How to Sell, A Book on Marketing & Sales by Gampa Nageswararao

D: GAMPA [BOOKS] 01. Sales Book [VENKATESH] Page No. 1
BY
Gampa Nageshwar Rao
M.A.,(Psychology),
M.A., (Counselling and
Psychotheraphy),
M.Phil (Psychology),
E-Mail:
gamparao@gmail.com
U
FIRST EDITION
2013 September
U
COVER DESIGN
N. Sashidhara Rao
U
PUBLISHED BY
New Vision Publications
D.No. 1-9-644/A/1, Vidya Nagar,
Hyderabad - 500 044.
Ph: 040-27605829, 27663376.
99483 35306.
U
Printed At
Udyoga Sopanam Printers, 71 IDA
Pashamylaram, Hyderabad.
Pages : 112 Rs. : 50/-
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~°∂áêÅÖ’ J#fi~ÚOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
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JOkOK«»O ^•fi~å, ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î HõeyOK«»O HÀã¨Õ∞ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
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Õã¨∂Î JOÔE*ËÜ«∞QÆÅQÍe.
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=∞# L`åÊÔE#Å‰õΩ L#fl qt+¨ì ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞, JOÔE∞‰õΩ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ K≥e¡OK«=Åã≤#
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J=QÍÇ¨Ï# Hõey LO_®e. WHõ Ô~O_À JOâ◊O-=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£. JOË
=∞# L`åÊÔE#Å QÆ∞iOz qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ ã¨~°à◊≥∞ÿ#, ãÖ`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°≥∞ÿ#, ãÖÉèÏ+¨}Ï
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åiH˜ q„Hõ~ÚOK«QÆÅQÆ»O =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ã≤|ƒOk JOu=∞ ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ LO_®e.
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ-JOË Uq∞’ =∞~À x~°fiK«åxfl QÆ=∞xOKåe.
Kå~°ì~ü¤ Wxã≤ì@∂ºò PÑ¶π =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ-qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å J=ã¨~åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«»O,
=ÚOÔEã¨∞ÎQÍ JOK«å ÕÜ«∞_»O, åix ãÖ`«$Ñ≤ÎÑ¨~°K«»O =O˜ ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞ ãÖã¨÷‰õΩ
ÖÏÉèí^•Ü«∞HõOQÍ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ Ü«∂[=∂#º „Ñ¨„H˜ÜÕ∞ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ.
H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ `«‰õΩ¯= ^èOE~°‰õΩ ¿ãHõiOK«»O,
å}º`«#∞ HõzÛù`«OQÍ x~°‚~ÚOK«»O, J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ#
≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ kkÌ å˜x qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ
ãÖ`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°OQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOK« »O „Ñ¨^è•#≥∞ÿ#
Pâ◊Ü«∂Å∞QÍ LO_®e.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 6 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 7

XHõÑ¨C_»∞ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ JOË ã¨$[å`«‡Hõ≥∞ÿ# XHõ „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ Ñï„â◊=∞QÍ
ÑïQÆ}ÕKÕå~°∞. WOÔE∞Ö’ å}˜[º „Ñ¨Kå~åÅ x~°fiÇ¨Ï}, ÑÖÑ≤}©, q„HõÜ«∂Å∞,
W`«~° åºáê~° HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ ã¨=¸Ç¨ÏOQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕå~°∞. JOÔE∞‰õΩ „Ñ¨^è•# HÍ~°}O
- =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ q^èOE∞Å#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«»OÖ’ qq^èOE âß„ã‘ÎÜ«∞ q*Ï˝#O „áê^è•#º`«
KåÖÏ =ÚYºO J#∞‰õΩÕ å~°∞. WOÔE∞Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõ âß„ã¨ÎO, =∂#ã≤Hõ âß„ã¨ÎO ,
ã¨=∂[âß„ã¨ÎO, QÆ}˜`«âß„ã¨ÎO, Pi÷Hõ âß„ã¨ÎO, =∂#= q*Ï˝# âß„ã¨ÎO =O˜ qq^èOE
JOâßÅ#∞ J#fi~ÚOz =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ =ÓºÇ¨Å#∞ x~åúiOK«∞HÀ=Åã≤ LO_Õk. WÑ¨C_»∞
D =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÍxfl XHõ „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ =$uÎQÍ Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞ QÆ∞iÎã¨∞Îåfl~Ú. qq^èOE
qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂Å∞ D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ ZOZãπã‘ HÀ~°∞ûÅ#∞ „áê~°Oaèã¨∞Îåfl~Ú ‰õÄ_®.
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ qq^èOE ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ÏºÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç# JOâßÅ∞ : =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
J^èOEºÜ«∞#O, =∂Ô~¯ò =sæHõ~°}, åºáê~° „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ ~°∂Ñ¨HõÅÊ#, å˜ J=∞Å∞
Ñ¨~°ºÕHõΔ}, z=iQÍ L`«ÊuÎ, L`åÊÔE#Å q„HõÜ«∂Å ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ å˜ „Ñ¨Kå~°
HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å x~°fiÇ¨Ï}. Wxfl qâıëêOâßÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç# =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO JOÔE∞‰õΩ
J`«ºO`« qâ◊fiã¨hÜ«∞≥∞ÿ# ã¨$[å`«‡Hõ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ÏºÅ#∞ „Ñ¨ÔEi≈OK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
„Ñ¨ÑÖK«åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ ã¨∂Ñ¨~ü =∂Ô~¯@∞¡ WÑ¨C_»∞ ~ÀA~ÀAH© qã¨Îiã¨∞Îåfl~Ú. Jq
UÏ H˘xfl HÀ@¡ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å#∞ ˆH=ÅO =∂Ô~¯ò J^èOEºÜ«∞åxH˜, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
Pã¨H˜Îx `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ qxÜ≥∂yã¨∞ÎåflÜ«∞OË =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ „áê^è•#º`«Å#∞
QÆ∞iÎOK«=K«∞Û.
J=∞‡HÍÅ∞-P^•Ü«∂xH˜ ~åK«ÉÏ@
å}˜[º ~°OQÆOÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑ˜ì# U ãÖã¨÷ÔH·å Jxfl˜Hõåfl Ju =ÚYº≥∞ÿ#k
~å|_ç. P^•Ü«∞O ~ååÅOË `å=Ú qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å HÀãÖ ã≤ÔEúO KÕã≤# L`åÊÔE#Å∞
åiH˜ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î HõeyOKåe. JO`ÕHÍÔE∞, å˜x H˘#_®xH˜ åiÖ’ Pã¨H˜Îx
ÃÑOá⁄OkOKåe. JÖÏ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕ¿ã „Ñü L`åÊÔE# g∞ÔE
ãÖã¨÷‰õΩ x~°fiÇ¨Ï}‰õΩ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ P^•Ü«∞O ~ååe. JOÔE∞Ö’
ã¨=Úz`«≥∞ÿ# ÖÏÉèíO ãÖã¨÷‰õΩ KÕ‰õÄ~åe. ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ U ãÖã¨÷ J~Úå, P^•Ü«∞O,
ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ D Ô~O_»∞ „Ñ¨^è•#≥∞ÿ# ÅHΔÍºÅ ™ê^èOE#ˆH `«=∞ â◊H˜ÎÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ#∞ Jxfl˜h
ˆHO„nHõiã¨∞ÎOk. D ÅHõΔ º ™ê^èOE#Ö’ H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`« ãÖã¨÷ P^èOEfi~°ºOÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã
¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO.
L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ∞ ZO`« å}º≥∞ÿ#q J~Úå, ZO`« `«‰õΩ¯= ^èOE~°‰õΩ q„Hõ~ÚOK«®xH˜
=∞#O ã≤ÔEú≥∞ÿå, å˜ qt+¨ì ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ#∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ q=iOz, åix
å˜x H˘#_®xH˜ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«»Õ∞ ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ „Ñ¨^è•#≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«.
JOË ã¨=∞~°÷=O`«≥∞ÿ# ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÖË‰õΩO_® ZO`« Q˘Ñ¨Ê L`åÊÔE# J~Úå
=∂Ô~¯òÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ PHõ@∞ìHÀÖËÔE∞. JOÔEiH© `≥eã≤# q+¨Ü«∞Õ∞. å}˜[º
~°OQÆOÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑ˜ì# „Ñü ãÖã¨÷‰õΩ P^•Ü«∞O ã¨=∞‰õÄˆ~Û „Ñ¨^è•#≥∞ÿ# =∂~°æO-
åi L`åÊÔE#Å J=∞‡HÍÅ∞, g∞~°∞ J#∞ãïOKÕ L`«ÊuÎ q^è•åÅ∞ ZO`« Q˘Ñ¨Ê≥·å,
g∞ L`åÊÔE#Ö’ ZO`« Q˘Ñ¨Ê ™êOˆHuHõ q*Ï˝åxfl J#∞ãïã¨∞Îåfl, Pi÷HõÑ¨~°OQÍ g∞
ÅHΔÍºÅ∞ ZO`« L#fl`«≥∞ÿ#q J~Úå, g∞ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ „Ñ¨Õâ◊ÃÑ˜ì
L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ∞ ZO`« å}º≥∞ÿ#q J~Úå, ZO`« `«‰õΩ¯=
^èOE~°‰õΩ q„Hõ~ÚOK«®xH˜ =∞#O ã≤ÔEú≥∞ÿå, å˜
qt+¨ì ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ#∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ q=iOz,
åix å˜x H˘#_®xH˜ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK« »Õ∞ ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ „Ñ¨^è•#≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«.

qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ L`åÊ^•Å#∞ ÑïK«Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∞_»O
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO Hõ~°Î=ºO HÍQÍ, å˜x Pã¨H˜Î
QÆÅ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å KÕuH˜ KÕ~°Û=Åã≤# ÉÏ^èOEº`« ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO KÕÑ¨»∞`«∞Ok. JOË ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÖËHõáÈ`Õ,
=∞# L`åÊÔE# qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çH˜ KÕ~°Õ KÕ~°ÔE∞.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ L`åÊ^•Å#∞ ÑïK«Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∞_»O =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO Hõ~°Î=ºO
HÍQÍ, å˜x Pã¨H˜Î QÆÅ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å KÕuH˜ KÕ~°Û=Åã≤# ÉÏ^èOEº`« ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO
KÕÑ¨»∞`«∞Ok. JOË ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÖËHõáÈ`Õ, =∞# L`åÊÔE# qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çH˜
KÕ~°Õ KÕ~°ÔE∞.
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ, ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ „áê^è•#º`«
J~°úO KÕã¨∞HÀåÅOË XHõ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}#∞ QÆ=∞x¿ãÎ KåÅ∞. g∞~°∞ XHõ ã¨∂Ñ¨~ü
=∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑÏì~°#∞HÀO_ç. JHõ¯_» g∞~°∞ XHõ ã¨|∞ƒ#∞ H˘åÅ#∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞.
g∞‰õΩ `≥Å∞ã¨∞.. JHõ¯_» Jxfl ~°HÍÅ ã¨|∞ƒÅ∞ LOÏÜ«∞x, J~Ú`Õ JHõ¯_» H˘xfl
ã¨|∞ƒÅ∞ „Ñ¨=ÚYOQÍ =∞# Hõà◊§‰õΩ PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕÖÏ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Êù@OQÍ „Ñ¨ÔEi≈Oz LOKå~°∞.
q∞ye#q, P ≥#HÍÅ, Hõ#Ñ¨ô Hõ#Ñ¨»‰õΩO_® LO_ÕÖÏ J=∞~°Û|_ç Låfl~Ú.
WOÔE∞‰õΩ g∞‰õΩ `≥eã≤# HÍ~°}O Uq∞˜? PÖ’zOK«O_ç. KåÖÏ `ÕeHõQÍ, g∞~°∞
J~°ú=∞ÜÕ∞ºÖÏ K≥áêÊÅOË, Jk P L`åÊÔEHõ ãÖã¨÷Ö’x =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl
K˘~°= Ñ¶ë`«O. åà◊√¡ P ã¨∂Ñ¨~ü =∂Ô~¯ò Ü«∂[=∂åºxH˜ #K«ÛK≥Ñ≤Ê, `«=∞
L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ „Ñ¨=ÚYOQÍ Hõ#Ñ¨ÕÖÏ „Ñ¨ÔEi≈OKÕÖÏ X_»O|_çHõ ‰õΩÔE∞~°∞ÛHÀQÆeQÍ~°∞.
q∞ye# ãÖã¨÷Å åà◊√¡ P ã¨∂Ñ¨~ü =∂Ô~¯ò Ü«∂[=∂åºxfl ãÖ„Ñ¨kOK«ÕÖËÔEx
=∞#O QÆ=∞xOK«∞HÀåe. Wk =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO Hõ$+≤. WHõ P L`åÊÔE##∞ XHõ
ã¨∂Ñ¨~ü |*Ï~ü‰õΩ =∂„`«Õ∞ HÍ‰õΩO_® „Ñü zåfl, ÃÑ^•Ì ÔE∞HÍ}ÏÅ =~°‰õΩ fã¨∞ÔHo§
åà◊¡O`å ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ L`åÊÔE##∞ „Ñ¨=ÚYOQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ P‰õ@∞ì‰õΩÕÖÏ
„Ñ¨ÔEi≈OKÕÖÏ #K«ÛK≥Ñ¨Ê_»O åi Hõ~°Î=ºO.
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ âßY-¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ... ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O
D Ô~O_»∞ qÉèÏQÍÅ „Ñ¨^è•#≥∞ÿ# q^èOE∞Å#∞, Hõ~°ÎåºÅ#∞ WO`«=~°‰õΩ ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ
`≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩåflO. =∞iH˘xfl q=~åÅ#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕ =ÚOÔE∞, D Ô~O_»∞ qÉèÏQÍÅ
=∞^èOEº LO_»=Åã≤# ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O, PK«~°}Ö’ ^•x „áê^è•#º`«Å QÆ∞iOz H˘O`«
ã¨=∂Kå~°O `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆHõ~°O. KåÖÏ ãÖã¨÷Ö’¡ D Ô~O_»∞ =ÚYº qÉèÏQÍÅ
=∞^èOEº XHõ ~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ã¨Ê~°÷ HõxÑ≤ã¨∂Î LO@∞Ok. P~ÀQÆº=O`«≥∞ÿ# áÈ© LOË Jk
ãÖã¨÷‰õΩ Õ∞Å∞ KÕã¨∞ÎOk. =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«, „Ñü+¨ìÅ‰õΩ áÈÜÕ∞ ã¨fiÉèÏ=O Ç¨x KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk ZÑ¨C_»∂ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ã≤|ƒOkx `«Ñ¨CÑ¨ »∞`«∂ LOÏ~°∞.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å J=ã¨~åÅ∞, åi PÖ’K«#Å∞ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ=_»OÖ’
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ âßY qÑ¶¨Å=∞=Ù`ÀOÔEOÏ~°∞. ^èOE~°Å x~°‚Ü«∞OÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ qã¨‡iã¨∂Î LOÏ~°x q=∞i≈™êÎ~°∞. WHõ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ã≤|ƒOk ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO Ñ¨xÖ’ `«Ñ¨CÅ∞ ≥`«∞‰õΩ`«∂ LO@∞Ok. XHõiÔEÌ~°∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ =∂„`«Õ∞ ¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk JuQÍ KÕã≤ `«=∞ÃÑ· XuÎç ÃÑOK«∞`ÀOÔEx
å~°∞ P~ÀÑ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~°∞. ZO`«¿ãÑ¨Ó `«HõΔ} q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ =∂„`«Õ∞ =∞#ã¨∞Ö’
ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx n~°…HÍeHõ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ‰õΩ åà◊√§ QÆO_ç H˘_»∞`«∞OÏ~°x xOÔEÖËã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞.
Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ, åºáê~° Jaè=$kúÖ’ „Ñ¨^è•#≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# åà◊§
=∞^èOEº ã¨Ü≥∂^èOEº Ö’Ñ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. Jk =∂Ô~¯ò „Ñ¨ÕâßxH˜ Jxfl q^è•ÖÏ ÃÑÔEÌ J_»¤OH˜QÍ
=∂~°∞`«∞Ok. Jk Y~°∞ÛÅ#∞ qÑ¨s`«OQÍ ÃÑOzÕã¨∞ÎOk. Jk ãÖã¨÷‰õΩ
¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk ZÑ¨C_»∂ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ã≤|ƒOkx
`«Ñ¨CÑ¨_»∞`«∂ LOÏ~°∞. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
J=ã¨~åÅ∞, åi PÖ’K«#Å∞ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜
fã¨∞HÀ=_»OÖ’ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ âßY qÑ¶¨Å=∞=Ù
`ÀOÔEOÏ~°∞.

