The document summarizes the Reconstruction era in the United States after the Civil War from 1865 to 1877. It describes the two phases of Reconstruction - Presidential Reconstruction led by Lincoln and Johnson which took a more lenient approach, and Congressional Reconstruction led by Radical Republicans which established military rule in the South and rights for African Americans. However, Reconstruction ultimately failed to achieve full equality as the North withdrew support and white Southerners retook political power, imposing Jim Crow laws that reinforced racial segregation and disenfranchisement.

1. Reconstruction 1865-1877 The Federal Government’s controversial effort to repair the damage to the South and to restore southern states to the Union. Richmond, VA

10. Booker T. Washington Believed in a gradual approach to racial equality Encouraged vocational education Founded what is now Tuskegee University in Alabama Believed African Americans should focus on gaining useful labor skills which would end racism

11. W.E.B. Du Bois Founded the Niagara Movement Encouraged liberal arts education so African Americans could have well educated leaders (top 10%) The “Top Ten” should fight for political equality Mocked Washington’s idea of gradually seeking equality Niagara Movement becomes the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)