Study of laboratory water consumptive use and recyclability

1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 © IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/Ijciet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.9290 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
103
IJCIET
©IAEME
STUDY OF LABORATORY WATER CONSUMPTIVE USE AND
RECYCLABILITY
F. A. Oginni1* and O. E. Alaka1**
1Department of Civil Engineering, Osun State University, Oshogbo, Nigeria
*kafnog@gmail.com; oginnifa@uniosun.edu.ng
**Oluwaseunalaka@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The present challenges of inadequacy of water supply in tertiary institutions may degenerate
to rationing which is counterproductive for research and development. This study attempts to solve
this issue by determining laboratory water consumptive use and recyclability in Osun State
University, Nigeria. The number of water taps/valves per laboratory was evaluated. A pilot study for
determining laboratory water use/tap was carried out and estimated to 64.26Liters/tap. Water use for
each laboratory practical session was then determined and categorized as A, B and C for 1,000 –
2,000lit/batch; 500 – 1,000lit/batch and 0 – 500lit/batch respectively. 4 labs were then selected for
detailed study based on the categorization and practical courses. These are Industrial Chemistry,
(ICH); Biochemistry, (BCH); Medical, (MED); and Water and Environmental, (WE) labs. Physical
and chemical analyses for the lab influent and effluent were undertaken. The effluent was also
analyzed for toxic chemicals to serve as recyclability indicators. These are Ammonia, Phosphate,
Chromium (Hexa/6+), Copper, Aluminum, Silica, Sulphate, Molybdate, Bromine total. Differences
between influent and effluent parameters were considered as percentages of influent values and used
as treatment levels required for recyclability/lab. Results indicated that effluent from Biochemistry
lab requires the greatest treatment levels for total hardness, magnesium hardness, total alkalinity
fluoride, total chlorine, free chlorine, and zinc. Zinc deposits during the Biochemistry and Industrial
Chemistry practical were 1900% and 539% compared with the influent values, while deposits for the
other two labs were below 20%. Chromium and Sulphate levels were found to be greater than the
SON permissible levels within the Biochemistry and Industrial Chemistry labs. It is recommended
that: (i) treatment facility should give further attention to these parameters of concern; and (ii) the
influent water be analyzed to determine levels of the other chemicals, considered for detection of
toxic materials and as indicators of recyclability, so as to monitor any development at effluent level.
Caution should be exercised in allowing concentrations of some parameters whose safe limits were
not specified by SON to build up.

2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 © IAEME
Keywords: Laboratory, Influent, Effluent, Wastewater, Recyclability, Chemicals, Parameters.
104
1. INTRODUCTION
Inadequacy of water is a too common in many Communities, Organizations, and Institutions
in Nigeria. Even many settlements that claim to be able to supply their systems with water 24/7 often
get to the stage where water conservation measures have to come to their rescues. Osun State
University located is located around a coordinate of 7046’N and 4034’ E [3], [11] . The need for
water in our Institutions of learning can never be overemphasized. Efforts are always being geared
towards meeting water needs in our society that one may not be wrong if it is said that one of our
purposes in life is working to supply our daily water needs to include the variation of water quality
within the sources [10], [5], [9]. Treated wastewater can be reused as drinking water, in industry
(cooling towers), in artificial recharge of aquifers, in agriculture (70% of Israel's irrigated agriculture
is based on highly purified wastewater) and in the rehabilitation of natural ecosystems [13].
Professionals and Trainers of on-coming Young Engineering Researchers one should also be
interested in providing adequate and efficient water in our laboratories. The use of reclaimed
wastewater for irrigation can be a lesson for other sectors of water needs, but only a few people have
expertise in the full range of technology involved [12], [8]. In order to effectively rise up to this
challenge, we are proposing a programme that will embark on the reuse of our waste water from the
laboratories. This will solve the problem of inadequate provision of water in tertiary institutions.
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Project Area
The Project area is within Osun State University, Main Campus. It is located in Oke-Baale
area in Oshogbo. Oshogbo is the capital of Osun State, Nigeria. The laboratories on the campus are
located in the Colleges of Science, Engineering and Technology; Health Sciences and the University
Health Center.
There are 24(No) Laboratories on the campus distributed as follows:
9 (no) in the College of SET Building
9(no) in the College of SET Extension Bldg
2 (no) in the Engineering Workshop
2(no) in the College of Health Sciences
2(no) in the University Health Centre (Medical Clinic)
2.2 Determination of Water Use per Laboratory Session
Laboratories (labs) can only be found where there are academic and medical services
activities. Non-academic activities majorly take place in the Administrative Building. The campus
accommodates basic lab –based units. These are College of Science, Engineering and Technology
(College of SET); Engineering Workshop; College of Health Sciences and University Health
Center/Medical Clinic.