=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ã≤|ƒOk ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO Ñ¨xÖ’ `«Ñ¨CÅ∞
≥`«∞‰õΩ`«∂ LO@∞Ok. XHõiÔEÌ~°∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ =∂„`«Õ∞ ¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk JuQÍ KÕã≤
`«=∞ÃÑ· XuÎ ç ÃÑOK«∞`ÀOÔEx å~°∞ P~ÀÑ≤ã¨∂Î
LOÏ~°∞.
#+¨ì^•Ü«∞Hõ=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. å˜ =∞^èOEº ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O ™êkèOK«»O Jxfl q^è•ÖÏ `«Ñ¨Êxãï.
D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ ≥ÚÔE˜ ÔEâ◊-Jã¨Å∞ Ô~O_»∞ qÉèÏQÍÅ∞ Ñ¨xKÕã¨∞Î#fl f~°∞#∞
ÑïjeOz, Ö’@∞áê@¡#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz, å˜x ãïkÔEÌ®xH˜ „â◊ÔEú fã¨∞HÀåe. JOÔE∞‰õΩ
J#∞ãïOK«=Åã≤# H˘xfl ã¨∂HΔÍ‡OâßÅ#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO^•O.
Jã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ, ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ =∞^èOEº q^èOE∞Å∞, ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞ ã¨„Hõ=∞OQÍ, ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ
xˆ~ÌtOK«ÖËÔE#∞HÀO_ç. JÑ¨C_»∞ P ãÖã¨÷Ö’ ãÖ|O^è•Å∞ ZÖÏ LOÏ~Ú.
QÆ=∞xOK«O_ç.
Z=i=∞@∞‰õΩ åà◊√§ `«=∞ ™⁄O`« ÅHΔÍºÅ#∞, HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å#∞
x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ ZHõ¯_» U z#fl ≥·+¨=∂ºÅ∞ `«ÖˇuÎå, XHõi Ñ¨#∞Ö’¡ =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ ÕÅ∞ÃÑ˜ì
`«=∞ PkèHõº`«#∞ x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ J`«∞º`åûÇ¨ÏO K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~°∞. ã¨Ç¨Ï[≥∞ÿ#
suÖ’ Z=i =∞@∞‰õΩ å~°∞ `«=∞ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ÏºÅ#∞ ≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~°∞K«∞‰õΩO@∂ `«=∞
â◊H˜ÎÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ#∞ Jaè=$kú Ñ¨~°K«∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ „â◊ÔEú fã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ LOÏ~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ, åi =∞^èOEº ã¨Ü≥∂^èOEº Ö’Ñ≤Oz#Ñ¨C_»∞, åà◊§ ÔE$+≤ì `«=∞ ™ê=∞~åúºxfl
ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«∞‰õΩÕ q+¨Ü«∞Og∞ÔE Hõåfl, ZÔE∞˜ åi q^è•åÅÖ’x Ö’áêÅ#∞
QÆ=∞xOK«®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= Pã¨H˜Î „Ñ¨ÔEi≈ã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞.
åi =∞^èOEº ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O ≥∞~°∞QÍæ, ãÖ`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°OQÍ L#fl@¡~Ú`Õ, åà◊√¡
[i¿Ñ ã¨=∂ÕâßÅ∞, ãÖ„Ñ¨kOÑ¨ÙÅ∞ HÍ~°ºjÅ≥∞ÿ# ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~° ÔE$HõÊ^ä•xfl „ÑüaOaã¨∂Î
LO@∞Ok. J^Õ ã¨Ô~·# J=QÍÇ¨Ï#, ã¨Ü≥∂^èOEº ÖËx Ñ¨HõΔOÖ’ åà◊√§ ãÖÜ«ÚHõÎOQÍ
[i¿Ñ U ã¨=∂Õâ◊≥∞ÿå, ãÖÉèÏ+¨}Öˇ·å qÉèË^•Å Ñïëê¯~°Õ∞ „Ñ¨^è•# Z*ˇO_®QÍ
™êQÆ∞`«∞Ok.
ã¨=∞`«∞Åº≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O LOË...
WÑ¨C_»∞ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ -¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ =∞^èOEº ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O, ã¨Ê~°÷ J~°ú=O`«OQÍ
LOË P ãÖã¨÷ ™êkèOKÕ Ñ¶ë`åÖË P Ñïã≤÷ux JÔEÌOÖÏ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~Ú.
JÖÏO˜ ãÖã¨÷Ö’ åã¨ÎåÅ∞ ZÖÏ LOÏÜ≥∂ Ñïje^•ÌO.
ˆH=ÅO ÅHΔÍºÅ#∞ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞HÀ=_»O, Z=i =∞@∞‰õΩ å~°∞ `«=∞ â◊H˜ÎÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ#∞
ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩO@∂ =ÚOÔE∞‰õΩ ™êQÆ»O HÍÔE∞. ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O`À Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞_»Õ∞ ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ
qÉèË^•Å#∞ Jã¨Å∞ `«Öˇ`«Î‰õΩO_® xåiOK«®xH˜ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# qkè q^è•åÅ∞, xÜ«∞=∞
x|O^èOE#Å#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞‰õΩx å˜ J=∞Å∞ ^•fi~å ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ ãÖã¨÷ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÖË
^äÕºÜ«∞OQÍ Hõ$+≤KÕÜ«∞_»OÃÑ·Õ ÔE$+≤ì ™êi™êÎ~Ú.
qå^•Å‰õΩ ^•if¿ã J=HÍâ◊O L#fl JOâßÅ#∞ =ÚOÔE∞QÍÕ QÆ∞iÎOz, å˜
q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ =º=Ç¨ÏiOKÕ q^è•åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz =ÚOÔE∞QÍÕ JOK«å Õã¨∞‰õΩO@∂,
=∞^äÕº=∂~åæxfl J#∞ãïOK«®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ „â◊ÔEú fã¨∞HÀ=_»O HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
åà◊√§ [i¿Ñ ã¨=∂ÕâßÅ∞, ãÖ„Ñ¨kOÑ¨ÙÅ∞ qÉèË^•Å Ñïëê¯~åxH˜ HÍ‰õΩO_®,
ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ H˘xfl ÅHΔÍºÅ#∞ Y~å~°∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ, å˜x ™êkèOK«®xH˜ Hõeã≤Hõ@∞ìQÍ
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ -¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ =∞^èOEº ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O,
ã¨Ê~°÷ J~°ú=O`«OQÍ LOË P ãÖã¨÷ ™êkèOKÕ Ñ¶ë`åÖË
P Ñïã≤÷ux JÔEÌOÖÏ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~Ú. JÖÏO˜
ãÖã¨÷Ö’ åã¨ÎåÅ∞ ZÖÏ LOÏÜ≥∂ Ñïje^•ÌO.

¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆOÖ’x ã≤|ƒOk =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO åà◊√§
„Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ J#∞ãïOKÕ ™êOˆHuHõ Ñ¨^•Å#∞ J=∞Å∞Ö’
ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞. JÖÏˆQ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
ã≤|ƒOk ‰õÄ_® ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl|˜ì, ãÖÔE~åƒùxfl|˜ì ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO åà◊§ q^èOE∞ÅÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ ã‘fiHõi™êÎ~°∞.
KÕÑ¨@ì=Åã≤# HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å#∞ J=∞Å∞KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤# =ÓºÇ¨`«‡Hõ q^è•åÅÕ Z*ˇO_®QÍ
PK«~°}Ï`«‡Hõ ÔE$HõÊ^äOEO „Ñ¨ÔEi≈ã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞.
J=QÍÇ¨Ï#`À ‰õÄ_ç# ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O
U qÉèÏQÍxH˜ P qÉèÏQÆO `«=∞HõO@∂ ™⁄O`«OQÍ H˘xfl ÖHΔÍºÅ#∞
x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞. J~Ú`Õ, XHõi ÅHΔÍºÅ‰õΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ`Õ
`«=∞ ÅHΔÍºÅ#∞ =∂~°∞ÛHÀ=_®xH˜ ã≤ÔEúOQÍ LOÏ~°∞. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ J=ã¨~åxfl|˜ì
¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆOÖ’x ã≤|ƒOk =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO åà◊√§ „Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ J#∞ãïOKÕ
™êOˆHuHõ Ñ¨^•Å#∞ J=∞Å∞Ö’ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞. JÖÏˆQ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
ã≤|ƒOk ‰õÄ_® ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl|˜ì, ãÖÔE~åƒùxfl|˜ì ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO åà◊§ q^èOE∞ÅÖ’
ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ ã‘fiHõi™êÎ~°∞. WÖÏ LÉèíÜ«ÚÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® ãÖã¨÷ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ‰õΩ =∂„`«Õ∞
J`«ºkèHõ „áê^è•#º`« Wã¨∂Î LOÏ~°∞.
WÖÏ ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O`À ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞_»Õ∞ HÍÔE∞, Jxfl „Ñ¨^è•#≥∞ÿ# JOâßÖ’¡#∂
‰õÄ_® Hõeã≤Hõ@∞ìQÍ =º=Ç¨Ïi™êÎ~°∞. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ#∞
~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞HÀ=_»OÖ’ HÍx, `«=∞ ã≤|ƒOkH˜ tHõΔ} W=fi=Åã≤# ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡#∂
‰õÄ_® Ô~O_»∞ qÉèÏQÍÅ∞ Ñ¨~°ã¨Ê~°O ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOK«∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞.
UH©Hõ$`« =º=Ç¨~°â‹·e ...
ˆH=ÅO ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞_»Õ∞ HÍÔE∞. X‰õ~°∞ PK«~°}Ö’ L`«Î=∞≥∞ÿ#qQÍ QÆ∞iÎOÑ¨Ù
á⁄Ok# q^è•åÅ#∞ ã‘fiHõiOz J=∞Å∞KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ã≤ÔEúOQÍ LOÏ~°∞. XHõ~°∞
K«∂Ñ≤Oz# Ñ¨x™ê=∞~°úºO „Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ#∞ Ô~O_À qÉèÏQÆO å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® Q“~°q™êÎ~°∞.
PK«iOK«®xH˜ Ç¨ïO^•QÍ =ÚOÔE∞‰õΩ =™êÎ~°∞. JO`ÕHÍx J^Õ^À `«=∞‰õΩ JQ“~°=O
J#fl JÇ¨ÏOHÍ~åxH˜ KÀ@∞ LO_»ÔE∞. WHõ XHõ~°∞ ™êkèOz# Ñ¶ë`åÅ#∞ `«=∞Õ##fl@∞¡
JOÔE~°∂ „Ñ¨â◊Oã¨Å#∞ JOÔE∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞. å˜x ã‘fiHõi™êÎ~°∞.
ãÖã¨÷ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ#∞, ÅHΔÍºÅ#∞ ™êkèOz ÃÑ@ì»OÖ’ Hõeã≤‰õ@∞ìQÍ 'q[Ü«∞≥∞ÿå,
F@q∞ J~Úå— JOÔEin J#fl UHÍ„QÆ =∞#ã¨∞¯Öˇ· Hõ$+≤ KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ã¨~°fiã¨#flÔE∞úÖˇ·
LOÏ~°∞.
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO - x~°fiÇ¨Ï}, ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ`« XHõ¯~ÀAÖ’ JOÔE~°∂ QÆ∞iÎOz# =∞Ç¨Ï`«Î~°≥∞ÿ# qâı+Ö
HÍÔE∞. å}˜[º ~°OQÆO Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÆq∞ã¨∞Î#fl H˘nÌ, åºáê~° qã¨Î~°} Jxå~°º≥∞ÿ# XHõ
„Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞QÍ =∂~°∞`«∞#fl HÍÅO`Àáê@∞ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ „áê^è•#º`« ‰õÄ_® k#kåaè=$kú
™êkèOzOk. „Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ ãÖã¨÷Å∞, åi L`åÊÔE#Å∞, å~°∞ JOkOKÕ ¿ã=Å∞
|Ç¨ï=ÚYO J=Ù`«∞#fl P^èOE∞xHõ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ åºÑ¨Î åºáê~° HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ
ÕÑ¨^äOEºOÖ’ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO ^•^•Ñ¨Ù Ü«∂[=∂#ºOÖ’ XHõ =ÚYº≥∞ÿ#, J`«ºkèHõ
„áê^è•#º`« QÆÅ ™ê÷åxfl ãÖáêkOK«∞‰õΩOk. WÑ¨C_»∞ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ J#∞Éèí=O XHõ
„Ñ¨`ÕºHõ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºOQÍ Q“~°åxfl á⁄OÔE∞`ÀOk.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å Jaè~°∞K«∞Å∞, PÖ’K«#Å∞, PHÍOHõΔÅ∞ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ =∂~°∞`«∞#fl
„Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« å`å=~°}O =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ P=â◊ºHõ`«#∞, ^•x ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨ ã¨fiÉèÏåÅ#∞
J#∂Ç¨ÏºOQÍ =∂iÛ Õã¨∞ÎåflÜ«∞#_»OÖ’ ZÖÏO˜ ãÖ^ÕÇ¨ÏO ÖËÔE∞. JOÔE∞=Å¡
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ JOË ... qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ KÕ~°∞=QÍ LO@∂ åi PÖ’K«#Ö’¡#∞,
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å Jaè~°∞K«∞Å∞, PÖ’K«#Å∞,
PHÍOHõΔÅ∞ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ =∂~°∞`«∞#fl „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«
å`å=~°}O =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ P=â◊ºHõ`«#∞, ^•x
ã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨ ã¨fiÉèÏåÅ#∞ J#∂Ç¨ÏºOQÍ =∂iÛ
Õã¨∞ÎåflÜ«∞#_»OÖ’ ZÖÏO˜ ãÖ^ÕÇ¨ÏO ÖËÔE∞.

