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CHECK YOUR LEARNING
Genes and Proteins

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Genes and Proteins
In prokaryotes, replication, transcription, and translation take
place in:
A) the nucleus
B) the cytoplasm
C) the rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) the chromosomes

Boundless - Key Term. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Genes and Proteins
In prokaryotes, replication, transcription, and translation take
place in:
A) the nucleus
B) the cytoplasm
C) the rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) the chromosomes

Genes and Proteins
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology states that genetic
information flows in which of the following sequences?
A) RNA to DNA to protein.
B) Protein to RNA to DNA.
C) DNA to RNA to protein.
D) Protein to DNA to RNA.

Boundless - Key Term. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Genes and Proteins
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology states that genetic
information flows in which of the following sequences?
A) RNA to DNA to protein.
B) Protein to RNA to DNA.
C) DNA to RNA to protein.
D) Protein to DNA to RNA.

Genes and Proteins
How many nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons?
A) 12
B) 36
C) 24
D) 48

OpenStax OER. "Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest
Genes and Proteins
How many nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons?
A) 12
B) 36
C) 24
D) 48

Genes and Proteins
A particular DNA sequence reads TCGAGGTCACCG. A mutation
occurs in which the first "A" in the sequence is deleted. What will
happen to the protein produced?
A) The first, third, and fourth amino acids will be correct, but the second
amino acid will be wrong.
B) The first two amino acids will be wrong, but the third and fourth amino
acids will be correct.
C) The first amino acid will be correct, but every amino acid after that will
be wrong.
D) The first amino acid will be wrong, but the last three will be correct.

Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Genes and Proteins
A particular DNA sequence reads TCGAGGTCACCG. A mutation
occurs in which the first "A" in the sequence is deleted. What will
happen to the protein produced?
A) The first, third, and fourth amino acids will be correct, but the second
amino acid will be wrong.
B) The first two amino acids will be wrong, but the third and fourth amino
acids will be correct.
C) The first amino acid will be correct, but every amino acid after that will
be wrong.
D) The first amino acid will be wrong, but the last three will be correct.

Genes and Proteins
Transcription begins in a region where the DNA helix is partially
unwound. What is this region of unwinding called?
A) Genetic code
B) Transcription bubble
C) Template strand
D) DNA plasmid

Genes and Proteins
Where is a promoter located relative to the initiation site?
A) Downstream of the initiation site
B) Upwind of the initiation site
C) Downwind of the initiation site
D) Upstream of the initiation site

Genes and Proteins
Transcription termination is caused by:
A) the rho protein or a stable hairpin.
B) the transcription bubble.
C) RNA polymerase.
D) 40 nucleotides.

Genes and Proteins
Transcription elongation begins:
A) when the RNA polymerase σ subunit dissociates.
B) when a stable hairpin forms.
C) when RNA polymerase collides with the rho protein.
D) when translation ends.

Genes and Proteins
If a mutation occurs in the promoter sequence of a gene, which of
the following might occur? (Note that RNAP below means RNA
Polymerase).
A) RNAP will bind to the wrong site of the DNA and transcribe the wrong
gene
B) The RNAP will keep slipping, producing truncated transcripts and
elongation will not occur
C) The DNA will not be fed through the RNAP correctly
D) RNAP cannot bind to the DNA and transcription will not occur

Genes and Proteins
What are the three major steps of transcription?
A) Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosome
B) Initiation, Elongation, Termination
C) DNA, mRNA, protein
D) RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase II, RNA Polymerase III

Genes and Proteins
Which RNA Polymerase is responsible for transcription of
eukaryotic genes that ultimately become proteins?
A) RNA Polymerase II
B) RNA Polymerase I
C) RNA Polymerase III
D) RNA Polymerase V

Genes and Proteins
A major feature of RNA Polymerase II termination is:
A) a nucleosome
B) a poly-A tail
C) the rho protein
D) a DNA-histone complex

Genes and Proteins
Which of the following are the three ways that mRNA is processed
in eukaryotes?
A) pre-mRNA splicing, adding the 5' cap, adding the poly(A) tail to the 3’
end.
B) pre-mRNA splicing, adding the 3' cap, adding the poly(A) tail to the 5’
end.
.
C) pre-mRNA splicing, adding the 3' cap, translation
.
D) Adding the 5’ cap, adding the poly(A) tail, trimming the 3’ end

Genes and Proteins
Which of the following are the three ways that mRNA is processed
in eukaryotes?
A) pre-mRNA splicing, adding the 5' cap, adding the poly(A) tail to
the 3’ end.
B) pre-mRNA splicing, adding the 3' cap, adding the poly(A) tail to the 5’
end.
.
C) pre-mRNA splicing, adding the 3' cap, translation
.
D) Adding the 5’ cap, adding the poly(A) tail, trimming the 3’ end

Genes and Proteins
Which of the following accurately outlines the order of mRNA
processing following transcription in eukaryotes?
A) The pre-mRNA is spliced first, followed by adding the 5' cap, and
finally the poly(A) tail is added.
B) The poly(A) tail is added first, followed by adding the 5' cap, and finally
the pre-mRNA is spliced.
C) The 5' cap is added first, followed by splicing the pre-mRNA, and
D) The 5' cap is added first, followed by the poly(A) tail, and finally the
pre-mRNA is spliced.

