1. What is an actual implicature?
Definition
An actual implicature is any potential implicature that is not canceled by its context.
Example (English)
The expression I think that some went has two potential implicatures:
The matrix sentence I think ... has the potential implicature "I don’t know
[that some went]."
The complement clause ... some went has the potential implicature "not all
went."
Of the two potential implicatures, only I don’t know that some went is an actual
implicature, because the other occurs in a complement clause that the matrix
clause does not entail. If some went were uttered independently, as a main clause,
its potential implicature ‘not all went’ would also be its actual implicature.
What is a nonconventional implicature?
Definition
An nonconventional implicature is a implicature that is drawn in accordance with
pragmatic principles, such as the cooperative principle or the informativeness principle,
rather than the meaning of a lexical item or expression.
Kinds
Here are some kinds of nonconventional implicatures:
What is conversational implicature?
What is a nonconversational implicature?
What is conversational implicature?
Definition
Conversational implicature is a nonconventional implicature based on an addressee’s
assumption that the speaker is following the conversational maxims or at least the
cooperative principle.
Kinds

2. Here are some kinds of conversational implicatures:
What is a flouting implicature?
What is a generalized implicature?
What is a manner implicature?
What is a particularized implicature?
What is a quality implicature?
What is a quantity implicature?
What is a relevance implicature?
What is a standard implicature?
What is a flouting implicature?
Definition
A flouting implicature is a conversational implicature based on an addressee's assumption
that the speaker is deliberately breaking (flouting) a conversational maxim while still
being cooperative.
Discussion
The term flouting implicature is a coinage. The concept of an implicature derived from
the flouting of a maxim is an important one in the literature of conversational implicature,
but there is not a specific name for it. It would commonly be more appropriate to speak of
an implicature derived from the speaker’s flouting of a conversational maxim.
Example (English)
In the following exchange, B flouts the maxim of manner, thereby implying that
an open discussion of the ice cream is not desired:
A: Let’s get the kids something.
B: Okay, but I veto I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.
What is a generalized implicature?
Definition
A generalized implicature is a conversational implicature that is inferable without
reference to a special context.
Example (English)
Expressions with the form an X usually imply that X is not closely related to the

3. speaker or subject, as in the following expression:
John walked into a house yesterday and saw a tortoise.
This expression implies that the house is not John’s house.
What is a manner implicature?
Definition
A manner implicature is a conversational implicature based on an addressee's assumption
that the speaker is either observing or flouting the conversational maxim of manner.
If the speaker is assumed to be observing the maxim, then the addressee makes a standard
implicature. If the speaker is assumed to be flouting the maxim, then the addressee makes
a more nonstandard type of implicature.
Examples (English)
The manner implicature Miss Singer sang badly is derivable from the sentence
Miss Singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score of an
aria from ‘"Rigoletto."
Because of the submaxim be orderly, an addressee can draw the implicature that
the events presented in Alfred went to the store and bought some whisky happened
in order.
What is a particularized implicature?
Definition
A particularized implicature is a conversational implicature that is derivable only in a
specific context.
Examples (English)
A: What on earth has happened to the roast beef?
B: The dog is looking very happy.
In the above exchange, A will likely derive the implicature "the dog ate
the roast beef" from B’s statement. This is due to A’s belief that B is
observing the conversational maxim of relation or relevance in the specific
context of A’s question.
What is a quality implicature?

4. Definition
A quality implicature is a conversational implicature based on the addressee's assumption
as to whether or not the speaker is observing or flouting the conversational maxim of
quality.
If the speaker is assumed to be observing the maxim, then the addressee makes a standard
implicature. If the speaker is assumed to be flouting the maxim, then the addressee makes
a more nonstandard type of implicature.
Examples (English)
The sentence John has two Ph.D.'s implicates both of the following:
o "I believe John has two Ph.D.'s."
o "I have adequate evidence that John has two Ph.D.'s."
It may also cause an implicature derived from the addressee’s belief that the
speaker is flouting the maxim quality.
In the following exchange, the obvious falsehood of B’s utterance implicates that
B is saying that A is wildly incorrect:
o A: Tehran’s in Turkey, isn’t it, teacher?
o B: And London’s in Armenia, I suppose.
What is a quantity implicature?
Definition
A quantity implicature is a conversational implicature based on an addressee's assumption
as to whether the speaker is observing or flouting the conversational maxim of quantity.
If the speaker is assumed to be observing the maxim, then the addressee makes a standard
implicature. If the speaker is assumed to be flouting the maxim, then the addressee makes
a more non-standard type of implicature.
Examples (English)
The utterance Nigel has 14 children commonly implicates ‘Nigel has only 14
children’, even though it would be compatible with Nigel’s having 20 children.
What is a clausal implicature?
Definition