=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~åÅ`À „Ñü
ãÖã¨÷ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ QÆ}hÜ«∞OQÍ
ÃÑOK«∞HÀ=_»O`Àáê@∞ JkèHõ ÖÏÉèÏÅ#∞ Pi˚OK«»O
WÑ¨C_»∞ `«=∞ Ü«∂[=∂#º x~°fiÇ¨Ï}Ö’ XHõ
=ÚYº≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ ÑïQÆ}˜ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
Jaè~°∞K«∞Ö’¡#∞, Pâ◊Ü«∂Ö’¡#∂, PHÍOHõΔÖ’#∂ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ ZÑ¨Ê˜HõÑ¨C_»∞
J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕã¨∂Î, å˜x `«=∞ ãÖã¨÷ L`åÊÔE#Ö’¡ „ÑüaOaOKÕOÔE∞‰õΩ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ#
K«~°ºÅ#∞ KÕÑ¨@ì®xH˜ gÅ∞QÍ Ü«∂[=∂åºxH˜ =∂~°æÔE~°≈HõO KÕÜ«∞_»O, L`åÊÔE#Ö’¡
=zÛ# H˘`«ÎÔEåxfl, =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞, `å*Ï qt+¨ì JOâßÅ#∞ uiy qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ
`≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∞_»O =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# „Ñ¨^è•# Hõ~°ÎåºÅ∞QÍ P^èOE∞xHõ
åºáê~° =~åæÅ∞ ÑïQÆ}˜ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú. P ~°HõOQÍ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞
ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~åÅ`À „Ñü ãÖã¨÷ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ QÆ}hÜ«∞OQÍ
ÃÑOK«∞HÀ=_»O`Àáê@∞ JkèHõ ÖÏÉèÏÅ#∞ Pi˚OK«»O WÑ¨C_»∞ `«=∞ Ü«∂[=∂#º
x~°fiÇ¨Ï}Ö’ XHõ =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ ÑïQÆ}˜ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
`˘eÔEâ◊Ö’ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ÔEâßkâß xˆ~Ìâ◊O JÕHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ‰õΩ QÆ∞~°~ÚOk.
XHõÑ¨C_»∞ L`«ÊuÎ qkèq^è•åÅ x~åú~°}‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOKÕå~°∞. „Hõ=∞OQÍ Jk åà◊§
L`åÊÔE#Å ã¨fi~°∂áêxfl, å˜ å}º`«#∞ ≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~°K«»O HÀãÖ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
qÉèÏQÆO Ñ¨xKÕ¿ãk. `«~°∞åu HÍÅOÖ’ q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ x~°O`«~°O ÃÑOK«»O, J=∞‡HÍÅ
™ê÷~Úx HÍáê_»»O ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ D qÉèÏQÆO `«# Ñ¨xf~°∞#∞ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩOk.
L`«ÊuÎ „áêuÑ¨kHõ# =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ =º=Ç¨~åÅ#∞ 1950 ÔEâ◊HõO =~°‰õΩ å}˜[º
=~åæÅ∞ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩÕq. JÑ¨Ê’¡ XHõ xiÌ+¨ì≥∞ÿ# L`åÊÔE#/¿ãå ~°OQÆO
q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’Õ XHÀ¯ ãÖã¨÷ `«# ÔE$+≤ìx „Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ ˆHO„nHõiOKÕk. D ÅHõΔ º ™ê^èOE#
„Hõ=∞OÖ’ Pi÷HõOQÍ ÖÏÉèí™ê˜ q^è•åÅÕ L`åÊÔE#‰õΩ J#∞ãïOKÕq. JOË
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å JkèHõOQÍ Pã¨H˜Î K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl L`åÊÔE#/¿ã=Å#∞ åiH˜
JOÔE*ËÜ«∞_»Õ∞ ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ P ãÖã¨÷Å∞ `«=∞ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ xˆ~ÌtOK«∞‰õΩÕq.
HõzÛù`«OQÍ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ qã¨Î $`«OQÍ _ç=∂O_£ L#fl å˜ˆH „áê^è•#º`«xKÕÛq. D
ãÖÔE~°ƒùOÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PÖ’K«#Ö’¡ HÍx, JOK«åÖ’¡ HÍx ÃÑÔEÌQÍ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
LO_»=#fl xtÛ`« Jaè„áêÜ«∞O JÑ¨Ê˜ Ü«∂[=∂åºÖ’¡ HõxÑ≤OKÕk.
P `«~°∞å`« qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å JOK«åÅ‰õΩ `«y#@∞¡QÍ `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Ö’¡ =∞iO`«
å}º`«#∞ ™êkèOK«»OÃÑ· Ü«∂[=∂åºÅ∞ ÔE$+≤ì ™êiOKå~Ú. J`«∞º`«Î=∞ å}º`å
„Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ#∞ J#∞ãïOz#O`« HÍÅO `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Å‰õΩ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ áÈ©
LO_»ÔE#fl qâßfiãÖ åiÖ’ „Ñ¨|ÅOQÍ LO_Õk. P HÍ~°}OQÍ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO
L`åÊÔE#Ö’ å}º`« Ñï~°HõΔ} ^äÕºÜ«∞OQÍ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ãk.
D =∞^èOEº HÍÅOÖ’Õ XˆH L`åÊÔE#ÃÑ· ÔE$+≤ìx xeÑ≤, L`«ÊuÎx, q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞
KÕÑ¨»∞`«∞#fl ãÖã¨÷Å∞ ¿ãÖòû „áê^è•#º`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~Ú. JOÔE∞=Å¡ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO
`«# ÔE$+≤ìx q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ ÃÑOK«»O J#fl ÅHΔÍºxfl ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ ã‘fiHõiOKå~Ú.
D ^èÀ~°}˜ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ 1950-60 ÔEâßÉÏÌÅ HÍÅOÖ’ „Hõ=∞OQÍ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛOk.
D ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Ö’x qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ PHõi¬OK«®xH˜ å}º`«#∞
ÃÑOK«»O ÖË^•, aè#fl≥∞ÿ# L`åÊÔE##∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ „Ñ¨Õâ◊ÃÑ@ì»O HÍx J=ã¨~°=∞x
å~°∞ ÉèÏqOKÕå~°∞ HÍÔE∞. JOË `«=∞ L`åÊÔE##∞ ™ê^èOEº≥∞ÿ#O`« `«‰õΩ¯= Y~°∞Û`À
L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ«∞_»O, ^•xx ™ê^èOEº≥∞ÿ#O`« Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok qxÜ≥∂QOE^•~°∞Å‰õΩ JOÔE*ËÜ«∞_»Õ∞
ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO Hõ$+≤KÕ¿ãk. D q^è•#O P ãÖã¨÷ ÔEQÆæ~° KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=
≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ ã¨~°∞‰õΩ xÅfi LO_çáÈ~Ú# ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡#∞, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PHÍOHõΔÖ’¡
XˆH L`åÊÔE#ÃÑ· ÔE$+≤ìx xeÑ≤, L`«ÊuÎx,
q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ KÕÑ¨_»∞`«∞#fl ãÖã¨÷Å∞ ¿ãÖòû
„áê^è•#º`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~Ú. JOÔE∞=Å¡ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
qÉèÏQÆO `«# ÔE$+≤ìx q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ ÃÑOK«»O J#fl
ÅHΔÍºxfl ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ ã‘fiHõiOKå~Ú.

=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ WO@Ô~flò =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ Jx =º=Ç¨Ïiã¨∞Îåfl~°∞. nÕfl
e-=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ÖË^• P£Öˇ·£ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ÖË^• ÃãiÛ WOl£ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ÖË^•
_≥ãπ¯ÏÑπ å}˜[º „Ñ¨Kå~åÅ∞/J#∞|O^èOE =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ Jx ‰õÄ_® JO@∞åfl~°∞. D
q^è•åÅhfl ‰õÄ_® ™êO„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞Hõ q^è•åÅÖ’ J#∞ãïã¨∂Î =zÛ# =ÓºÇ¨Å#∞
qaè#fl =ÚMÏÅ∞QÍ, aè#flaè#fl ~°∂áêÅÖ’ J#∞ãïOKÕOÔE∞‰õΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ =zÛ#
=∂~°∞ÊÖË Jx QÆ∞iÎOKåe. D q^è•åÅhfl ‰õÄ_® ÅH˜Δ`« qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ HõzÛù`«OQÍ
PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ L^ÕÌtOz#ÕHÍ=_»O QÆ=∞å~°›O. g˜Ö’ WO@Ô~flò =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
W`«~° q^è•åÅxfl˜Hõåfl Z‰õΩ¯= qã¨Î $u Hõey LO@∞OÔEx, Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ KÕ~°∞HÀQÆÅÔEx Ü«∂[=∂åºÅ∞ QÆ˜ìQÍ qâ◊fiã≤ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú. D
WO@Ô~flò =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣÖ’Õ JO`«~åƒùQÍÅ∞QÍ, D-≥∞~ÚÖò ^•fi~å HÍx, ≥·~üÖˇãπ
^•fi~å HÍx =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ =º=ã¨÷ `«=∞ ÅHΔÍºÅ#∞ ™êkèOK«®xH˜ ÔE$+≤ì ™êiã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
áêâßÛ`«º ^ÕâßÖ’¡ qq^èOE ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡ PK«~°}Ö’H˜ =zÛ# H˘xfl =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
≥·Ñ¨Ù}ÏºÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz ‰õÄ_® ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#Hõ~°O. 1960
ÔEâ◊HõOÖ’ „áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿ# iÖË+¨£+≤Ñπ ae¤OQΣ ÖË^• iÖË+¨£+≤Ñπ Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò q^è•#OÖ’
ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å^•~°∞Å‰õΩ, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ =∞^èOEº LÉèíÜ«∞`å~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ™êxflÇ≤Ï`«ºO
≥ÅH˘ÅÊ_®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= „áê=ÚYº`« WKÕÛå~°∞. JOË, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ
J`«∞º`«Î=∞≥∞ÿ# ¿ã=Å#∞ JOkOK«»O ^•fi~å åi PÔE~°}#∞ x~°O`«~°O ã≤÷~°OQÍ
xeKÕ q^èOEOQÍ fiÛkÔEÌ»Õ∞ WHõ¯_» åi L^ÕÌâ◊O. D q^è•#O Õ˜H© å_»∞HõÖ’Õ
LOk.
1960 ÔEâ◊HõOÖ’ „áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿ# iÖË+¨£+≤Ñπ ae¤OQΣ
ÖË^• iÖË+¨£+≤Ñπ Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò q^è•#OÖ’
ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å^•~°∞Å‰õΩ, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ =∞^èOEº
LÉèíÜ«∞`å~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ™êxflÇ≤Ï`«ºO ≥ÅH˘ÅÊ_®xH˜
Z‰õΩ¯= „áê=ÚYº`« WKÕÛå~°∞.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PÖ’K«#Å#∞ „ÑüÑ¶ëOKÕ
q^èOEOQÍ LO_»»O qâı+Ö. P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ =zÛ#
=∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ =ÚYºOQÍ å}˜[º „Ñ¨^è•#
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ, áêi„âßq∞Hõ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ J#=K«∞Û.
JO`«QÍ =∂~°∞Ê LO_»x ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡#∞ ÉÏQÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨Õk.
1970 ÔEâ◊HõO `«~°∞å`«, WÑ¨Ê˜=~°‰õΩ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ âßY Ñ¨xf~°∞ „Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ#∞ ã≤ÔEúO KÕÜ«∞_»O, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PHÍOHõΔÅ‰õΩ `«y#@∞¡
L`åÊÔE#Ö’¡ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ ã¨∂zOK«»O, P ~°HõOQÍ JkèHõ q„HõÜ«∂Å‰õΩ `À_»Ê_»»O
D qÉèÏQÆO Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞_»O „áê~°OaèOzOk. WHõ¯_» XHõ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}#∞ ÑïjeOK«=K«∞Û.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ÅÖ’ =ã¨∞Î#fl =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«®xH˜ XHõ ãÖã¨÷ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
qÉèÏQÍxH˜ J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕ¿ã ÉÏ^èOEº`«#∞ JÑ¨ÊyOzOk. P J^èOEºÜ«∞#O ^•fi~å ≥Å¡≥·#
JOâßÅ∞ P^è•~°OQÍ `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Ö’¡ KÕÑ¨@ì=Åã≤# =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ ã¨∂zOKÕ ÉÏ^èOEº`«#∞
‰õÄ_® JÑ¨ÊyOK«=Åã≤ ~å=K«∞Û. JÖÏ ã≤ÔEúO KÕã≤# L`åÊÔE##∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ
ÑïK«Ü«∞O KÕã≤ ^•x q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ =∞iO`« JkèHõO KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤#
K«~°ºÅ#∞ KÕÑ¨Ëì ÉÏ^èOEº`«#∞ ‰õÄ_® JÑ¨ÊyOK«=Åã≤ ~å=K«∞Û.
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ =zÛ# P^èOE∞xHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
W©=Å HÍÅOÖ’ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ~°OQÆOÖ’ =∞iH˘xfl =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ KÀ@∞
KÕã¨∞‰õΩåfl~Ú. W=hfl ‰õÄ_® qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PÖ’K«#Å#∞ „ÑüÑ¶ëOKÕ q^èOEOQÍ
LO_»»O qâı+Ö. P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ =zÛ# =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ =ÚYºOQÍ å}˜[º „Ñ¨^è•#
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ, áêi„âßq∞Hõ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ J#=K«∞Û. Wq ãÖ™ê÷QÆ`« =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ÖË^•
™ê=∂lHõ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ~°∂áêÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® ãÖ`«iOK«∞‰õΩOk. ™ê=∂lHõ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣÖ’
ã¨=∂[ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ#∞ ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO `«=∞ Hõ$+≤x
ˆHO„nHõi™ÈÎOk. WqQÍHõ, WO@Ô~flò ã¨ÔE∞áêÜ«∂Å ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À KÕÑ¨ »∞`«∞#fl

