There are several ways to measure development levels and the gap between developed and developing countries: 1) GDP and GNP per capita are traditional economic measures but don't capture inequalities within countries. 2) Social indicators like health, education, and housing provide a more holistic view of development. 3) Composite indices that combine economic and social factors, such as the Human Development Index, provide a comprehensive overview of development levels. 4) Other indices measure specific issues like the digital divide, gender inequality, and livability between countries. No single measure can fully capture a country's development status.

1. World Development Aims To know how we can measure the development gap To know the terminology used to identify countries of differing development

2. Development Development means the way in which a country seeks to improve economically and raise the standard of living for its inhabitants. The Development Gap refers to the widening difference in levels of development between the world’s richest and poorest countries. This development gap can also occur within countries, for example between regions or between urban and rural areas. The Development continuum Some people think this better reflects reality. There is a distinct graduation between countries at different levels rather than clusters in distinct groups.

3. What words are used to describe development levels? LEDC/MEDC/NIC Rich/ poor Developed/ Developing/ Underdeveloped First world/ second world/ third world North and South

5. How do we measure development? What are development indicators?

6. MEASURING THE DEVELOPMENT GAP Question ‘Evaluate the indicators that can be used to measure the development gap’

7. GNP and GDP GDP = Gross Domestic Product GNP = Gross National Product GDP is a traditional and economic measure of development. It is the total value of goods and services produced by a country during one year. GNP is similar but also includes income from overseas investment. GDP per capita is where the money is then divided per person in the population to give a more reliable average.

8. GNP per capita GDP per Capita

9. What are the Problems with GNP as an indicator It hides inequalities within a country. E.g. Saudi Arabia may have a high GDP per capita but there is a vast gap between the rich and the poor within the country.

10. Money from power for heating is included in GNP. So cold countries may appear wealthier

11. Subsistence Farming generates no cash and so is not included

12. The informal economy does not declare cash so it is not counted.

13. The $ has different purchasing power in different countries – cost of living is different. “ Yes it is lovely and it only cost me 50p in our money. You can get a decent meal for a £1and the beer and spirits are dirt cheap as well. I think I’ll haggle him down a bit!”

14. Purchasing Power Parity Purchasing power parity (PPP). A method of measuring the relative purchasing power of different countries’ currencies over the same types of goods and services. Because goods and services may cost more in one country than in another, PPP allows us to make more accurate comparisons of standards of living across countries.

16. Social Indicators of Development HEALTH Infant Mortality Rate Life Expectancy % of GNP spent on health Doctors per 1000 people Hospital beds per 1000 people Daily calorie intake EDUCATION % of GNP spent on education Average number of years in full time education Literacy rates Full time teachers per 1000 people HOUSING Dwelling floor space per capita %dwelling with running water % dwelling with electricity % dwelling with indoor lavatory % dwelling owner occupied % GNP spent on housing PROBLEMS Social development can often lag behind economic development Some inappropriate indicators for LEDC’s.

17. Economic Indicators of Development TRANSPORT Km railways per unit area Tonnes of freight per population unit per year. Kilometres of roads per unit area ENERGY Kwh of electricity per capita Kwh of energy consumed per capita Kwh of energy reserves Per cent HEP developed COMMUNICATIONS Newspaper circulation per population unit Telephones per population unit Domestic mail flow per capita TRADE Exports per capita Imports per capita Value of foreign trade turnover PROBLEMS Can be outdated quickly e.g internet. No-one single indicator can be reliable on its own.

18. COMPOSITE INDICATORS Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) This includes life expectancy, literacy rates and infant mortality rates. The higher the score the better quality of life. Human Development Index (HDI) This is the same as the PQLI plus school enrolment and PPP to help judge standards of living. International Suffering Index (HIS) This adds daily calorie intake, access to clean water, inflation rate, access to communications, political freedom and civil rights. These tend to be more valid at the moment as they take in to account more than one factor and a range of economic and social factors.

19. The digital divide The digital access index (DAI) measures the gap between countries and their ability to access and use ICT.

20. The Gender divide The more recent GDI (Gender Development index) shows the inequalities between men and women in terms of life expectancy, education and income.

21. Most and least liveable countries According to the UN here are the top ten MOST and LEAST livable countries by HDI. Can you locate them all on a map? Niger Sierra Leone Mali Burkino Faso Guinea Bissau Central African Republic Chad Ethiopia Burundi Mozambique Norway Iceland Australia Ireland Sweden Canada Japan USA Switzerland Netherlands Least Liveable Most Liveable