3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 © IAEME
105
The total number of laboratories for each unit was determined. Estimation of laboratory water
use per tap was carried out following the procedure indicated below:
1. Estimation of the distribution of laboratories on the campus
2. Assessment of existing labs to determine lab sizes and total number per lab-based units
3. Estimation of number of water taps/(spigots) for each laboratory practical use
4. Determine the lab practical water use per tap
2.2.1 Pilot study for determination of lab practical water use per tap
If Vi liters is the volume of water collected from ith tap running for a time ti sec, the average
discharge, Q for n = 4 taps is computed as water use per tap using equation (1) below:
……… (1)
n = 4
Q = Vi
ti
i = 1
1
n
For the pilot study four taps/spigots were randomly selected and turned on simultaneously to
run at full opening of their circumference. Discharge for a 2sec. time run from each spigot was taken
with the aid of calibrated beakers and stop watch. Volume obtained for each run were measured as
70, 76, 69, and 65liters. These gave discharges, of 35, 38, 34.5 and 32.5liters/sec, computed to an
average discharge of 35liters/sec.
2.2.2 Pilot study for determination of water use per lab session
To determine water use per lab session, the time for water use per lab session was determined
by carrying out a pilot study to determine the effective time for practical or lab session. Students are
usually grouped into as many as 4 batches for practical purposes depending on the available space
for the practical session. Time spent on practical use of the laboratory varies from 2 to 6 hours
depending on how many groups to use the lab for the day. Time for a grouped/batch practical is
usually a maximum of 2hours.
With a random selection, an average total time of practical or water use time for Industrial
Chemistry laboratory as an example was determined through the aid of a stop watch as follows:
Tap/valve discharge before practical’s for rinsing of practical instruments = 9.8 minutes
Tap/valve discharge during practical’s for experimental procedure = 5.3 minutes
Tap/valve discharge after practical’s for final rinsing and washing of hands = 15.5 minutes
Total time of practical = 30.6 minutes
Average discharge = 35ml/sec
Volume of water use/tap = 30.6min.x35ml/sec
= (30.6 x 60 x 35)mL /1000mL/L}
= 64.26 Liters/tap
2.3 Selection of Laboratories for Influent and Effluent Analyses
The no of taps for each lab are indicated in Table 1. Water consumption/lab is determined as
products of each lab and volume of water use per tap. Values for each laboratory are shown in Table
1. The water consumption/lab is then classified into A, B or C, according to ranges as 1,000-
2,000L/lab; 500-1000L/lab; and 0-500L/lab respectively.

4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 © IAEME
106
Table 1: Analyses of Water Use per Lab-Session
S/N Laboratory Lab Size
(m2)
Taps
(No)
Water use
(Lit/Lab)
Class
1 Industrial Chem. 375 25 1606.5 A
2 Bio-Chemistry 150 15 963.9 B
3 Maths Lab. 100 0 C
4 Micro-Biology 150 15 963.9 B
5 Physics Advanced Lab 375 0 0 C
6 Digital Electronics 150 0 0 C
7 Hard Ware Net. Lab 375 0 0 C
8 Research Lab. 100 10 642.6 B
9 Water And Environmental Lab, 100 1 64.26 C
10 Physics Lab 1 150 0 0 C
11 Physics Electronics Workshop Lab 2 100 0 0 C
12 Physics Lab 3 375 0 0 C
13 Biology Lab 375 25 1606.5 A
14 Chemistry Lab 375 25 1606.5 A
15 Geology Lab 1 150 2 128.52 C
16 Geology Lab 2 375 2 128.52 C
17 Cisco Lab. 375 0 0 C
18 Applied Electricity Electronics Lab 150 0 0 C
19 Materials And Structures Lab. 150 2 128.52 C
20 Metal Workshop 150 2 128.52 C
21 Bio-Chemistry Lab. 150 15 963.9 B
22 Physiology Lab. 150 15 963.9 B
23 Doctor’s Office (Medical lab) 25 1 64.26 C
24 Injection Room (Medical lab) 25 1 64.26 C
The distribution of the categorized water use is shown in Figure 1. Four laboratories were
selected based on the class and respective laboratory courses on the campus. The selected