JÖÏˆQ 1980 ÔEâ◊HõO #∞Oz J=∞Å∞Ö’ L#fl å}˜[º =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ/áêi„âßq∞Hõ
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ q^è•#OÖ’ qq^èOE ãÖã¨÷Å =∞^èOEº ã¨`«ûO|O^è•Å#∞ HÍáê_»»O ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆO Ñ¨xKÕã¨∞ÎOk. D `«~°Ç¨ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ q^è•åxfl ™ê^è•~°}
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ KÕÑ¨Ëì ãÖã¨÷Å∞ J#∞ãïOK«=Ù. ˆH=ÅO
=∞~À ãÖã¨÷‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆHõ~°≥∞ÿ# L`åÊÔE#/¿ã=Å#∞ =∂„`«Õ∞ JOÔE*Ë¿ã ãÖã¨÷Å∞
D q^è•#O J#∞ãï™êÎ~Ú. JOË áêi„âßq∞Hõ L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ∞, L`åÊÔEHõ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞
(HÍºÑ≤@Öò) =∂„`«Õ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕ™êÎ~Ú. D HÍ~°}OQÍ D ãÖã¨÷Ö’¡x =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
qÉèÏQÍÅ∞ `«=∞ ÔE$+≤ìx `å=Ú L`«ÊuÎ KÕ¿ã =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOKÕ W`«~° ãÖã¨÷Å#∞
PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕOÔE∞ˆH Hõ$+≤x ˆHO„nHõi™êÎ~Ú. JOÔE∞HÀãÖ `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Å QÆ∞iOz#
„Ñ¨Kå~° HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å∞, JOÔE∞HÀãÖ å}˜[º „Ñ¨Hõ@#Å∞ *Ïs KÕÜ«∞_»O, Pã¨H˜Î
L#fl qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ (ãÖã¨÷)#∞ KÕ~°∞Û‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ „Ñ¨Ü«∞ufl™êÎ~Ú.
qã¨Î $`« ã¨=∂[ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ#∞ ÔE$+≤ìÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ
q^è•#O 1990 ÔEâ◊HõO #∞Oz ≥ÚÔEÅ~ÚOk. ã¨=∂[ „âıÜ«∞ã¨∞û „áêuÑ¨kHõQÍ
`«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Ö’ HÍx, åW `«Ü«∂s q^è•#OÖ’ HÍx, å˜ q„HõÜ«∞ q^è•åÖ’¡
HÍx ZÖÏO˜ Ç¨xHõ~°≥∞ÿ# JOâßÅ‰õΩ KÀ@∞ W=fi‰õΩO_® D qÉèÏQÆO =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ
=º=Ç¨~åÅ#∞ D q^è•#OÖ’ x~°fiÇ≤Ï™êÎ~°∞.
WÑ¨C_»∞ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ ~°OQÆOÖ’ KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î#fl q^è•#O.. KåÖÏ
ÃÑÔEÌ ãÖYºÖ’x ãÖã¨÷Å∞ QÍ_è»OQÍ qâ◊fiã≤ã¨∞Î#fl q^è•#O .. „ÉÏO_çOQΣ =∂Ô~¯ò
^èÀ~°}˜. JOË `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Å‰õΩ Åaèã¨∞Î#fl „Ñ¨*ÏÔE~°}#∞ `«=∞ „ÉÏO_£ Õ£∞QÍ
„Ñ¨HõÕK«∞HÀ=_»O, ^•xfl =∞iO`«QÍ `«=∞ å}˜[º „Ñ¨Kå~åÖ’¡ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O
ã¨~°fi™ê^è•~°}OQÍ =∂iOk.
W
P^èOE∞xHõ áÈ© „Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’ KåÖÏ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO K«∂Ñ≤OK«=Åã≤# q^èOE∞Ö’¡ XHõ˜.
≥ÚÔE˜~ÀA J™ê^èOEºO JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. Ñ¨k ~ÀAÅ∞ QÆçKÕãïH˜ JÉ’ƒ KåÖÏ Hõ+¨ìO J#fl
ÉèÏ=# HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. HÍx ~ÀAÅ∞ QÆçKÕ H˘kÌ, =∞#Ö’ P`«‡qâßfiãÖ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂,
Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ ~å=_»O ≥ÚÔEÅ∞ÃÑËì H˘nÌ WO`«˜ L`åûÇ¨ÏHõ~°≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`« =∞~˘Hõ˜ LO@∞O^•
J#fl QÆ˜ì #=∞‡HÍxfl HõeyOK«QÆÅ ÉÏ^èOEº`« Wk. D q^èOE∞Å x~°fiÇ¨Ï}Ö’ ≥ÚÔE@ =∞#Ö’
~å=Åã≤# =∂~°∞Ê-=∞# QÆ∞iOz# =∞# ÔE$HõÊ^äOEO. 'Õ#∞ XHõ q„ˆH`«#∞. (¿ãÖòû=∂£),
å ÉÏ^èOEº`« qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ =∂ L`åÊÔE#ÅÃÑ· Pã¨H˜Îx ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«»O, åix
å˜x H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕ¿ã q^èOEOQÍ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOK«»O, P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ =∞# ≥·Ñ¨Ù}Ïºxfl, ™ê=∞~åúºxfl,
J#∞Éèíåxfl x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞HÀåe— J#fl =∂#ã≤Hõ ãÖã≤ÔEú`« Jxfl˜Hõåfl =ÚYºO.
=∞#O ãÖáêkOK«∞‰õΩ#fl q^•º~°›`«Å∞, ãïìÑ¶≤ÔH@∞¡ P`«‡qâßfiãÖ`À ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ KÕÑ¨@ì®xH˜
LÑ¨Ü≥∂y™êÎ~Ú. JO`Õ, P `«~°∞å`«, å~°∞ ~ÀA~ÀA‰õΩ ™êkèOK«QÆeˆQ Ñ¶ë`åÖË åiH˜ J_»∞QÆ∞Å#∞
=ÚOÔE∞‰õΩ Õ¿ãOÔE∞‰õΩ „áÈ`åûÇ¨ÏO W=fiQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`åO. D ~°OQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÆu ™êkèOKåÅOË
J#∞Éèí=Õ∞ H©ÅHõO. ^•xH˜ Ñ¨@∞ìÔEÅ `À_≥·`Õ WHõ F@q∞ J#flk ÔEQÆæ~°‰õΩ ~åÔE∞.
Jxfl KÀÏ¡, WÑ¨C_»∞ x`«ºO ¿ãÖòû =∂º£ q^èOE∞Å∞ QÆ∞iOz ZÀfl Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHÍÅ∞, åº™êÅ∞,
Ããq∞å~°∞¡, ã¨ÔEã¨∞ûÅ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂Õ Låfl~Ú. å˜Ö’ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ, ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ QÆ∞iOz#
q^èOE∞Å#∞, ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ =ÓºÇ¨ÏOÖ’ JO`«~åƒùQÆOQÍÕ q=iã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞Hõ x~°fiK«#O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O x[Õ∞. ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣÖ’ XHõ
„Ñ¨`ÕºHõ`«#∞ ãÖ`«iOK«∞‰õΩåflÜ«∞#fl=∂@ ZO`« åã¨Î=≥∂, JO`« J~°ú ã¨`«ºO ‰õÄ_®.
x*ÏxH˜, åã¨ÎqHõ „Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’ XHõ ãÖã¨÷ HÍ~°ºx~°fiÇ¨Ï}Ö’ ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO PkèHõº`«

x+¨ÊHõΔáê`« |∞kú`À, qaè#fl≥∞ÿ# Pâ◊Ü«∂Å`À, ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ
Jaè~°∞K«∞Å`À =º=Ç¨ÏiOKÕ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ #K«Û*ˇÑ≤Ê
åix `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕ¿ãOÔE∞‰õΩ
Ñ¨ÙiH˘ÖËÊ ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ å~°∞ Z#fl_»∂
x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz LO_»~°∞.
ã¨ˆ~, =∞i ¿ãÖòû=∂º£ J#∞ÉèíåÅ∞ ZÖÏ LOÏ~Ú? å~°O ~ÀAÅ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å#∞
=ÚOÔE∞QÍÕ ã≤ÔEúO KÕã¨∞HÀåe. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ J#∞≥·# ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl
x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ åiH˜ =ÚOÔE∞QÍÕ á¶È£ KÕã≤, ã¨HÍÅOÖ’ ≥o§ åix HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx,
åiH˜ `«=∞ L`åÊÔE# QÆ∞iOz q=iOKåe. =∞# L`åÊÔE#Ö’¡x qt+¨ì≥∞ÿ# JOâßÅ#∞,
áÈ© L`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÅaèOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O ÖËx „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ`«Å∞ =∞# L`åÊÔE#Ö’ Uq LåflÜ≥∂
åiH˜ PHõ~°¬}©Ü«∞OQÍ q=iOK«QÆÅQÍe. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ QÆO@Å H˘nÌ ÕzK«∂ã¨∂Î LO_®e.
≥∞ÿà◊¡ ÔE∂~°O „Ñ¨Ü«∂}ÕKåe. qã¨∞QÆ∞, q~å=∞O ÖË‰õΩO_® Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ fã¨∂Î LO_®e.
H˘OÔEix =∞m¡ =∞m§ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩOËÕ HÍx „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O HõxÑ≤OK«ÔE∞. åiH˜ Pã¨H˜Î
LO@∞Ok. HÍx x~°‚Ü«∞O fã¨∞HÀ~°∞. åix `˘OÔE~°ÃÑ˜ì#@∞ì HõxÑ≤OK«‰õΩO_® =∞#
L`åÊÔE#≥·Ñ¨Ù åix PHõ@∞ìHÀåe. ZÑ¨C_»∂ Z=ix HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩåfl~À, åi ã¨ÊOÔE##∞
QÆ∞iÎOz #≥∂ÔE∞KÕã¨∞HÀåe. Ñ¨@∞ì=ÔEÅx q„Hõ=∂~°∞¯_çÖÏ J#∞x`«ºO áÈ~å_»∞`«∂
LO_®e. WO`« Hõ+¨ìÑ¨ç#OÔE∞‰õΩ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ åi „â◊=∞ =$^è•HÍÔE∞.
¿ãÖòû W|ƒOk `å=Ú J#∞‰õΩ#fl q^èOEOQÍ XHõ J=∞‡HÍxfl Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕã¨∞Î#fl ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’
HõeˆQ P#OÔEO JO`å WO`å HÍÔE∞. ~°HõÎO L`åûÇ¨ÏO`À L~°HõÖËã¨∞ÎOk. `«=∞ q^èOE∞Å
x~°fiÇ¨Ï}Ö’ ¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ =º=Ç¨ÏiOK«®xH˜ L#fl J=HÍâßÅ∞ åiH˜ ZO`À qâßfi™êxflã¨∞ÎOk.
JkQÍHõ, D ~°OQÆOÖ’ L#fl åiH˜ HõeˆQ ÑïK«Ü«∂Å∞ åiHÀ JÑ¨Ó~°fi≥∞ÿ# J#∞Éèí∂u
Hõeyã¨∞ÎOk. Jq W`«~°„`å ZÔE∞~°ÜÕ∞º Jxfl HõëêìÅ#∞Oz T~°@x™êÎ~Ú. D `«~°Ç¨
J#∞Éèí∂u, J#∞Éèí=O =∂=¸Å∞QÍ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆOÖ’Õ LO@∂ „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ q^èOE∞Å#∞
KÕÑ¨»∞`«∂, ¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOkH˜ =∂~°æÔE~°≈HõO K«∂Ñ≤OKÕ ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ L#fl åiH˜ 'g^èOE∞Ö’¡
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ q[Ü«∂Å∞ ™êkèOKÕ g~°∞Ö’¡— (¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk) HõeˆQ P#O^•#∞Éèí∂`«∞Å∞
ZO`« K≥Ñ≤Êå J~°úO HÍ=Ù.
HõzÛù`«OQÍ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ Hõåfl ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ qÅ∞≥·#k. â◊H˜Î=O`«≥∞ÿ#k.
¿ãÖòû qt+¨ì`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKÕ „Ñ¨Ü«∞`«flOÖ’ =∞~À™êi =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ JOË Uq∞’ Ñ¨Ù#â◊Û~°}
KÕã¨∞‰õΩOË ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok. =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ =¸_»∞ „Ñ¨^è•#≥∞ÿ# Õˆ~fi~°∞ q^èOE∞Å∞
LOÏ~Ú. Jq : =∂Ô~¯ò/L`åÊÔE# Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò, =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£û, J=∞‡HÍÅ∞
(¿ãÖòû), H˘xfl ãÖÔE~åƒùÖ’¡ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ JOkOKÕ ¿ã=Å#∞ ‰õÄ_® g˜Ö’ XHõ˜QÍ
ÑïQÆ}˜™êÎ~°∞. L`åÊÔE# Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò q^èOE∞Å∞ „Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ.. L`åÊÔE##∞ ≥∞~°∞QÍæ fiÛkÔEÌ»O,
^•x ^èOE~°=~°Å#∞ Y~å~°∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O, P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# ™êOˆHuHõ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O
JOkOK«»O =O˜q- KÕÑ¨ËìOÔE∞‰õΩ Ñïq∞`«≥∞ÿ LO@∞Ok. =∞#O =ÚOÔE∞=ÚOÔE∞
¿ÑrÖ’¡ L`åÊÔE#‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# JOâßÅ#∞ Ñ¨Hõ¯#Éˇ˜ì, =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£û
QÆ∞iOz =∂„`«Õ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO^•O. ZOÔE∞HõOË .. ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍxH˜ D qÉèÏQÆO #∞Oz
ÅaèOKÕ =∞ÔEÌ`«∞, ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O KåÖÏ H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ#q.
1990 ÔEâß|úO =~°‰õΩ, =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£û q^èOE∞Å#∞ Ü«∂[=∂åºÅ∞ KåÖÏ
`ÕeHõQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩÕq. JÑ¨Ê˜=~°‰õΩ J=∞‡HÍÅ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# Hõ~°Ñ¨„`åÅ#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕ»O,
Ñ¨„uHõÖ’¡ åºáê~° „Ñ¨Hõ@#Å∞ *ÏsKÕÜ«∞_»O, å}˜[º „Ñ¨ÔE~°≈#Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«»O =O˜
ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å‰õΩ D qÉèÏQÍxfl Ñïq∞`«O KÕâß~°∞. P^•Ü«∂xfl ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«»O, ÖÏÉèÏÅ‰õΩ
=∂~°æO K«∂Ñ¨»O ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ QÆ∞iÎOKåe. WÖÏ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£û
qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕã≤# KåÖÏ=∞Ok `«=∞ ã¨$[å`«‡Hõ PÖ’K«#Å`À#∞, q#∂`«fl qÑ¨¡å`«‡Hõ
ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO`À#∞ JÔE∞ƒù`«≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨ÉèÏåxfl K«∂Ñ≤Oz Ü«∂[=∂åºxfl ≥∞Ñ≤ÊOz LO_»=K«∞Û.
HÍx åi „Ñ¨Ü«∂ã¨ JO`å Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ ãÖã¨÷ JO`«~°æ`«OQÍ L#fl ã≤|ƒOkx, L#fl`«
JkèHÍ~°∞Å#∞ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤ÎÑ¨~°z LO@∞Ok. JO`ÕHÍx, åiH˜ |Ü«∞@∞O_Õ x+¨ÊHõΔáê`« |∞kú`À,
qaè#fl≥∞ÿ# Pâ◊Ü«∂Å`À, ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ Jaè~°∞K«∞Å`À =º=Ç¨ÏiOKÕ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ
#K«Û*ˇÑ≤Ê åix `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕ¿ãOÔE∞‰õΩ Ñ¨ÙiH˘ÖËÊ ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞
=∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ å~°∞ Z#fl_»∂ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz LO_»~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ åiH˜ JOÔE∞Ö’x
™ê^èOEHõÉÏ^èOEHÍÅ∞ J~°úO HÍ=Ù. P q^èOEOQÍ ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ZÔE∞~˘¯Õ ã¨åà◊§ QÆ∞iOz#
J=QÍÇ¨Ï# åiH˜ U =∂„`«O LO_»ÔE∞.
åã¨ÎqHõ „Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’ XHõ ãÖã¨÷ HÍ~°ºx~°fiÇ¨Ï}Ö’
¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO PkèHõº`« HõzÛù`«OQÍ =∂Ô~¯ÕQΣ Hõåfl
‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ qÅ∞≥·#k. â◊H˜Î=O`«≥∞ÿ#k.