5. A clausal implicature is a quantity implicature which is inferred by an addressee
concerning the truth of a proposition expressed in a particular subordinate or coordinate
clause. The addressee infers that the proposition may or may not be true.
The complex or compound sentence of which the clause is a part does not indicate
whether the proposition expressed by the clause is true or false.
Discussion
There will be another sentence available which would entail that the proposition
expressed by the clause is true. This sentence must be identical to the sentence under
scrutiny except that, in one of its clauses, an expression has been substituted which is
stronger than that used by the speaker.
Example (English)
The sentence I believe that John is away implies that it is possible that John is in
fact not away.
If John were certain to be away, then the expression would have been something like I
know John is away.
What is a scalar implicature?
Definition
A scalar implicature is a quantity implicature based on the use of an informationally weak
term in an implicational scale.
The use implicates that all similar utterances using an informationally stronger term are
not true because, according to the conversational maxim of quantity, a speaker would
ordinarily be required to make a stronger, more informative utterance if a true one were
available.
Example (English)
In the utterance some of the boys went to the party, the word some implicates
"not all of the boys went to the party."
The words none, some, and all form an implicational scale, in which the use of
one form implicates that the use of a stronger form is not possible.
What is a relevance implicature?
Definition
A relevance implicature is a conversational implicature based on an addressee's
assumption as to whether a speaker is observing or flouting the conversational maxim of

6. relation or relevance.
If the speaker is assumed to be observing the maxim, then the addressee makes a standard
implicature. If the speaker is assumed to be flouting the maxim, then the addressee makes
a more nonstandard type of implicature.
Examples (English)
In the following exchange, the implicature that A draws as to the time of day
from B’s presumably relevant response is a relevance implicature:
A: Can you tell me the time?
B: Well, the milkman has come.
What is a standard implicature?
Definition
A standard implicature is a conversational implicature based on an addressee's assumption
that the speaker is being cooperative by directly observing the conversational maxims.
Example (English)
In the following exchange, A assumes that B is being cooperative, truthful,
adequately informative, relevant, and clear. Thus, A can infer that B thinks A can
get fuel at the garage:
A: I’ve just run out of petrol.
B: Oh; there’s a garage just around the corner.
What is a nonconversational implicature?
Definition
A nonconversational implicature is a nonconventional implicature that arises from the
operation of a principle or maxim of language usage other than the cooperative principle
and conversational maxims, such as an implicature derived from an assumption of the
informativeness principle.
Kind
Here is a kind of nonconversational implicature:
What is the informativeness principle?
What is the informativeness principle?

7. Definition
The informativeness principle is an implicature in which the addressee is licensed to apply
his or her knowledge of the world to infer an implicature that is informationally stronger
than the actual utterance.
This principle, in addition to the cooperative principle and conversational maxims,
enables the addressee to resolve apparent conflicts with the quantity maxim.
Example (English)
The utterance He turned on the switch and the motor started generally
implicates the stronger utterance He turned on the switch and this caused the
motor to start.
The quantity maxim would ordinarily disallow such a strong implicature on the
assumption that the cooperative speaker is making his contribution adequately
informative. However, the informativeness principle allows the addressee to infer
the implicature based on the knowledge of how motors start.
What is an interpropositional relation?
Definition
An interpropositional relation is an explicit or inferred coherence relation between
propositions or groups of propositions that are typically expressed by clauses or larger
portions of text.
Interpropositional relations can account for the coherence between portions of text.
Discussion
The term interpropositional relation has been chosen here as a rubric for relations that
various authors have proposed, using a variety of terminology, in accounting for text
structure or coherence.
Not every author would agree that this term is the best one for these relations, nor would
all agree that every relation cited here belongs in a list of interpropositional relations. The
controversy occurs either because of a disputation over the validity of a relation itself, or
some restriction on the usage of the term interpropositional relation.
Example (English)
The following construction is an example of an inferred solutionhood relation, a
particular kind of interpropositional relation:
I’m hungry; let’s go to the Fuji Gardens.

8. Source: Mann and Thompson 1985 1
Kinds
Here are some kinds of interpropositional relations as found in Mann and Thompson
1985.: