCHIZOPHRENIA?
• Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder.
• It is classified separately from other disorder because it
is not easily categorized as an anxiety or mood
disorder.
• Schizophrenia is characterized by the inability to
separate reality from non-reality or fantasy.
• Schizophrenic patients often experience non-existent
stimuli that create perceptions of things that do not
exist, such as voices.
• Symptoms may include: flat effect (exhibiting no
emotion), delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized
thinking.

4. INTRODUCTION
Schizophrenic disorder is a complex mental disorder that makes it difficult to –
o Tell the difference between real and unreal experience.
o Think logically.
o Have normal emotional responses.
o Behave normally in social situation.
Although these common symptoms are found in most of us, every
individual cannot be called a schizophrenic person. This symptoms
varies in degrees and in nature. Some scholars like Saundrak Carson
states that; “this disorder is characterized by an array of diverse
symptoms, including- extreme oddities in perception, thinking,
action, sense of self and behaviour relating to others.”
Although the hallmark of schizophrenia is a significant loss of
contact with realty, it doesn’t refer to Psychosis.

5. CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• No one knows the exact cause of schizophrenia, but
multiple possible factors have been discovered.
• Genetics appear to play a part; someone is more likely
to develop schizophrenia if they have an identical twin
with schizophrenia than if they have a fraternal twin
with schizophrenia.
• Women infected with the influenza virus during their
pregnancy are more likely to give birth to children who
will develop the disorder.
• Schizophrenic’s brains also contain larger fluid-filled
areas than their healthy brain counterparts.

7. CLINICAL PICTURE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
According to DSM IV TR- two or more of the following
symptoms are present for a significant portion of time during
a month period.
I) Delusions
II) Hallucination
III) Disorganized Speech
IV) Catatonic behaviour
V) Negative symptoms
VI) Dysfunction in work
VII) Sign of disturbance for atleast six months .

8. SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
The three main symptoms of schizophrenia:
i)Positive symptoms: - Includes unusual thoughts or
perception that include hallucinations, delusions,
thought disorder and disorders of movement.
ii)Negative symptoms: – Represent a lose or
decrease in the ability to start plans, speak,
express emotion, or find any pleasure in life.
iii)Cognitive symptoms: – Problems with attention
and certain memory, and the function that allow
people to plan and organize.

9. TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

11. DISORGANIZED SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Usually occurs at an earlier age and has a gradual,
insidious onset.
• It is characterized by disorganized speech,
disorganized behaviour, and flat or inappropriate
affect.
• It is also known as “hebephrenic schizophrenic”.
• Patients with this disorder may have severe
disruptions in their ability to take care of
themselves and be unable to perform routine
tasks.
• There is no form of treatment intervention yet
discovered.

12. CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Immobile body or stupor.
• Excessive motor activity that is purposeless
and unrelated to outside stimuli.
• Extreme negativism (resistance to being
moved, or to follow instructions) or mutism.
• Assumption of bizarre postures, or
stereotyped movements or mannerisms.
• Echolalia or echopraxia.

13. PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Increased suspiciousness and severe difficulties in
interpersonal relationships.
• Persecutory delusions are the most frequent and may
involve a wide range of bizarre ideas and plots.
• Patients tend to function at a higher level overall and
also to have more intact cognitive skills.
• Preoccupation with delusions or frequent auditory
hallucinations are common.
• No evidence of marked disorganized speech,
disorganized or catatonic behaviour, flat or
inappropriate affect.

14. Residual schizophrenia
• Long term schizophrenia where most symptoms have
disappeared, negative symptoms (detractions from
normal behaviour) often remain such as flat effect or a
refusal to talk.
• Absence of prominent delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or
catatonic behaviour.
• Continued evidence of schizophrenia (e.g., odd beliefs,
unusual perceptual experiences).

15. Undifferentiated schizophrenia
• Symptoms of schizophrenia that do not meet
criteria for the Paranoid, Disorganized, or
Catatonic types.
• People in the acute, early phases of a
schizophrenic breakdown frequently exhibit
undifferentiated symptoms.

16. SCHIZOPHRENIC DELUSIONS
• A delusion is a false belief.
• Some common schizophrenic delusions include:
- Being cheated
- Being harassed
- Being poisoned
- Being spied upon
- Being plotted against
• Most delusions are very grandiose and involve
the patient at the center of some large plot or
scheme.

17. SCHIZOPHRENIC HALLUCINATION
• A hallucination is a non-existent stimulus that is
perceived as real.
• The most common Schizophrenic hallucination is
hearing voices, however the patient may also have
visual hallucinations where they see a person or object
that does not exist.
• Hallucinated voices often interact with the patient:
- By commenting on their behaviour
- By ordering them to do things
- By warning of impending dangers
- By talking to other voices about the patient.

19. TREATING SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Anti-psychotic drugs have been effective in treating symptoms of
schizophrenia.
• Unfortunately, these drugs can also have some mild side effects
including drowsiness, weight gain, jitters, movement problems, and
muscle contractions.
• A possible long-term side effect of anti-psychotic drugs is a
condition called tardive dyskinesia where patients will develop
uncontrollable movements.
• Another treatment is a typical anti-psychotic drugs which have less
side effects and can better treat patients not treated effectively by
the normal drugs.
• Therapy and counseling are also effective in improving behaviour as
well as creating a system of support for the patients.

20. Anti-psychotic drugs

21. FAMOUS PEOPLE WITHSCHIZOPHRENIA
(L- R) John Nash- Noble prize winner
Mary Todd Lincoln- wife of Abraham Lincoln
Syd Barret- guitarist for Pink Floyd

22. SCHIZOPHRENICAL CHART

23. CONCLUSION
• Schizophrenia, along with depression, is one of
the only disorders known to exist in every culture
and society around the world.
• Schizophrenia effects men and women equally,
but it is usually diagnosed earlier in men.
• Schizophrenia has received a significant stigma in
history and in modern society, further facilitating
social withdrawal among schizophrenics.
• Although seemingly primitive, electroconvulsive
therapy has proven to be safe and effective in
treating several cases of schizophrenia.