åã¨Î= „Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx, åi
åQÍÌ˜x q#_®xH˜ KåÖÏ ãÖÔE~åƒùÅÖ’ ã¨∞=ÚYOQÍ LO_»~°∞. D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’
åi ã¨Ç¨Ï#O Ju `«‰õΩ¯= ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ LO@∞Ok. JOÔE∞Ö’#∞, ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å∞
„ÑüáêkOz# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ åiH˜ Pã¨H˜ÎÖË#Ñ¨C_»∞, ÖË^• å~°∞ K≥¿ÑÊ
qâıëêOâßÅ∞ P^è•~°OQÍ `å=Ú Ptã¨∞Î#fl ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞ LåflÜ«∞#fl #=∞‡HõO
HõÅ∞QÆ#Ñ¨C_»∞, åiÖ’ Jã¨Ç¨Ï#O =∞s Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ „ÑüÑ¶ëã¨∞ÎOk. J~Ú`Õ,
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞x ÔE$+≤ìÖ’ Ju =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ x~°‚Ü«∞O fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤#
ã¨=∞Ü«∞O =zÛ#Ñ¨C_»∞, ÖË^•, H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∞ã¨º ZÔE∞Ô~·#Ñ¨C_»∞, ÖË^• åiH˜
Ñïëê¯~°Õ∞n HõxÑ≤OK«x ãÖÔE~°ƒùOÖ’#∞ åà◊√§ `«Ñ¨ÊxãïQÍ ¿ãÖòû=∂º£
ã¨ÅÇ¨ã¨∂K«#Å HÀãÖ ZÔE∞~°∞K«∂ã¨∂Î LOÏ~°∞. D ^èÀ~°}˜ 1970-80 ÔEâ◊HÍÖ’¡
Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ HõxÑ≤OzOk. JÑ¨Ê’¡ åiH˜ qq^èOE ãÖã¨÷Å∞ POÔE*Ë¿ã L`åÊÔE#Å∞/
¿ã=Å q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ ã¨Ô~·# ã¨=∂Kå~°O JOÔE∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ LO_ÕkHÍÔE∞. JOÔE∞=Å¡
¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk WKÕÛ ã¨=∂Kå~°OÃÑ·Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨ç x~°‚Ü«∂Å∞ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O `«Ñ¨Êxãï
JÜÕ∞ºk.
WO`«H© ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å‰õΩ LO_»=Åã≤# =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# ÅHõΔ}ÏÖË Uq∞˜? D
„Ñ¨â◊fl KåÖÏ HÍÅOQÍ Ü«∂[=∂åºxfl x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕÑ¨C_»∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ `«=∞‰õΩ
J`«ºO`« LÑ¨Ü«ÚHõÎ≥∞ÿ# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ ÖË^• ¿ã=Å#∞ JOkOKÕ ãÖã¨÷ #∞Oz „Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ
Ptã¨∞Î#fl =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞O Uq∞˜ J#fl JOâ◊OÃÑ·Õ ÔE$+≤ì ™êiOKå~°∞.
Ñ¨^Õà◊§‰õΩ XHõ™êi x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# ã¨ˆ~fiÖ’¡ HõxÑ≤Oz# ã¨ÊOÔE#Å∞ QÆ=∞x¿ãÎ „Hõ=∞OQÍ
¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å∞ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°∞Å Pã¨H˜Î `«yæáÈ`«∞#fl@∞¡ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
1970Ö’ KåÖÏ HõOÃÑhÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ / ¿ã=Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ã¨Ô~·# J=QÍÇ¨Ï# LO_ç, |Ü«∞˜ ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å ã¨ÅÇ¨ ã¨∂K«#ÅÃÑ·Õ
P^è•~°Ñ¨»∞`«∂ LO_Õå~°∞. =∞i H˘OÔE~°∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°∞Å∞ ^èOE~°Å#∞, WOH˘OÔE~°∞
¿ã=Å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ`«Å#∞, q∞ye# å~°∞ å}º`« P^è•~°OQÍ#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞‰õΩ =ÚOÔE∞‰õΩ
=KÕÛå~°∞. Ô~O_»∞ ÔEâßÉÏúÅ `«~°∞å`« H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°∞Å ^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. „Ñü ãÖã¨÷ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ ã≤|ƒOkÖ’Õ H˘OÔEix „Ñ¨`ÕºHõOQÍ D
JOâ◊O K«∂¿ãOÔE∞‰õΩ xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞‰õΩx, åi ã¨ÅÇ¨ ã¨∂K«#Å P^è•~°OQÍ
H˘#∞QÀÅ∞‰õΩ x~°‚Ü«∂Å∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞#fl f~°∞ HõxÑ≤OzOk. Wk ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ
qt+¨ì`«‰õΩ TÇ≤ÏOK«x PâßÉèíOQÆÕ∞. J~Ú`Õ P `«~°∞å`« 2000Ö’ ZÖÏO˜ ã¨ˆ~fi
[~°QÆHõáÈ=_»O`À `å*Ï Ñïã≤÷uÃÑ· ã¨Ê+¨ì`« ÖËÔE∞. HÍx, `«~°K«∞QÍ qxÑ≤ã¨∞Î#fl
Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ QÆ=∞x¿ãÎ, ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜, åi`À
=∂Ï¡ÕOÔE∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ =∞Ok ã≤ÔEúOQÍ ÖË~°x ã¨Ê+¨ì=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. D ^èÀ~°}˜
WO@Ô~flò, D-≥∞~ÚÖò å}˜[ºO „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’H˜ ~åHõ=ÚOÔE∞ å˜ Ñïã≤÷u.
åã¨ÎåxH˜, D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ
q„HõÜ«∞ ãÖã¨÷Å∞ U =∂„`«O Pã¨H˜Î K«∂Ñ≤OK«ÖËÔE∞ ‰õÄ_®. HÍx, ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å∞QÍ
ˆHΔ„`«™ê÷~ÚÖ’ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl åà◊§H˜ =∂„`«O D q+¨Ü«∞O É’^èOEÑ¨çOk.
^•^•Ñ¨ÙQÍ W^Õ Ñïã≤÷u H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ WÑ¨C_»∞ ‰õÄ_® HõxÑ≤™ÈÎOk. 1984Ö’
¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜, åi`À
=∂Ï¡ÕOÔE∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ =∞Ok ã≤ÔEúOQÍ ÖË~°x
ã¨Ê+¨ì=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. D ^èÀ~°}˜ WO@Ô~flò, D-≥∞~ÚÖò
å}˜[ºO „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’H˜ ~åHõ=ÚOÔE∞ å˜ Ñïã≤÷u.

¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕã≤# XHõ Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_ç J#∞Éèí=O Uq∞@OË, Ñ¨k=∞OkH˜
á¶È£Å∞ KÕ¿ã åiH˜ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ ã¨=∞Ü«∞O W=fi=∞OË HõhãÖ Zxq∞k
=∞Ok ≥O@Õ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ ã¨ÊOkOKÕå~°∞. P =ºˆHÎ, Ñ¨^Õà◊§ `«~°∞å`«, Ñ¨k=∞OkH˜
á¶È£ KÕ¿ãÎ WÔEÌ~À, =ÚQÆ∞æ~À =∂„`«Õ∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ, åi`À =∂Ï¡ÕOÔE∞‰õΩ
ã¨∞=ÚM`« =ºHõÎO KÕã¨∞Îåfl~°∞. WO@Ô~flò åºáê~°O „áê~°OÉèÏxH˜ =ÚOÔE∞ L#fl
Ñïã≤÷u Wk. ZOÔE∞‰õΩ? Jx P~åf¿ãÎ ÖˇHõ¯‰õΩq∞H˜¯eQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ
JOÔE∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ L#fl HÍº@ÖÏQΣÅ ã¨=∂Kå~°O, Jhfl XHõ¯KÀË ÅÉèíº=∞=Ù`«∞#fl ã¨∂Ñ¨~ü
™Èì~°∞¡, á¶È£Å ^•fi~å =ã¨∞Î#fl „Ñ¨Hõ@#Å „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Jx `ÕeOk. D ÕÑ¨^äOEºOÖ’
¿ãÖòû åà◊§ J=ã¨~°O Z=iH˜ HõxÑ≤OK«ÖËÔE∞. W`«~° =∂~åæÅ ^•fi~å åiH˜ HÍ=Åã≤#
Ü«∂=`«∞Î ã¨=∂Kå~°O WÑ¨C_»∞ JOÔE∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ LO_»»Õ∞ JOÔE∞‰õΩ =ÚYº≥∞ÿ#
HÍ~°}O.
D ~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ^èÀ~°}˜ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ al≥ãπ @∞ al≥ãπ åºáê~°=~åæÖ’¡Õ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. =ÚYºOQÍ, HÍO„Ï‰õΩìÅ∞ ‰õΩÔE∞~°∞Û‰õΩx, |Ç¨ï=ÚY ¿ã=Å#∞ Ptã¨∞Î#fl
ÃÑÔEÌ HõOÃÑhÅ‰õΩ WÑ¨Ê˜H© ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å ^•fi~å J~Ú`ÕÕ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#Hõ~°≥∞ÿ#
ÖÏå^ÕgÅ‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊O LO’Ok. J~Ú`Õ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« J=ã¨~åÅ HÀãÖ, ˆH=ÅO
qx=∞Ü«∞ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞, ¿ã=Å#∞ PtOKÕ ™ê=∂#º „Ñ¨*ÏhHõO q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO „áê^è•#º`« WOHÍ `«QÆæÖËÔE∞, =∞iO`« Z‰õΩ¯= J~ÚOÔEx ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏqOKåe.
¿ãÖòû =∂º£ .. XHõ ãÖã¨÷ `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù# ˆHΔ„`«™ê÷~ÚÖ’ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ „Ñ¨ÕtOz, `«=∞
ãÖã¨÷ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ _ç=∂O_£#∞ ÃÑOK« »O`Àáê@∞ Pã¨H˜Î, J=ã¨~°O L#fl
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz, åix Jq H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ
ã≤ÔEúÑ¨~°K«»OÖ’ H©ÅHõáê„`« áÈ+≤OKÕ =ºH˜Î Jx ã¨∂÷ÅOQÍ K≥Ñ¨CHÀåe. P^èOE∞xHõ
=∂Ô~¯ò ÑïÉèÏ+¨Ö’ ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å∞ ˆH=ÅO L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«»O =∂„`«Õ∞
HÍÔE∞. `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ W~°∞Ñ¨HΔÍÅ‰õΩ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î HõeyOKÕ
q^èOEOQÍ q„HõÜ«∞ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂xfl q[Ü«∞=O`«OQÍ Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕÜ«∞QÆÅ XHõ HõàÏHÍ~°∞_»∞
-JOÏ~°∞ XHõ xÑ¨Ù}∞_»∞. WHõ¯_» *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ QÆ=∞xOK«=Åã≤# JOâ◊O Uq∞@OË..
W~°∞ Ñ¨HΔÍÅ‰õΩ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î HõeyOKÕ q^èOEOQÍ... J#fl åã¨ÎqHõ ÔE$HõÊ^ä•xfl D ~°OQÆOÖ’
„Ñ¨ÕtOKÕOÔE∞‰õΩ L`åûÇ¨ÏO K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl åà◊√§ Jxfl Õà◊ÖÏ QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK«∞HÀåe. D
q+¨Ü«∂Õfl =∞~À xÑ¨Ù}∞_»∞-qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å qâßfi™êxfl K«∂~°Q˘#_»O, `«^•fi~å
åix `«# ãÖã¨÷‰õΩ âßâ◊fi`« „áêuÑ¨kHõ`À q^èÕÜ«ÚÖˇ· LO_ÕÖÏ åi Jaè=∂åxfl
ãÖáêkOK«»O-Jx x~°fizOKå_»∞.
al≥ãπ @∞ al≥ãπ HÍ‰õΩO_® =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«OQÍ, =º‰õΩÎÅ‰õΩ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOKÕÑ¨C_»∞,
åi Jaè=∂åxfl, qâßfi™êxfl ãÖáêkOK«∞HÀ=_»O ZO`« =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞≥∂ Õˆ~
K≥Ñ¨Ê#Hõ¯~°ÖËÔE∞. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ WÖÏ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«OQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx, åi`À
=º=Ç¨ÏiOK«®xfl Ñ¨~°û#Öò Ããe¡OQΣ JOÏ~°∞. Wk ˆH=ÅO q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ ™êkèOKÕ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞
=∂„`«Õ∞ HÍÔE∞. nxfl „Ñü ãÖã¨÷ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ L`å¯Ñ¨ÔE#Å#∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ KÕ~°∞=
KÕ¿ãOÔE∞‰õΩ KÕÑ¨Ëì „Ñ¨Kå~° LÔEº=∞O Jx ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏqOK«=K«∞Û. J~Ú`Õ D q^è•åxfl
¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕã≤# XHõ Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_ç
J#∞Éèí=O Uq∞@OË, Ñ¨k=∞OkH˜ á¶È£Å∞ KÕ¿ã
åiH˜ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ ã¨=∞Ü«∞O W=fi=∞OË
HõhãÖ Zxq∞k =∞Ok ≥O@Õ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ
ã¨ÊOkOKÕå~°∞. P =ºˆHÎ, Ñ¨^Õà◊§ `«~°∞å`«,
Ñ¨k=∞OkH˜ á¶È£ KÕ¿ãÎ WÔEÌ~À, =ÚQÆ∞æ~À =∂„`«Õ∞
HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ, åi`À =∂Ï¡ÕOÔE∞‰õΩ
ã¨∞=ÚM`« =ºHõÎO KÕã¨∞Îåfl~°∞.

