The presentation is an overview of the different modalities of public toilet construction and maintenance in Hyderabad. It also reviews the currently most preferred Build-Operate-Transfer model under Public-Private-Partnership, based on four criteria:
- Community & Location
- Economics & Viability
- Governance & Operational Management
- Design & User Experience
This presentation was prepared by Indivar Jonnalagadda, Research Associate at Hyderabad Urban Lab for the workshop Toilet Republic held at Do Din 2014 on December 20, 2014.
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Public Toilets in Hyderabad
1. Public Toilets in Hyderabad
An HUL Presentation
by Indivar Jonnalagadda
At the Toilet Republic Workshop, Do Din 2014.
2. Two Broad Types of Public Toilets
• Toilets in public places (conventionally called just public toilets)
• USER BASE:
• Workers who spend most of their time on roads or streets, such as sanitation
workers, hawkers, shop employees, auto-rickshaw/tempo/truck/private-
vehicle drivers, etc.
• Pavement dwellers.
• The occasional pedestrian.
• Community toilets
• USER BASE:
• Community toilets are usually attached to a specific slum settlement.
3. Community Toilet Models
• Government-built Community-operated
• NGO-built Community-operated
• NGO-built public toilet that also serves a specific community
4. The Life-Cycle of Community Toilets in Hyderabad
• The government builds the toilet and hands it
over to the community.
• There is little or no maintenance.
• Toilet starts going into disrepair and becomes
a hazard.
• Structure is demolished and a new toilet is
constructed.
• RELATED ISSUES:
• Toilets become sites of substance-abuse &
other illicit activities, resulting in the
perceived security of users, particularly
women, being compromised.
5. Public Toilet Models – Till the 2000s
Government builds and operates
NGO builds and operates for a limited
period of time
6. 2000s - Fund Your City Project
• PPP with a Build-Operate-
Transfer model
• Lease period of 7-10 years
• Incentives:
• Allowed to charge fees. Re.1 for
urinals and Rs.2 for latrines.
• Free advertising on 70% of the
exterior walls.
• Cross-subsidy:
• Required to build an additional
toilet in a by-lane
7. Review of the Project
• Community & Location
• Toilets located with consideration for advertising.
Mostly clustered at major junctions or on main
roads.
• This caters to a large user-base, but excludes the
working population on arterial roads and smaller
streets.
• Economics & Viability
• The thrust on PPP is necessitated by financial
considerations.
• However, the dilemma is that the incentive
structure perverts the expected outcomes of this
public good.
• Governance & Operational Management
• Effective vacuum of regulation with respect to
private operation of toilets – resulting in private
operators charging higher fees, inability to effect a
cross-subsidy, inability to effect transfer of
operation and inability to enforce guidelines
• Lack of statutory guidelines and rampant non-
adherence to existing guidelines
• Design & User Experience
• Most toilets are designed with a clear male-bias.
Not much consideration is given to the particular
needs of women: privacy, security, hygiene.
• No consideration is given also to the special needs
of disabled people. Particularly, those with walking-
impairments. Most toilets are elevated and
reachable only by stairs or a high pavement. Also,
there are rarely facilities suitable to their needs.
8. Major Constraints
• Land
• Absence of a pre-defined community in the case of public toilets
• Most solutions to problems of governance in PPP projects involve some kind
of “community participation”. But by its very nature, the public toilet does not
have a pre-defined community. Its user-base is a mobile population.
• Thus, the option of offsetting the shortcomings of PPP through community
consultation is ruled out.
• Only something like a market research survey can be done. Don’t know to
what extent such an exercise is undertaken though.
• No statutory norms