Genes and Proteins
Which of the following accurately outlines the order of mRNA
processing following transcription in eukaryotes?
A) The pre-mRNA is spliced first, followed by adding the 5' cap, and
B) The poly(A) tail is added first, followed by adding the 5' cap, and finally
the pre-mRNA is spliced.
C) The 5' cap is added first, followed by splicing the pre-mRNA, and
D) The 5' cap is added first, followed by the poly(A) tail, and finally the
pre-mRNA is spliced.

Genes and Proteins
What is the purpose of rRNA?
A) To carry amino acids to the ribosome
B) To tell the ribosome which amino acid to incorporate during translation
C) To act as structural and functional elements of the ribosome
D) To play a role in mRNA processing in eukaryotes alone

Genes and Proteins
Which of the following is NOT a role of the ribosome during
translation?
A) read amino acids
B) bind mRNA
C) bind tRNA
D) catalyze reaction with peptidyl transferase

Genes and Proteins
During translation, the completed peptide chain exits the ribosome
through the
A) A site.
B) P site.
C) E site.
D) small subunit.

Genes and Proteins
During translation, new amino acids enter the ribosome attached
to _____?
A) A tRNA molecule.
B) They just diffuse in.
C) A rRNA molecule
D) A phospholipid

Genes and Proteins
How does the cell ensure that only the tRNA carrying the amino
acid that “matches” the mRNA codon at the A site in the ribosome
enters?
A) Only that one can fit through the A site.
B) Only the correct tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to the
mRNA codon while it is at the A site.
C) Only the correct tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to the
mRNA codon while it is at the P site
D) There is no control over this process, it is a random process

Genes and Proteins
How does the cell ensure that only the tRNA carrying the amino
acid that “matches” the mRNA codon at the A site in the ribosome
enters?
A) Only that one can fit through the A site.
B) Only the correct tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to
the mRNA codon while it is at the A site.
C) Only the correct tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to the
mRNA codon while it is at the P site
D) There is no control over this process, it is a random process

Genes and Proteins
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role
ribosomes play in protein synthesis?
A) Ribosomes carry individual amino acids and load them onto growing
peptide chains.
B) Ribosomes read mRNA and use tRNAs to produce peptides and
proteins.
C) Ribosomes load amino acids onto tRNAs.
D) Ribosomes transport mRNA chains from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Genes and Proteins
Why is it critical that an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase recognizes a
specific tRNA molecule?
A) Each tRNA must be properly folded by a tRNA synthetase enzyme
B) A tRNA with the proper anti-codon sequence must be charged with the
correct amino acid
C) A tRNA will not bind to the ribosome without its corresponding tRNA
synthetase
D) Each tRNA needs to be labeled at the 5' terminus with the correct anti-
codon

Genes and Proteins
Which of the following about tRNAs is true?
A) Elongation factors charge tRNAs with amino acids at the 3' end.
B) tRNA molecules can be charged with any amino acid.
C) Charged tRNAs bind to mRNA through three nucleotide base pairing.
D) Each organism only expresses one tRNA molecule for translation.

Genes and Proteins
Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example,
tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome. What
specific effect would you expect this antibiotic to have on protein
synthesis?
A) Tetracycline would directly affect tRNA binding to the ribosome.
B) Tetracycline would directly affect ribosome assembly.
C) Tetracycline would directly affect growth of the protein chain.
D) All of these answers.

OpenStax OER. "Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44529/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Genes and Proteins
tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome. What
specific effect would you expect this antibiotic to have on protein
synthesis?
A) Tetracycline would directly affect tRNA binding to the ribosome.
B) Tetracycline would directly affect ribosome assembly.
C) Tetracycline would directly affect growth of the protein chain.

Genes and Proteins
chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect
would you expect this antibiotic to have on protein synthesis?
A) Chloramphenicol would directly affect tRNA binding to the ribosome.
B) Chloramphenicol would directly affect growth of the protein chain.
C) Chloramphenicol would directly affect ribosome assembly.

OpenStax OER. "Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44529/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Genes and Proteins
chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect
would you expect this antibiotic to have on protein synthesis?
A) Chloramphenicol would directly affect tRNA binding to the ribosome.
B) Chloramphenicol would directly affect growth of the protein chain.
C) Chloramphenicol would directly affect ribosome assembly.

Genes and Proteins
All of the following post-translational events are critical for proper
protein function EXCEPT:
A) folding of the protein into the proper three-dimensional structure
B) targeting of the protein to a subcellular location
C) denaturation of the protein to disconnect it from the ribosome
D) chemical modification of amino acid residues

D. genes and protein check your learning

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