`«=∞ L`åÊÔE# QÆ∞iOz `å#∞ JOkã¨∞Î#fl
ã¨=∂Kå~°O qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î
HõeyOK«»O ÖËÔEx QÆ∞iÎOz# ≥O@Õ `«#
^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ =∂~°∞Ê K«∂Ñ≤OK«=Åã≤# ã¨=∞Ü≥∂z`«
„Ñ¨[˝ ¿ãÖòû „ÑüxkèH˜ `«Ñ¨Êxãï.
≥ÚO_çQÍ J#∞ãïOK«»O ã¨`«Êùe`åÅ#∞ K«∂Ñ≤OK«ÔE∞.
JÑ¨Ê˜HõÑ¨C_»∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ã¨ÊOÔE## |˜ì =∂~°∞ÛHÀ=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
`«=∞ L`åÊÔE# QÆ∞iOz `å#∞ JOkã¨∞Î#fl ã¨=∂Kå~°O qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î
HõeyOK«»O ÖËÔEx QÆ∞iÎOz# ≥O@Õ `«# ^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ =∂~°∞Ê K«∂Ñ≤OK«=Åã≤#
ã¨=∞Ü≥∂z`« „Ñ¨[˝ ¿ãÖòû „ÑüxkèH˜ `«Ñ¨Êxãï.
WÖÏ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« q„HõÜ«∂Å =ÓºÇ¨xfl J#∞ãïã¨∞Î#flÑ¨C_»∞ ¿ãÖòû „ÑüxkèH˜ Z‰õΩ¯=
ã¨=∞Ü«∞O =$^è• HÍÔE∞. ZOÔE∞HõOË qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ã¨ÊOÔE# ™ê#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ LOË
JÑ¨Ê˜HõÑ¨C_»∞ J=∞‡HõO [iyáÈ~Ú Ñ¶ë`«O KÕuH˜ JOÔE∞`«∞Ok. D `«~°Ç¨ q„HõÜ«∂Ö’¡
å~Ú^• Ñ¨ÔEúu LO_»ÔE∞. FˆH ÖË^• =ÔE∞Ì JÕ åàı§ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ `å~°ã¨Ñ¨»∞`«∂ LOÏ~°∞.
KåÖÏ ãÖÔE~åƒùÅÖ’ `«HõΔ} Ñ¶ë`«O LO@∞Ok. XHõ™êi qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_»∞ P
L`åÊÔE#ÃÑ· ãÖ`«$Ñ≤ÎÑ¨ç`Õ, WHõ PÅã¨ºO ÖË‰õΩO_® ≥O@Õ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞‰õΩ =ÚO_»∞‰õΩ
=™êÎ»∞. åix Z‰õΩ¯=¿ãÑ¨Ù =∞# „Ñ¨Kå~° P~åƒù@O`À TÔE~°Q˘@ì=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O
LO_»ÔE∞. =∂=¸Å∞QÍ ãÖã¨÷Å∞ KÕÑ¨Ëì „Ñ¨Kå~åÅ∞, å}˜[º „Ñ¨Hõ@#Å∞
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ÔE$+≤ìx PHõi¬OK« ®xH˜ =∂„`«Õ∞ Ñïq∞`«=∞=Ù`å~Ú. åx˜
HõzÛ`«≥∞ÿ# q„HõÜ«∂Å∞QÍ =∂~°Û_»O ¿ãÖòû „Ñüxkè =Å¡ =∂„`«Õ∞ ™ê^èOEº=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
=ºH˜ÎQÆ`« „Ñ¨Kå~åÅ HÍ~°}OQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PÖ’K«#Å∞, PHÍOHõΔÅ∞, åiH˜
HÍ=Åã≤# „Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ∞ Uq∞’ Ü«∞[=∂xH˜ Õ~°∞QÍ `≥Å∞™êÎ~Ú. ZOÔE∞HõOË ¿ãÖòû
„Ñüxkè ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ ≥o§ åix HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx å˜ QÆ∞iOz q=iã¨∞Î#flÑ¨C_»∞,
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_»∞ `«#‰õΩ HÍ=Åã≤# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞ Uq∞’, P L`åÊÔE#Ö’ PÜ«∂
QÆ∞}ÏÅhfl LåflÜ«∂ ÖË^• J#fl JOâßxfl `«~°z `«~°z „Ñ¨tfl™êÎ~°∞.Wk XHõ q^èOEOQÍ
=∞# L`åÊÔE#Ö’¡ KÕÑ¨@ì=Åã≤# =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ Uq∞’ ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. Wk P
ãÖã¨÷ Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î‰õΩ KåÖÏ LÑ¨Hõiã¨∞ÎOk.
D q^è•#O qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ#∞ KÕ‰õÄ~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
`«=∞ ãÖã¨÷ „Ñ¨Õâ◊ÃÑ˜ì# ãïH˘`«Î L`åÊÔE#Å QÆ∞iOz åà◊§H˜ q=iOK«»O`Àáê@∞,
W`«~°„`å =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ =zÛ# W`«~° L`åÊÔE#Å QÆ∞iOz ‰õÄ_® q=iã¨∂Î, åiH˜
Jxfl q^è•ÖÏ J#∞‰õÄÅ≥∞ÿ# L`åÊÔE##∞ ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞HÀ=_»OÖ’ `«=∞ J=¸Åº≥∞ÿ#
ã¨ÅÇ¨ ã¨∂K«#Å#∞ JOkOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å_»∞.
Ñïq∞`«∞Å∞
D q^èOEOQÍ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«OQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ ¿ãÖòû „Ñüxkè HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞
ÃÑOK«®xH˜ KÕÑ¨Ëì =ÓºÇ¨xH˜ H˘xfl Ñïq∞`«∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® Låfl~Ú. å˜Ö’ ≥ÚÔE˜k...
WOÔE∞Ö’ ¿ãÖòû q^èOE∞Å∞, „Ñ¨Kå~° q^èOE∞Å∞ Hõeã≤ L#fl HÍ~°}OQÍ Wk ÉèÏs Y~°∞Û`À
‰õÄ_ç# q^è•#O. q„HõÜ«∂Å HÀãÖ XˆH q^è•åxfl J#∞ãïOz=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O
HÍ~°}OQÍ, XHÀ¯ q„HõÜ«∂xH˜ JÜÕ∞º ã¨QÆ@∞ Y~°∞Û KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok. Ô~O_Àk..
XHõ Ñïq∞`« HÍÅ =º=kèÖ’ Ñïq∞`« ãÖYºÖ’ =∂„`«Õ∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ D
q^è•#OÖ’ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O ™ê^èOEº=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ XHõ¯iÕ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O
™ê^èOEº=∞=Ù`«∞Ok Hõ^•. =¸_Àk .. XHõ L`åÊÔE# QÆ∞iOz HÍx ¿ã= QÆ∞iOz HÍx
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ qã¨Î $`« ÑïkèÖ’ K≥·`«#º=O`«∞Å#∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O ™ê^èOEºO HÍÔE∞. WÖÏ
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ K≥·`«#º=O`«∞Å#∞ KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ å}˜[ºÑ¨~°≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨Kå~åÖË Z‰õΩ¯=
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O Hõey™êÎ~Ú. z=~°QÍ, zÅ¡~° åºáê~°OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ, D `«~°Ç¨ ¿ãÖòû
q^è•åxfl J#∞ãïOK«»O qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ÔE$+≤ìÖ’ KåÖÏ K«∞ÅHõ#QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∂Î
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_»∞ `«#‰õΩ HÍ=Åã≤# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞
Uq∞’, P L`åÊÔE#Ö’ PÜ«∂ QÆ∞}ÏÅhfl LåflÜ«∂
ÖË^• J#fl JOâßxfl `«~°z `«~°z „Ñ¨tfl™êÎ~°∞.Wk
XHõ q^èOEOQÍ =∞# L`åÊÔE#Ö’¡ KÕÑ¨@ì=Åã≤#
=∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ Uq∞’ ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.

¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ „Ñ¨Õâ◊ÃÑËì=ÚOÔE∞
ã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ# =ÓºÇ¨Ï ~°K«# [~°QÍe. =ÚOÔEã¨∞Î „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ
ÖË‰õΩO_® KÕÑ¨Ëì q^è•#O Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ x~åâ◊Õ
q∞QÆ∞Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
LO@∞Ok. D q^è•#OÖ’ ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Ö’¡ x*Ï~Úf Ö’Ñ≤™ÈÎOÔEx, H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
^•~°∞ÅÃÑ· åà◊√§ f„=≥∞ÿ# XuÎç fã¨∞‰õΩ=ã¨∞Îåfl~°x, åiH˜ å~°∞ q„Hõ~ÚOKÕ
L`åÊÔE#ÅÃÑ· ã¨Ô~·# J=QÍÇ¨Ï# LO_»»O ÖËÔEx q=∞~°≈Å∞ qxÑ≤ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ „Ñ¨Õâ◊ÃÑËì=ÚOÔE∞ ã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ# =ÓºÇ¨Ï ~°K«# [~°QÍe.
=ÚOÔEã¨∞Î „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ ÖË‰õΩO_® KÕÑ¨Ëì q^è•#O Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ x~åâ◊Õ q∞QÆ∞Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. ZOÔE∞HõOË,
=∂Ô~¯òÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O, åix `«=∞ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
KÕ¿ãOÔE∞‰õΩ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«»O JO`« `ÕeÔH·# Ñ¨x HÍÔEx WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Õ
=∞#O QÆ=∞xOKåO. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ¿ãÖòû≥∞£û =∂Ô~¯ò „Ñ¨ÕtOKÕ =ÚOÔE∞ H˘O`«
Hõã¨~°`«∞Î J=ã¨~°O. Jq Uq∞’ ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆHõ~°O.
„Ñ≤-¿ãÖò „Ñ≤Ñ¨ˆ~+¨£
=ºH˜ÎQÆ`« ãÖ„Ñ¨kOÑ¨ÙÅ ^•fi~å q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOKÕOÔE∞‰õΩ =ÚOÔE∞QÍ =∞#
„Ñüxkè =∞# L`åÊÔE#Å QÆ∞iOz Ñ¨ÓiÎ J=QÍÇ¨Ï# Hõey LO_®e. JOË J`«çH˜
=∞#O H˘O`« tHõΔ} WzÛ f~åe. JOÔE∞‰õΩ `«y# q^èOEOQÍ åà◊§x ≥∂˜Õò KÕÜ«∂e.
L`«ÊuÎ KÕã¨∞Î#fl Ü«∞[=∂x QÆ∞iOz, ãÖã¨÷ QÆ∞iOz, åà◊√§ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕ¿ã qq^èOE L`åÊÔE#Å
QÆ∞iOz ã¨=∞„QÆOQÍ `≥eã≤ LO_®e. Jq Zxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ
q=iOK«QÆÅ ã¨=∂Kå~°O, ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO, =∂@ Kå`«∞~°ºO, ã¨Ç¨Ï#O, FÑ≤Hõ, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞
J_çˆQ z„`«qz„`«≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨â◊flÅ‰õΩ ã¨=∞Ü«∞ã¨∂ÊùiÎ`À ã¨=∂^è•åÅ∞ K≥Ñ¨ÊQÆeˆQ Õ~°∞Ê
¿ãÖòû Ñ¨~°û£ Hõey LO_®e. åà◊§H˜ „Ñ¨`ÕºHõOQÍ J=∞‡HõO ˇH˜flH±Å#∞ ÕiÊOKåe.
=ÚYºOQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å =∞#ã¨Î`åfiÅ∞, ÔE$HõÊ^ä•Å∞, ã¨fiÉèÏ= ≥·~°∞^è•ºÅ∞ ≥ÚÔEÖˇ·#
å˜ÃÑ· J=QÍÇ¨Ï# HõeÊOKåe. WOÔE∞‰õΩ åà◊§H˜ „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ xÑ¨Ù}∞Å`À tHõΔ} WÑ≤ÊOKåe.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å QÆ∞iÎOÑ¨Ù / ZOÑ≤Hõ : Wk KåÖÏ H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ# JOâ◊O. H˘kÌ
ãÖ=`«û~åÅ „H˜`«O =zÛ# XHõ ã≤x=∂Ö’ ÉèÏs ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å`À ≥ÅH˘eÊ# ã¨∂Ñ¨~ü
|*Ï~üÅHõåfl, WOÕ˜H© ≥o¡ ÖË^• g^èOE∞Å z=~°Ö’¡ xez ã¨~°∞‰õΩÅ∞ q„Hõ~ÚOKÕ
å~°∞ JOkOKÕ ã¨~°∞‰õΩÅ @~Àfl=~ü KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯= Jx, JOÔE∞=Å¡ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞
ÔEQÆæ~°‰õΩ J=∞‡HõO ^•~°∞ ≥à◊§_»Õ∞ L`«Î=∞≥∞ÿ# ¿ãÖòû q^è•#=∞x Ç‘Ï~À~Ú£ À@
K≥Ñ≤Ê™êÎ»∞. ÃÇ·ÏÔE~åÉÏ^£Ö’ ãÖÑ¨#∞flÅ∞ J`«ºkèHõOQÍ x=ã≤OKÕ |O*Ï~åÇ≤ÏÖòû, Ac¡
Ç≤ÏÖòû =O˜ „áêO`åÅ‰õΩ ≥o§ ™ê=∂#º ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOKÕ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞
q„Hõ~ÚOKåÅ#∞HÀ=_»O q[˝`« HÍÔE∞ Hõ^•? JOË D `«~°Ç¨ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
KÕ¿ã qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ ZHõ¯_» Låfl~À QÆ∞iÎOK«»O D q^è•#OÖ’ Ju H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ#
HÍ~åºK«~°}. JÑ¨C_Õ J#=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# „â◊=∞ #∞Oz =∞# „Ñüx^èOE∞Å#∞ HÍáê_ç#
åà◊§=∞=Ù`åO. JÖÏˆQ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊H˜Î L#fl åà◊¡x QÆ∞iÎOz# `«~°∞å`«Õ =∞#
L`åÊÔE# QÆ∞iOz åiH˜ q=iOK«»O =Å¡ =∞# ã¨=∞Ü«∞O, „â◊=∞ P^• J=Ù`å~Ú.
D =∞^èOEº WOw¡+¨μ _çHõ¬#sÅ#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOKÕ Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅ∞ =∂ WO˜H˜ =KåÛ~°∞. =∂
WO’¡ WÑ¨C_»∞ K«ÔE∞=Ù‰õΩO@∞#fl =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Z=~°∂ ÖË~°∞. JOË åà◊√§
å`À QÆçÑ≤# Ñ¨k xq∞ëêÅ∞ =$^ä• J~Ú#Ë¡. JÖÏˆQ, ~ÀAås P^•Ü«∞O g∞ÔE
P^è•~°Ñ¨ç rqOKÕ åà◊§ WO˜H˜ ≥o§ „Ñ¶≤*òÅ QÆ∞iOz HÍx, ≥∞ÿ„HÀX≥£Å QÆ∞iOz
HÍx K≥Ñ¨Ê_»O x~°∞Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆÕ∞ Hõ^•. =Ü≥∂kè‰õΩÅ ÔEQÆæ~°‰õΩ ≥o§#Ñ¨C_»∞ Jk åi
P~ÀQÍºxH˜ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨Õk J~Ú LO_®e. JÖÏˆQ Jk åi H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊H˜Î
ÑïkèÖ’ ÅaèOKÕÖÏ LO_®e. JÑ¨C_Õ ¿ãÖòû „Ñüxkè „Ñ¨Ü«∞`«flO H˘O`« =~°ÔH·å
Ñ¶ë`åÅ#∞ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. JOÔE∞=Å¡, =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑËì =ÚOÔE∞ ¿ãÖòû
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ q=iOK«QÆÅ ã¨=∂Kå~°O,
≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO, =∂@ Kå`«∞~°ºO, ã¨Ç¨Ï#O, FÑ≤Hõ,
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ J_çˆQ z„`«qz„`«≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨â◊flÅ‰õΩ
ã¨=∞Ü«∞ã¨∂ÊùiÎ`À ã¨=∂^è•åÅ∞ K≥Ñ¨ÊQÆeˆQ Õ~°∞Ê ¿ãÖòû
Ñ¨~°û£ Hõey LO_®e.

qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çx QÆ∞iÎOz# `«~°∞å`« J`«ç`À
=∂Ï¡Õ =ÚOÔE∞ J`«ç QÆ∞iOz# Ñ¨ÓiÎ q=~åÅ∞
JOË... á¶È£ #O|~°∞¡, JÅå@∞¡, H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊H˜Î,
PÖ’K«#Å∞, PHÍOHõΔÅ∞ =O˜q `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩx
LO_®e.
„Ñüx^èOE∞Å∞ `«Ñ¨ÊxãïQÍ Wk=~°Hõ˜, „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å QÆ∞iOz# Ñ¨ÓiÎ
ã¨=∂Kå~°O J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕÜ«∂e. å˜ÃÑ· J=QÍÇ¨Ï# ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«∞HÀåe.
Ñ¨ÅHõiOKÕ q^è•#O : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çx QÆ∞iÎOz# `«~°∞å`« J`«ç`À =∂Ï¡Õ
=ÚOÔE∞ J`«ç QÆ∞iOz# Ñ¨ÓiÎ q=~åÅ∞ JOË... á¶È£ #O|~°∞¡, JÅå@∞¡,
H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊H˜Î, PÖ’K«#Å∞, PHÍOHõΔÅ∞ =O˜q `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩx LO_®e. JOÔE∞=Å¡
^Õx LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆO ^•xH˜ LOk. á¶È£ ≥O|~°∞ `≥eÜ«∞_»O =Å¡ J`«çH˜ J#∞≥·#
ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’Õ Hõeã≤ =∂Ï¡»=K«∞Û. JÅå@∞¡ `≥eÜ«∞_»O =Å¡ =∞# L`åÊÔE#
Zxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨»∞`«∞O^À =ÚOÔE∞QÍ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩx q=iOK«»O
™ê^èOEº=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. H˘#∞QÀÅ∞â◊H˜Î QÆ∞iOz# J=QÍÇ¨Ï# LOË J`«»∞ H˘#QÆÅ_À
ÖË^À =ÚO^Õ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk Hõ#∞Hõ =∞# ã¨=∞Ü«∞O, „â◊=∞ =$^ä• HÍ‰õΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
ãÖÉèÏ+¨} „áê~°OÉèíO ZÑ¨C_»∂ KåÖÏ q#Ü«∞ã¨∂K«HõOQÍ LO_®e. ˆH=ÅO =Oy
=Oy ÔE}Ï‚Å∞ ÃÑ@ì»O =∂„`«Õ∞ q#Ü«∞O JxÑ≤OK«∞HÀÔE∞. PÅã¨ºOQÍ =zÛ#
‰õΩ„~å_»∞ `«~°QÆu QÆkÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑ@ì®xH˜ ZO`« q#Ü«∞OQÍ ©K«~°∞ J#∞=∞u
HÀ~°∞`å_À JO`«Hõåfl =∞$ÔE∞=ÙQÍ =∞# =∂@ f~°∞ LO_®e. JÖÏˆQ, =ÚOÔE∞QÍÕ
=∞#O Ñ¶¨ÖÏå =ã¨∞Î=Ù#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«®xH˜ =KåÛ=∞x K≥Ñ¨Ê_»O =Å¡ J=`«e =ºH˜ÎÖ’
WHõ =∞# =∂@Å∞ q#=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O ÖËÔEx ÉèÏq™êÎ»∞. ~î°‰õΩ¯# x~åã¨H˜Î, J~Ú+¨ì`«
=ºHõÎO KÕ™êÎ»∞. P =∂@ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =zÛ# `«~°∞å`« WHõ åà◊§H˜ =∞#O U q^èOEOQÍ#∞
#K«ÛK≥Ñ¨ÊÖË=Ú. åi =$uÎ QÆ∞iOz, ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ QÆ∞iOz ™ê^è•~°}≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨â◊flÅ∞
ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ gÅ∞QÍ ãÖÉèÏ+¨}#∞ „áê~°OaèOK«»O LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆHõ~°O. ZHõ¯_® Ju
`≥eqx K«∂Ñ≤OK«‰õÄ_»ÔE∞. =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ JHõ¯_» LOË `«# ~åHõ Z=iH© JÉèíºO`«~°O
HÍÔE∞ J#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl x~åú~°} KÕã¨∞‰õΩx, J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ`Õ H˘kÌ¿ãÑ¨Ù Õz LO_»QÆÅQÍe.
WÔEÌ~°∞ Pã¨H˜Î K«∂Ñ≤¿ãÎ WÔEÌiH˜ =∞# L`åÊÔE##∞ ÑïK«Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∂e. ≥ÚÔE˜
=∂@Å∞ åix PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕÖÏ LOË KåÖÏ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆHõ~°O.
L`åÊÔE# ÑïK«Ü«∞O : WHõ¯_Õ ¿ãÖòû „Ñüxkè =∞iO`« *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ =º=Ç¨ÏiOKåe.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_ç ÔE$+≤ì =∞~À≥·Ñ¨Ù =∞o¡áÈ‰õΩO_® =∞# L`åÊÔE# QÆ∞iOz# q=~åÅ∞
`≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ Pã¨H˜Î HÀÖ’Ê‰õΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞HÀåe. =∞# L`åÊÔE# QÆ∞iOz
q=iOKÕ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =ÚOÔE∞QÍ ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ q=iOK«®xH˜ =∂„`«Õ∞ „Ñ¨Ü«∞uflOKåe.
„Hõ=∞OQÍ J=`«e =ºH˜ÎÖ’ HõxÑ≤OKÕ Pã¨H˜Îx, Jaè~°∞K«∞Å#∞ QÆ=∞xOz, =∞#
L`åÊÔE#Ö’x qt+¨ì`«Å#∞, å˜x Zxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#Hõ~°OQÍ
LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=K«∞ÛÀ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∂e. P ~°HõOQÍ åiÖ’ Pã¨H˜Îx
ÃÑOá⁄OkOKåeû LO@∞Ok. D „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞Ö’ JOÔEiH© J#∞QÆ∞}≥∞ÿ# q^è•#O
JO@∂ Un ÖËÔE∞. =ºH˜Îx |˜ì JÑ¨Ê˜HõÑ¨C_»∞ =∞# ≥·Yix ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞HÀåe.
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÍ`«‡Hõ „Ñ¨ÔE~°≈# : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ PHõ@∞ìHÀ=_»OÖ’ Wk XHõ L`«Î=∞
=∂~°æO. åà◊¡ Pã¨H˜Îx QÆ=∞xOz, ãÖÔE~åƒù#∞™ê~°O, =∞# L`åÊÔE# „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ`«Å∞
J`«çH˜ J~°ú=∞ÜÕ∞ºÖÏ å˜x „Ñ¨ÔEi≈Oz, å˜ qt+¨ì`«Å#∞ J~°ú=O`«OQÍ q=iã¨∂Î
K«∂áêe. ™ê^èOEº≥∞ÿ#O`« `«‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ `«# q=~°} Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕ¿ãÜ«∂Å#fl P`«$`«
¿ãÖòû „Ñüxkè „Ñ¨ÔEi≈OK«‰õÄ_»ÔE∞. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çH˜ FÑ≤Hõ`À J#∞=∂åÅhfl
`˘Åyã¨∂Î =∞# L`åÊÔE#ÃÑ· Pã¨H˜Îx ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«®xH˜ „Ñ¨Ü«∞uflOKåe. åi`À
åÔE#‰õΩ kQÆ‰õÄ_»ÔE∞.
á¶êÖ’ JÑπ Hõ$+≤ : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ ≥∞Ñ≤ÊOz =∞# L`åÊÔE##∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
KÕ¿ãOÔE∞‰õΩ ã≤ÔEúO KÕã≤# `«~°∞å`«, Jk J`«ç KÕuH˜ KÕ~°Û_»O, J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ`Õ, ^•x
J=∞iHõÖ’ `À_®Ê@∞ JOkOK«»O, =∞~À™êi ^•x å_»HõO q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’, LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆO
q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ q=~°}Å∞ WzÛ åà◊§‰õΩ =KÕÛ Jxfl J#∞=∂åÅ#∞ f~°Û_»O, ^•x
Ñ¨xf~°∞#∞ åi ZÔE∞~°∞QÍ Ñ¨sH˜ΔOz, ãÖ`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°OQÍ L#fl@∞¡ åi #∞Oz ã¨ÊOÔE#
fã¨∞HÀ=_»O á¶êÖ’JÑπ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å∞. KåÖÏ ãÖÔE~åƒùÅÖ’ D JOâßÕfl ¿ãÖòû
„Ñüx^èOE∞Å∞ qã¨‡iã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞. D HÍ~°}OQÍÕ åà◊§Ö’ z`«Îâ◊√kú, x*Ï~Úf
HõxÑ≤OK«»O ÖËÔE#fl q=∞~°≈ `«Öˇ`«∞Î`ÀOk.

¿ãÖòû „Ñüxkè x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# q^èOE∞Å∞, ÉÏ^èOEº`«ÖË KåÖÏ Hõ+¨ì≥∞ÿ#q. KåÖÏ
≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO`À x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKåe. x*ÏxH˜ U L^ÀºQÆ ÉÏ^èOEº`« J~Úå ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO`À,
ÉÏ^èOEº`«`À KÕÜ«∂eûO^Õ. JOÔE∞Ö’ J#∞=∂#O ÖËÔE∞. D =$uÎÖ’ ZÔE∞˜åiH˜
#K«ÛK≥Ñ¨Ê=Åã≤# Hõà◊#∞ „Ñ¨=ÚYOQÍ „Ñ¨ÔEi≈OK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. `«#‰õΩ xÜ«∂=∞HõO
WzÛ# ãÖã¨÷ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«»Õ∞ J`«»∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# =ÚYº≥∞ÿ#
ÉÏ^èOEº`«. JOÔE∞‰õΩ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_ç #∞Oz ã¨=∞‡ux-J`« ç W+¨ìÑ¨Ó~°fiHõOQÍ
™êkèOK«»O-JO`« `ÕeÔH·# q+¨Ü«∞O UgHÍÔE∞. JOÔE∞ˆH, D ~°OQÆOÖ’ ™êkèOKÕ
P^•Ü«∞O Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ Hõ+¨ìÑ¨ç ™êkèOz#^Õ Jx XÑ¨C‰õΩx f~åe. JÖÏO˜ ¿ãÖòû
„Ñüxkèx x[≥∞ÿ# q*Ë`«QÍ JOwHõiOKåe.
D ~°OQÆOÖ’ ™ê=∞~°úºO x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞HÀåÅOË, H˘xfl „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞ LO_ç
f~åe. =∞øeHõ≥∞ÿ# H˘xfl˜ QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO^•O.
1. P`«‡qâßfiãÖ : D QÆ∞}Ïxfl ZO`« Ñ¨˜+¨ìOQÍ, â◊H˜Î=O`«OQÍ JÅ=~°K«∞‰õΩOË
D ~°OQÆOÖ’ ~å}ÕK«®xH˜ Jxfl J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõxÑ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~Ú. ZOÔE∞HõOË,
q∞ye# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅhfl nxx J#∞ãïOz =KÕÛÕ. KåÖÏ ã¨Ç¨Ï#O`À
ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«∞HÀ=Åã≤# L`«Î=∞ QÆ∞}O Wk. D XHõ¯ QÆ∞}O Ö’Ñ≤Oz#@¡~Ú`Õ,
¿ãÖòû≥∞£QÍ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOK«»O KåÖÏ Hõ+¨ìO.
2. =∂@ Õ~°Êi`«#O : =∂@ Õ~°∞Ê J#fl ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO Ñïq∞u ÖËxk. =∂@
Õ~°∞Ê JOË ã¨ÉèíÖ’¡, ã¨=∂ÕâßÖ’¡ LÑ¨åº™êÅ`À TÔE~°Q˘ËìÜ«∞_»O J#∞HÀ‰õÄ_»ÔE∞.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 34