5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 © IAEME
laboratories are Industrial chemistry lab, (ICH), Biochemistry lab, (BCH), Medical lab (MED) and
Water and environmental lab (WE).

6. 107
Figure 1: Water Consumption/Lab-Session
2.5 Materials and Experimental Protocols
The materials required to carry out the above exercise include;
Photometer Test tubes Plastic container or kegs with air tight cover
Measuring cylinder Distilled water 70% ethanol
Cotton wool pH meter Turbidity Meter
Reagents Stop watch hose
2.5.1 Sterilization of Materials
All glass wares were thoroughly washed with detergent solution, rinsed with several changes
of distilled water and subsequently allowed to drain, after which they were sterilized or disinfected
with 70% ethanol. The working bench was also swabbed with 70% alcohol to have a sterile
environment.
2.5.2 Labelling of samples
Samples collected were labelled according to the tabulated codes shown in Table 2 below to
avoid mix up of different samples.
Table 2: Labeling of Samples
LABORATORY INFLUENT LABELLING EFLUENT LABELLING
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 1 Sample 2
Industrial chemistry lab ICH-IS1 ICH-IS2 ICH-ES1 ICH-ES2
Bio-chemistry lab BCH-IS1 BCH- IS2 BCH-ES1 BCH-ES2
Micro-biology lab MCB-IS1 MCB-IS2 MCB-ES1 MCB-ES2
Health centre HC-IS1 HC-IS2 HC-ES1 HC-ES2

7. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 © IAEME
108
2.5.3 Collections of Samples
Utmost and scrupulous care was taken in the collection of the water and waste water samples
to ensure the samples are representative of the water and waste water desired to the examined and to
avoid accidental contamination of the samples.
To collect influent samples, the outlet of the running tap of the laboratories were disinfected
using 70% ethanol with the aid of a swab and was allowed to run for at least five minutes before
taking the sample into an air tight container or kegs in order to stabilize its temperature and to carry
out analysis on the influent samples of each laboratory. The tap water samples were transported to
the water and environmental laboratory for analysis in ice packs.
For the collection of effluent samples, the sewage drain of the laboratories was located and
samples were taken with tapping the sewage channel or drain of all sinks and wash hand basins in all
the laboratories. This was channeled into an air tight container or big keg of about 50litres with a
hose in order to stabilize its temperature and was refrigerated to carry out analysis on the second day.
The container or kegs should not be filled above 90% to avoid spillage during transportation. The
samples were transported in ice packs to the water and environmental laboratories for analysis.
2.6 Physico-chemical Analysis of Influent and Effluent
Physical observations were made of the colour and odour of the samples while other physical
properties, pH, temperature and turbidity were measured with pH meter, thermometer and
turbidimeter respectively. In determining the turbidity of the sample, a two part calibrated turbidity
tube was used with calibrations from 5-25 turbidity units. The joined tubes were held over a white
paper, while slowly pouring the water sample into the tube until the black cross at the bottom was no
longer visible. At this point the reading was taken from the side of the tube as the turbidity value of
the water sample.
Alkalinity, Total Hardness and the presence of Chlorine (DPD), Phosphate, Zinc, Nitrate,
Nitrite, Calcium were determined in the influent. The Automatic Wavelength Photometer was used
in carrying out this exercise. Standard procedures were followed with special attentions given to
various notes for each of the above parameters as specified in the relevant manual. Analyses of the
samples were carried out at the Water and Environmental laboratory in Osun State University and
RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere, Oshogbo.
2.7 Estimation of Recyclability
The effluent is further analyzed for toxic/hazardous chemicals to serve as recyclability
indicators. The additional tests were for Ammonia, Chromium (Hexa/6+), Copper, Aluminum,
Silica, Sulphate, Molybdate and Bromine total. These tests are for advanced analysis of waste water
sample from laboratories and industries which help in the detection of toxic materials and
recyclability of waste water sample. The effluent hazardous chemical levels determined. Differences
in the influent and effluent were estimated as percentages of influent. These are to serve as treatment
levels required for recyclability.
3.0 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Results of the various physical and chemical waste water quality parameters for both influent
and effluent are obtained for further analysis. Analysis of the differences in the wastewater quality
parameters between the influent and effluent materials from each laboratory are determined so as to
indicate what has been lost through the activities in the laboratories. The differences are presented in
percentage forms in Table 3, so as to evaluate degrees of degradations experienced in the use of the
influent water into each laboratory. Items 1 to 8 deal with the physical qualities of both the influent

8. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 © IAEME
and effluent waste water. The chemical properties are shown in items 9 to 23. The results obtained
for additional toxic materials are indicated in Table 3.
109
3.1 Physiochemical evaluations
The influent and effluent Physicochemical Parameters are shown in Table 3 which indicates
the percentage differences in each laboratory. Results of the Toxic and Recyclability Indicator of
Laboratory Effluent
Table 3: % Difference Between Influent And Effluent Pysico-Chemical Parameters
S/N Parameter Unit (%) Difference / Laboratories
Bio Chem Ind Chem Medical Water Env
1 Colour TCU 15 15 15 15
2 Odour - - - -
3 Taste - - - -
4 pH 37 23 -42 9
5 Temperature OC 12 25 3 6
6 Conductivity μS/cm - - - -119
7 Turbidity NTU - - - -
8 T.D.S Mg/L - - -221 -141
9 O.R.P Mv -53 -129 -66 -59
10 Chloride Mg/L -18 33 50 47
11 Total Hardness Mg/L -602 -422 -140
12 Calcium Hardness Mg/L 17 90 -650 -471
13 Magnessium Hardness Mg/L -723 - -362 -86
14 Total Chlorine Mg/L -189 96 79 29
15 Free Chlorine Mg/L -280 100 -250 60
16 Total Alkalinity Mg/L -574 -448 -88 -79
17 Nitrite(NO2) Mg/L 31 73 8 2
18 Nitrate(NO3) Mg/L Inconclusive 43 38 1
19 Arsenic Mg/L - - - -
20 Iron Mg/L 100 100 96 -12
21 Manganese Mg/L 96 84 8 28
22 Fluoride Mg/L -496 69 60 13
23 Zinc Mg/L -1900 -539 -15 13

9. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp.
The % differences in the Physical
103-113 © IAEME
Parameters could not be ascertained for colour
effluent. Similarly, percentage differences for odor and taste
than 15 (15) for both the influent and effluent
influent and effluent only referred to as unobjectionable
unobjectionable, (UO), while Turbidity % differen
greater than 5, and therefore these differences cannot be determined. Conductivity
values of some laboratories are greater than the photometer range. There is no arsenic from the
analysis carried out hence the percent differences
The percent differences in the chemical para
levels of treatments required for recyclability. Activities in the Biochemistry lab presented the worst
situation in the areas of total hard
requirements as their percent differences are more of less between 500% and 720%. From the
presentations of the total chlorine, free chlorine, this same laboratory needs more attention in
disinfection of the waste water [6], [7]
Figure 2: %Difference Between Influent and Effluent
The percent difference between influent water and effluent waste water presents the worst
situation for Zinc in Table 3, getting to as great as 1900% and 539% for Biochemistry lab and
Industrial Chemistry lab respectively. The other laboratories
for the nitrate level for Biochemistry lab was inconclusive.
Zinc levels, although there is no health impact currently associated with it, it should not be allowed
to keep rising in a situation of recyclability.
Results of tests of the parameters considered to be toxic undertaken only for the effluen
waste water is shown in Table 4
Organization of Nigeria, [14] and [15
water [14], [2] and illustrated in Figure
need to be watched, especially in the Biochemistry and Industrial Chemistry laboratories as they are
currently greater than the permissible levels
Although [14] did not specify safe limits for some parameters, caution should be exercised in
allowing their concentrations to keep building up. There is therefore need for evaluation of these
parameters indicted at the influent level so as to monitor any development.
110
and
were not determined.
parameters are presented in Figure 2
hardness, magnesium hardness, total alkalinity and fluoride
7].
, had differences lower than 20%. Results
There is therefore the need
aste 4. These are compared with the guidelines of the Standard
4] 15], for quality assessment of good industrial water/ safe drinking
3. It can be observed that Chromium and Sulphate levels that
[1], [4]. They need to be treated before recycling.
d – 6308 (Print),
as it is less
difference is
total hardness
meters to indicate the
ness, to monitor the
effluent
. .

10. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp.
Table 4: Results of the Toxic
S/N
Waste Water
Recyclability
Indicator
Unit
1 Ammonia Mg/L
2 Phosphate Mg/L
3 Chromium Mg/L
4 Alluminuim Mg/L
5 Silica Mg/L
6 Sulphate Mg/L
7 Molybdate Mg/L
8 Total Bromine Mg/L
9 Hexavalent Chromium Mg/L
10 Total Copper Mg/L
11 Free Cooper Mg/L
12 Sulphide Mg/L
13 Chlorinedioxide Mg/L
and Recyclability Indicator of Laboratory Effluent
Laboratories SON
BCH ICH MED WE SON Max
Figure 3: Toxic and Recyclability Indicator of Lab Effluent

11. !##$
103-113 © IAEME
111
permitted
0.32 0.04 0.46 0.15 1.00
1.18 0.79 0.08 0.02 6.00
0.14 0.10 0.03 0.01 0.05
0.11 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.20
4.00
175 170 56 80 100
0.56 0.08 0.04 0.02
0.13 0.28 0.23 0.01
0.70 0.00 0.01 0.00
0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.12 0.08 0.03 0.11
0.16 0.04 0.01 0.02
– 6308 (Print),
Remark
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable
Recyclable

12. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 © IAEME
4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
112
Water use in these laboratories has been estimated to 64.26 Liters/tap. Out of a total of 24
laboratories on the campus 4 laboratories were selected for this exercise based on the gradation of
water consumption rates and laboratory courses on the campus. Detailed study were undertaken for
the selected laboratories, Biochemistry lab, (BCH); Industrial Chemistry lab, (ICH); Medical lab
(MED); and Water and Environmental lab (WE). Results of the differences in the water quality
parameters for the influent water and the effluent waste water will indicate the levels of treatments
required for recyclability in each laboratory.
It can be concluded that the effluent from the Biochemistry lab requires the greatest attention
on treatment level scale. Some of the areas that need much attention are in the areas of total hardness,
magnesium hardness, total alkalinity, fluoride, total chlorine, free chlorine, and zinc.
Although zinc is not regarded as having associated health impact, the rate of its deposit
during the use of water in the Biochemistry and Industrial Chemistry practical sessions is of concern.
The rate was 1900% and 539% when compared with the influent values at the beginning of each
practical, while rates for the other two labs were below 20%. There is therefore the need to monitor
the Zinc levels to avoid its being allowed to keep rising in a situation of recyclability. Since the
results for the nitrate level for Biochemistry lab was inconclusive, there is need to further investigate
this.
The Chromium and Sulphate levels should be further monitored as they are currently greater
than the SON permissible levels within the Biochemistry and Industrial Chemistry labs. We are
recommending that treatment facility should give further attention to these parameters. It is also
recommended that the influent water be analyzed to determine levels of the 13(No) parameters
indicated in Table 4 so as to be able to monitor any development at effluent level. Further works
should also be carried out to determine the effluent levels, whose values could not be picked in the
present study, for silica and molybdenum salts
Generally, although SON did not specify safe limits for some parameters, caution should be
exercised in allowing their concentrations to keep building up.
REFERENCES
[1] Atici, T., Ahiska, S., Altindag, A., Aydin, D. 2008: Ecological effects of some heavy metals
(Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr) pollution of phytoplanktonic algae and zooplanktonic organisms in Saryyar
Dam Reservoir in Turkey. African J. Biot. 7(12): 1972–1977.
[2] Eaton, Andrew D, 2005: Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.
American Public Health Association; American Water Works Association; Water
Environment Federation. Publisher: Washington, D.C. : APHA-AWWA-WEF, 2005.
[3] Google Earth, 2013: Accessed November, 8, 2013.
[4] Hui, K. S., Chao, C. Y. H., Kot, S. C. 2005: Removal of mixed heavy metal ions in
wastewater by zeolite 4A and residual products from recycled coal fly ash. Journal of
Hazardous Materials B, 127, 89-101.
[5] Mbajiorgu, C.C., 2003: A water quality study of Ulasi river at selected locations. 29th
WEDC International Conference Abuja, Nigeria, 2003.
[6] Metcalf, Leonard and Harrison P. Eddy, 1922: Sewerage and Sewage Disposal: A
Textbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[7] Metro Vancouver, 2011: Regional Growth Strategy. July 29, 2011 Retrieved February 14,
2013.

13. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 © IAEME
113
[8] Nasrullah R. N., B. Hamida, I. Mudassar and M. I. Dur-rani, 2006: “Pollution Load in
Industrial Effluent and Ground Water of Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate (GAIE) SSWABI,
NWFP,” Journal of Agricultural and Biologi-cal Science, Vol. 1, No.3, 2006, pp. 18-24.
[9] Neal, C. and A. J. Robson, 2000: A summary of river water quality data collection within
the Land-ocean interaction study: core data for Eastern UK Rivers draining to the North Sea.
Science of the Total Environment, 251/252, 585-665.
[10] Oginni, F. A., 2013: Variations in the Water Quality of an Urban River in Nigeria. Scientific
Research Publishing on Journal of Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental
Engineering, 2013, 2, 81-91 doi: 10.4236/cweee.2013.22B014 Published Online April 2013.
http://www.scirp.org/journal/cweee.
[11] Ojoawo, S. O., F. A. Oginni, M. Jolayemi and O. J Adenrele, 2014: Domestic Wastes
Generation Pattern and Composition in Osogbo and Environs, Osun State, Nigeria.
International Journal of Civil Engineering (IJCE). ISSN(P): 2278-9987; ISSN(E): 2278-9995;
Vol. 3, Issue 4, July 2014, 47-56.
[12] Schmitt, Eric (2000): Everglades Restoration Plan Passes House, With Final Approval
Seen, The New York Times, October 20, 2000, p. 1.
[13] Snyder G.H. and J. Davidson, 1994: Everglades Agriculture: Past, Present and Future in
Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration, Steven Davis and John Ogden, eds. (1994),
St. Lucie Press. ISBN 0-9634030-2-8.
[14] Standards Organizations of Nigeria, (SON), 2007: Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water
Quality. Nigerian Industrial Standard NIS 554: 2007.
[15] World Health Organisation, WHO, 2000: WHO guidelines for drinking water quality
training pack. Rome: WHO, 2000.
[16] H J Surendra and Paresh Chandra Deka, 2012: Effects of Statistical Properties of Dataset
in Predicting Performance of Various Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Urban Water
Consumption Time Series. International Journal of Civil Engineering Technology
(IJCIET). ISSN(P): 0976-6308; ISSN(E): 0976-6316; Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2012, 426 – 436.
[17] Dr. P. Mariappan, 2012: Wastewater Management in a Dwelling House- A Case Study.
International Journal of Civil Engineering Technology (IJCIET). ISSN(P): 0976-6308;
ISSN(E): 0976-6316; Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2012, 16 - 24.
[18] R Radhakrishanan and A Praveen, 2012: Sustainability Perceptions on Wastewater
Treatment Operations in Urban Areas of Developing World. International Journal of Civil
Engineering Technology (IJCIET). ISSN(P): 0976-6308; ISSN(E): 0976-6316; Vol. 3,
Issue 1, 2012, 45 - 61.