ZÔE∞ ˜åà◊√§ =∂Ï¡_®Å#∞‰õΩO@∞#fl@∞¡
QÆ=∞xOK«QÍÕ =∞#O =∞ø#O =Ç≤ÏOz åi
=∂@Å#∞ FÑ≤HõQÍ q#_®xH˜ „â◊ÔEú K«∂Ñ≤OKåe.
åi Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ qx# `«~°∞å`«Õ =∞#
q=~°}#∞ H˘#™êyOKåe.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕ q^èOEOQÍ á⁄OkHõQÍ =∂Ï¡»∞`«∂, åi ãÖ^ÕÇ¨Å#∞
`˘Åyã¨∂ÎÕ , =∞# L`åÊÔE# QÆ∞iOz åiÖ’ Pã¨H˜Îx, L`åûÇ¨xfl ÃÑOK«®xH˜
KÕ¿ã „Ñ¨Ü«∞`«flÕ∞ =∂@ Õ~°Êi`«#O. g∞~°∞ K≥|∞`«∞#fl q+¨Ü«∞O J=`«Å åà◊§H˜
ã¨∞ÅÉèíOQÍ J~°ú=∞ÜÕ∞ºÖÏ LO_®e. åà◊§ J=QÍÇ¨Ï# ™ê=∞~°úºO ÔE$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞‰õΩx,
ã¨~°à◊≥∞ÿ# Ñ¨^•Å#∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOKåe. JO`ÕHÍx, ˇH˜flHõÖò Ñ¨^•Å`À åix
QÆOÔE~°QÀà◊Ñ¨~°K«‰õÄ_»ÔE∞. g∞`À =∂Ï¡»»O åiH˜ =∞iO`« W+¨ìO HõeyOKåe.
JO`ÕHÍx, qã¨∞QÆ∞ Ñ¨Ù˜ìOK«‰õÄ_»ÔE∞.
3. ã¨Ç¨Ï#O`À q#_»O =∞Oz ÅHõΔ}O : ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ =∞#O W`«~°∞Å#∞
Hõe™ê=Ú JOË =∞# L`åÊÔE##∞ åiH˜ q„Hõ~ÚOK« »O =∞# L^ÕÌâ◊O. D
ãÖÔE~°ƒùOÖ’ åiH˜ JÕHõ J#∞=∂åÅ∞ ~å=K«∞Û. JÉèíºO`«~åÅ∞ LO_»=K«∞Û.
åi J#∞ÉèíåÅ HÍ~°}OQÍ åiÖ’ U =∂„`«O Pã¨H˜Î HõxÑ≤OK«HõáÈ=K«∞Û. JOÔE∞Hõx,
≥ÚÔE˜ =∂@Å#∞ q#QÍÕ u~°∞QÆ∞=ÚYO Ñ¨Ëì ^èÀ~°}˜ „Ñ¨ÔEi≈OK«‰õÄ_»ÔE∞.
ZÔE∞˜åà◊√§ =∂Ï¡®Å#∞‰õΩO@∞#fl@∞¡ QÆ=∞xOK«QÍÕ =∞#O =∞ø#O =Ç≤ÏOz
åi =∂@Å#∞ FÑ≤HõQÍ q#_®xH˜ „â◊ÔEú K«∂Ñ≤OKåe. åi Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ
qx# `«~°∞å`«Õ =∞# q=~°}#∞ H˘#™êyOKåe. ™ê^èOEº≥∞ÿ#O`«=~°‰õΩ =∞#O =∞#
™⁄O`« Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ ≥Å¡çOK«‰õΩO_® LO_»»O KåÖÏ =∞Ozk. JÖÏ FÑ≤HõQÍ
q#_»O JÅ=~°K«∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨C_Õ åiH˜ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# L`åÊÔE# =∞# ÔEQÆæ~° L#fl å˜Ö’
Uk J#∞≥·#^À g∞~°∞ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. ^•xÃÑ· åiÖ’ Pã¨H˜Îx
ÃÑOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞.
4. #K«ÛK≥Ñ¨ÊQÆÅQÍe : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å JÉèíºO`«~åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz# `«~°∞å`«
=∞# L`åÊÔE#Ö’¡ åiH˜ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#Hõ~°≥∞ÿ# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ#∞ q=iã¨∂Î åix ^•xfl
H˘ÕOÔE∞‰õΩ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOKåe. WOÔE∞‰õΩ åÔE#Å ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ HÍ‰õΩO_®,
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ „áêuÑ¨kHõÕ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOKåe. JÑ¨C_Õ åiÖ’ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ ã¨ÊOÔE##∞
™êkèOK«QÆÅ~°∞. nxfl POQÆ¡OÖ’ ã¨∂zOKÕ XHõ å_»∞Hõ åHõºO ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å
À˜Ö’ qxÑ≤ã¨∂Î LO@∞Ok. JOË =∞# L`åÊÔE#Å qt+¨ì`«Å#∞ q=iOKåe.
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ#∞ åiH˜ JOkOKåe. qt+¨ì`«Å∞ =∞# L`åÊÔEÕ ™⁄O`«O. å˜
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ QÆ∞iOz ÉèÏåÅ#∞ åiÖ’ HõeyOKåe. Jk ¿ãÖòû „Ñüxkè
™êkèOK«=Åã≤# =ÚYº Hõ~°Î=ºO.
5. ã¨`«ûO|O^è•Å∞ : XHõ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞x g∞~°∞ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤ÎÑïKå~°#∞HÀO_ç.
J`« ç`À `«~°K«∞QÍ =∂Ï¡ »∞`«∂ J`« çH˜ ã¨HÍÅOÖ’ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# ¿ã=Å#∞,
ã¨Ç¨Ü«∂xfl JOkã¨∂Î J`«çx ≥∞Ñ≤ÊOKå~°#∞HÀO_ç. ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ `«# q∞„`«∞ÅOÔEiH©
q∞=∞‡efl ÑïK«Ü«∞O KÕ™êÎ »∞. JO`ÕHÍÔE∞, g∞ L`åÊÔE#ÅÃÑ· `«#‰õΩ `≥eã≤#
åà◊¡OÔEiH˜ K≥Ñ≤Ê åix ‰õÄ_® qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å *Ïa`åÖ’ KÕ~°®xH˜ `À_»Ê_»`å_»∞.
XHõ ~°HõOQÍ g∞‰õΩ |ÔE∞Å∞QÍ g∞ L`åÊÔE#Å#∞ „Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõi™êÎ»∞.
JOÔE∞ˆH ˆH=ÅO XHõ L`åÊÔE##∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«»OÖ’ P qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_ç`À J=ã¨~°O
fiáÈ~ÚOÔE#fl ^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ ¿ãÖòû „Ñüx^èOE∞Å∞ =º=Ç¨ÏiOK«‰õÄ_»ÔE∞.
x`«ºq^•i÷ÖÏ LO_®e: XHõ q^•ºi÷ UÏ U q^èOEOQÍ `«# „ÑüÉèí#∞
≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~°∞K«∞HÀåÅx Pt™êÎÀ J^Õ q^èOEOQÍ, D ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ KÕÑ¨˜ì# =ºH˜Î x`«ºO
`«# ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ÏºÅ‰õΩ WOHÍ Ñ¨ÔE∞#∞ ÃÑËì q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ J„Ñ¨=∞`«ÎOQÍÕ LO_®e. Zxfl
q[Ü«∂Å#∞ ™êkèOzå WOHÍ Õ~°∞ÛHÀ=Åã≤# ≥∞Å‰õΩ=Å∞ LåflÜ«∞x
QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK«∞HÀåe. å˜x JÅ=~°K«∞‰õΩÕOÔE∞‰õΩ Hõ$+≤ H˘#™êyã¨∂ÎÕ LO_®e. JOË
`«#‰õΩ `å#∞ „¿Ñ~°} WK«∞Û‰õΩO@∂ JÔE#Ñ¨Ù ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ÏºÅÃÑ· ÔE$+≤ì ™êiã¨∂Î LO_®e.
6. q[˝`«Ö’ ‰õÄ_ç# „Ñ¨â◊flÅ∞ ÕÜ«∂e : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å Jaè~°∞K«∞Å#∞
`≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ åix H˘xfl „Ñ¨â◊flÅ∞ ÕÜ«∞_»O `«Ñ¨Êxãï. D ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’
q[˝`«, ã¨=∞Ü«∞ã¨∂ÊùiÎ K«∂Ñ≤OKåe.ÖËHõáÈ`Õ, åiÖ’ =ºuˆ~Hõ Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞
HõeyOz# åà◊¡=Ù`å~°∞.

=∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’¿ãÖòû U*ˇO@¡#∞ xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞HÀ=_»O ^•fi~å åºáê~åaè=$kú
HÀãÖ áê@∞Ñ¨»∞`«∞#fl ~°OQÍÅ∞ JÕHõO Låfl~Ú. H˘xfl ÅHõΔÅ =∞Ok Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅ∞
PÜ«∂ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ `«=∞ ã¨`åÎ#∞ „Ñ¨ÔEi≈ã¨∞Îåfl~°∞. =∞Ô~OÔE~À x`«ºO D ~°OQÆOÖ’
H˘`«ÎQÍ J_»∞QÆ∞ ÃÑ_»∞`«∞åfl~°∞. KåÖÏHÍÅO ≥·ÔEº~°OQÆOÖ’ B+¨^èOE `«Ü«∂s Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞
qã¨Î $`« ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ U*ˇO@¡#∞ xÜ«∞q∞OK«»O JOiH© `≥eã≤O^Õ. D q^è•#O ^•^•Ñ¨Ù
WÑ¨C_»∞ Jxfl ~°OQÍÅ‰õΩ qã¨ÎiOzOk. J~Ú`Õ, =∞#O „Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ c=∂ ~°OQÆOÖ’
U*ˇO@∞¡, åi q^èOE∞Å∞, ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞, Ñ¨xf~°∞, åiH˜ LO_»=Åã≤# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞
ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛHÀ=Åã≤# ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ÏºÅ∞ ≥ÚÔEÖˇ·# å˜ QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O, H˘`«Î
åiH˜ =∂~°æ^èOE~°≈HõO K«∂Ñ≤OK«»O WÑ¨Ê˜ˆH D ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÔE∂ã¨∞‰õΩáÈ`«∞#fl åà◊¡‰õΩ
„áÈ`åûÇ¨ÏO JOkOK«»Õ∞ D zxfl Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO ~°K«~Ú`« Pâ◊Ü«∞O. =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’
c=∂ ~°OQÆO rq`« c=∂ ãÖã¨÷ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑ˜ì ^•^•Ñ¨Ù =OÔE ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞
QÆçzáÈÜ«∂~Ú.
c=∂ ã¨∂„`åÅ∞ – å˜ Ñ¨Ó~åfiÑ¨~åÅ∞
F ≥∂ã¨Î~°∞QÍ =º=™êÜ«∞O, åºáê~°O =º=ã‘÷Hõ$`«O J~Ú# å˜ #∞Oz
JOË H˘xfl ÕÅ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ #∞Oz `«#‰õΩ J#∞HÀ‰õΩO_® ZÔE∞~°=Ù`«∞#fl „Ñ¨Hõ$u
≥·Ñ¨s`åºÅ#∞Oz, JHÍÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ ÔE∞„+¨ÊÉèÏåÅ#∞Oz `«#‰õΩ, `«# ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜
Éèí„ÔE`«, ~°HõΔ} HÀãÖ =∂#=Ù_»∞ U^À XHõ ~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# #+¨ìÑïÇ¨~°O ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞Û‰õΩÕ
J=HÍâßÅ#∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂Õ =KåÛ_»∞. JOÔE~°∂ Hõeã≤, ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ
U~åÊ@∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl P „Ñ¨`åº=∂flÜ«∞O `˘e ÔEâ◊Ö’ H˘O`« =~°‰õΩ =∞Oz Ñ¶ë`åÅÕ
WzÛOk. J~Ú`Õ,ÑïÇ¨~°O ≥Ú`«ÎO, „Ñ¨=∂ÔE Ñ¶¨∞@#Å f„=`« Z‰õΩ¯= JÜÕ∞º H˘nÌ
D ~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ™ê÷xHõ U~åÊ@∞¡ JO`«QÍ PtOz# Ñ¶ë`åÅ#∞ W=fiÖËHõáÈÜ«∂Ü«∞Õk
åã¨Î=O. D ÕÑ¨^äOEºOÖ’ „Ñ¨ÑÖK«=∞O`«Ï áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÆq∞OK«»O
„áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿ# `«~°∞å`«Õ, H˘xfl â◊`åÉÏÌÅ #∞Oz, J^èOE∞xHõ c=∂ q^è•#O,Jn
XHõ ã¨fi`«O„`« ~°OQÆOQÍ k#kåaè=$kú K≥OÔE∞`«∂ =zÛOk. ^Õâ◊ q^ÕâßÖ’¡ LxH˜
Hõey, ^•^•Ñ¨Ù P~°∞ ÕÅ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ ã¨∞n~°… K«i„`« L#fl@∞¡ `≥Å∞™ÈÎOk.
D ~ÀA =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ =O^Õà◊√æP J™ê^è•~°} ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ „Ñ¨[Å
JÔE~åaè=∂åÅ#∞ ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl rq`« c=∂ ãÖã¨÷, WOQÆ¡O_£ #∞Oz
WO_çÜ«∂‰õΩ 1818Ö’ åºÑ≤OzOk. HÀÖòHõ`åÖ’ ≥Ú@ì≥ÚÔE˜ c=∂ ãÖã¨÷
FiÜ«∞O@Öò Öˇ·Ñ¶π W#∂ûÔ~£û#∞ H˘OÔE~°∞ Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞#∞¡ ≥ÅH˘ÖÏÊ~°∞. JÑ¨Ê’¡
U~°Ê_ç# rq`« c=∂ ãÖã¨÷Åxfl˜ L^ÕÌâ◊O `«=∞ ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[åÅ#∞
HÍáê_ÕOÔE∞‰õΩ =∂„`«Õ∞ D ~°OQÆOÖ’H˜ „Ñ¨ÕtOKå~Ú. å˜Ö’ =∞# ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ‰õΩ
J=HÍâ◊O WKÕÛå~°∞ HÍÔE∞.„Hõ=∞OQÍ P ã¨ÔE∞áêÜ«∂Å#∞ =∞# ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ‰õΩ
=iÎOÑ¨KÕÜ«∞_»O „áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿOk. HÍx åi qÅ∞= KåÖÏ `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ ÖˇH˜¯OKÕå~°∞.
KåÖÏ ÃÇÏK«∞Û ≥Ú`åÎÅx „Ñ‘q∞Ü«∞OQÍ =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕ¿ãå~°∞. P ÔEâ◊Ö’, Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ
^ÕjÜ«∞OQÍ 1870Ö’ U~°Ê_ç# ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú =¸ºK«∞=Öò Öˇ·Ñ¶π Jã¨∂ºÔ~£û ™⁄Ãã·©
=∞# ^Õâ◊ „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® ã¨=∂# Kås˚Å#∞ x~°‚~ÚOz, ã¨=Úz`« åºÜ«∞O
JOÔE*Ëã≤Ok. Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Î „¿Ñ~°}`À U~°Ê_ç# D ãÖã¨÷ =∞Ô~Àfl ãÖã¨÷Å U~åÊ@∞‰õΩ
„Ñ¨ÑÖK«=∞O`«Ï áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO
Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÆq∞OK«»O „áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿ# `«~°∞å`«Õ, H˘xfl
â◊`åÉÏÌÅ #∞Oz, J^èOE∞xHõ c=∂ q^è•#O,Jn
XHõ ã¨fi`«O„`« ~°OQÆOQÍ k#kåaè=$kú K≥OÔE∞`«∂
=zÛOk.

1912 =~°‰õΩ =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ rq`« c=∂
HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOKÕOÔE∞‰õΩ K«@ì|ÔEú≥∞ÿ#
~°HõΔ} Un LO_Õk HÍÔE∞.P ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ Öˇ·Ñ¶π
W#∂ûÔ~£û HõOÃÑhÅ K«@ìO, „áêq_≥Oò Ñ¶Ö_£
K«@ìO ~°∂Ñ¨ÙkÔE∞Ì‰õΩåfl~Ú.
ã¨∂ÊùiÎxzÛOk. ™ê=∂lHõ Éèí„ÔE`« „áêuÑ¨kHõÃÑ· ÉèÏ~°`« W#∂ûÔ~£û HõOÃÑh(1896),
Ü«Ú≥·ˇ_£ WO_çÜ«∂(K≥≥·fl), Õ+¨#Öò WO_çÜ«∞£ JO_£ Õ+¨#Öò W#∂ûÔ~£û(HÀÖòHõ`å),
HÀ–PÑ¨ˆ~˜£ Jã¨∂ºÔ~£û HõOÃÑh qâ◊fiqMÏº`« HõgO„ÔE∞_»∞ ~°gO„ÔE∞x WO@
Jq~°ƒùqOzOk. WÖÏO˜Õ =∞i H˘xfl : WO_çÜ«∞£ =∞~°¯OˇÿÖò, [#~°Öò JO_£
ã¨fi^Õj Öˇ·Ñ¶π `«~°∞å`« ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú Öˇ·Ñ¶π ãÖã¨÷QÍ =∂~°∞ÊK≥OkOk.
1912 =~°‰õΩ =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ rq`« c=∂ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOKÕOÔE∞‰õΩ
K«@ì|ÔEú≥∞ÿ# ~°HõΔ} Un LO_Õk HÍÔE∞.P ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ Öˇ·Ñ¶π W#∂ûÔ~£û HõOÃÑhÅ
K«@ìO, „áêq_≥Oò Ñ¶Ö_£ K«@ìO ~°∂Ñ¨ÙkÔE∞Ì‰õΩåfl~Ú. „Ñ‘q∞Ü«∞O Ô~@∞¡, xiú+¨ìHÍÅ
=º=kèÖ’ P HõOÃÑhÅ qÅ∞=Å x~åú~°}‰õΩ XHõ Ñ¨ÔEúu xˆ~útOz#Ñ¨Ê˜H©, q^Õj
ãÖã¨÷Å Ñ¨@¡ Ñ¨HõΔáê`« ^èÀ~°}˜`À LO_Õq. D HÍ~°}OQÍ =∞# ^ÕjÜ«∞ HõOÃÑhÅ‰õΩ
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