The document provides a summary of a traffic study conducted for the Karachi-Hyderabad Motorway (M9) in Pakistan. Some key findings from surveys along the route include: - M9 carries over 24,000 vehicles per day and is one of the most travelled roads in the NHA network. A significant portion of traffic travels the entire 134km route. - Surveys at different locations found average daily traffic volumes ranging from around 5,000 to over 21,000 vehicles per day depending on the location. - Peak traffic hours varied by location but generally occurred in the morning and evening commute periods. - Buses and trucks accounted for 10-15% of vehicles while private

1. TRAFFIC STUDY FOR KARACHI - HYDERABAD
MOTORWAY (M9)
ASHAR H. LODI, DIRECTOR
EXPONENT ENGINEERS (PVT.) LIMITED, KARACHI
JULY 19, 2012

2. M-9: A TRAFFIC PERSPECTIVE
 M-9 connects most populous urban centre of
Pakistan to rest of the country, gathering traffic from
2 most active sea ports.
 M-9 is one of the most travelled roads in the entire
NHA Network, with more than 24,000 vehicles
travelling each day.
 Most of the road users travel entire length of the
highway i.e. 134 km.
 A significant number of commuter traffic is available
on the road thus making a significant ‘Loyal User
Group’ of travellers.
 DHA City with more than 500,000 inhabitants is
already been announced by DHA lies on M-9.
 The only motorway in Pakistan providing shortest
way to the travellers between OD Pairs. Thus
developing a very large group of captive road
users.
 Has the largest potential to develop revenues from
Non Toll Sources.

3. TRAFFIC STUDY SCOPE
 To review previous traffic studies & traffic parameters.
 To undertake primary data collection by conducting traffic surveys.
 To identify, review & establish basis of traffic growth in the entire network in
terms of parameters such as socio-economic / land use development datasets,
population, vehicle ownership growth within the study corridor;
 To validate socio-economic baseline data that are readily available from previous
credible sources;
 Estimate number of lanes required at new interchanges locations;
 To review toll rates prevailing on M-9 and other roads of NHA and corroborate
already agreed toll rates with NHA during concession period;
 To develop a 4 stage traffic demand model for the study corridor with acceptable
level of calibration.
 To perform policy testing depicting various possible scenarios of operations
using the demand model;
 Estimating expected traffic diversion under agreed toll rates;

4. STUDY METHODOLOGY
 Model Development Approach

5. STUDY METHODOLOGY
 Steps in Performing Study
Review available Secondary Data
Conduct Field visit to determine survey locations
Determine types of surveys to be conducted
Prepare survey schedule
Prepare survey forms
Conduct Field surveys
Process raw data into spreadsheets
Analysis of processed survey data
Develop highway network in STRADA
Use traffic volume counts for model calibration
Utilize OD and Occupancy data for development of current OD matrix
Perform Policy Testing for future Demand forecast
Determine Future Transport Demand
Basis for Projection in Financial Model

6. TRAFFIC SURVEYS & ANALYSIS
 Mid-Block Count Surveys
 Turning Movement Count
Survey
 Origin Destination Surveys
 Willingness to Pay Surveys
 Occupancy Surveys
 Travel Time Surveys
 Road Condition Surveys

7. SURVEY LOCATIONS
 SL –1 Karachi Northern Bypass Toll Plaza
 SL –2 Karachi Toll Plaza on Super Highway
 SL –3 Super Highway at Nooriabad
 SL –4 Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on Super Highway
 SL –5 National Highway near Kotri
 SL –6 National Highway near Thatta
 SL –7 Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway
 SL –8 Toll Plaza on Super Highway – National Highway Link Road
 SL –9 New Link Road between Super Highway – National Highway near
Airport
S
L
-
4
S
L
-
5
S
L
-
3
S
L S
- L
1 -
S
2
L
- S
9 L
-
8
S
S
L
L
-
-
6
7

8. SURVEY LOCATIONS & SPECIFICATIONS
Survey Duration by Survey Types
Site ID Location Description Passenger Willingness to
TMC Mid-Block Roadside OD
Occupancy Pay
Karachi Northern Bypass Toll -
SL – 1 168 hrs - - -
Plaza
Karachi Toll Plaza on Super -
SL – 2 168 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs
Highway
-
SL – 3 Super Highway at Nooriabad 168 hrs - - -
-
Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on
SL – 4 168 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs
Super Highway
-
SL – 5 National Highway near Kotri 72 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs
-
SL – 6 National Highway near Thatta 72 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs
Sassi Toll Plaza on National -
SL – 7 168 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs
Highway
-
Toll Plaza on Super Highway –
SL – 8 72 hrs 72 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs
National Highway Link Road
New Link Road between Super
SL – 9 Highway – National Highway 24 hrs 48 hrs - - -
near Airport

9. VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS FOR SURVEY
Vehicles used in following Classes for the surveys
Vehicle
S. No. Description Description,If any
Class
1. Class 1 Cars / Vans / Jeeps / Pajero / Suzuki Van / Pickups / Toyota
Hilux single/double Cabin / Taxis
2. Class 2 Wagons / Pickups / Shahzor / Master
3. Class 3 Coasters / Mini Trucks / Mazda T-3000 / Mazda T-3500
4. Class 4 Intercity Buses
5. Class 5 Rigid Trucks 2 – 3 Axles
6. Class 6 Articulated Trucks 4 – 5 – 6 Axles

10. MID-BLOCK TRAFFIC COUNTS SURVEY
Survey Form

11. AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC BY DIRECTION
SITE ID DESCRIPTION DIRECTION ADT
From Hub 1,903
SL-01 Karachi Northern Bypass (KNBP) From Super Highway 1,960
Both Directions 3,863
From Karachi 10,691
SL-02 Karachi - Hyderabad Super Highway near Karachi Toll Plaza From Hyderabad 11,061
Both Directions 21,752
From Karachi 9,769
From Hyderabad 10,864
SL-03 Karachi - Hyderabad Super Highway near Nooriabad
Both Directions 20,633
From Karachi 8,809
From Hyderabad 9,122
SL-04 Karachi - Hyderabad Super Highway near Hyderabad
Both Directions 17,931
From Kotri 1,717
SL-05 National Highway (N-5) near Kotri From Super Highway 3,402
Both Directions 5,119
From Gharo 4,551
SL-07 Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway (N-5) From Karachi 4,918
Both Directions 9,469
From National Highway 2,337
SL-08 Link Road (N-5 - Super Highway)
From Super Highway 2,927
Both Directions 5,264
From Malir 3,143
SL-09 New Link Road (MalirCantt) From Super Highway 4,868
Both Directions 8,011

12. SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
SL-01 (Karachi Northern Bypass)
ADT- BOTH DIRECTIONS @ SL-01 KNBP
300
250
200
VPH
150
100
50
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 7-day
SL-01: ADT (PCU) BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
800
700
600
VPH (PCU)
500
400
300
200
100
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 7-day

13. SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
SL-02 (Super Highway near Karachi Toll Plaza)
SL-02: Daily Traffic %age by Vehicle Class (Both
Directions)
13%
CLASS 1
16% CLASS 2
51% CLASS 3
CLASS 4
6% CLASS 5
11% CLASS 6
3%

14. SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
SL-02 (Super Highway near Karachi Toll Plaza)
SL-02: ADT BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
VPH
600
400
200
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 7-day
SL-02: ADT (PCU) BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
3,500
3,000
2,500
VPH (PCU)
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 7-day

15. SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
SL-03 (Super Highway near Nooriabad)
SL-03: Daily Traffic %age by Vehicle Class (Both
Directions)
18%
CLASS 1
CLASS 2
47% CLASS 3
16%
CLASS 4
CLASS 5
CLASS 6
7% 8%
4%

16. SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
SL-03 (Super Highway near Nooriabad)
SL-03: ADT BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
VPH
600
400
200
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 7-day
SL-03: ADT (PCU) BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
3,500
3,000
2,500
VPH (PCU)
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 7-day

17. SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
SL-04 (Super Highway near Hyderabad Toll Plaza)
SL-4: Daily Traffic %age by Vehicle Class (Both
Directions)
15%
CLASS 1
CLASS 2
19%
CLASS 3
50%
CLASS 4
CLASS 5
CLASS 6
8%
5%
3%

18. SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
SL-04 (Super Highway near Hyderabad Toll Plaza)
SL-04: ADT BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
1,200
1,000
800
ADT
600
400
200
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 7-day
SL-04: ADT (PCU) BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
3,000
2,500
ADT (PCU)
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 7-day

19. SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
SL-05 (National Highway near Kotri)
SL-05: ADT BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
450
400
350
300
250
VPH
200
150
100
50
0
7:00
8:00
9:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 3-day
SL-05: ADT (PCU) BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
900
800
700
VPH (PCU)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 3-day

20. SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
SL-07 (Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway)
SL-07: ADT BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
700
600
500
400
VPH
300
200
100
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 5-day
SL-07: ADT (PCU) BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
1,200
1,000
VPH (PCU)
800
600
400
200
0
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
Hourly Time Intervals
Weekday Weekend 5-day

21. VPH (PCU)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00 VPH
16:00 0
100
150
200
250
300
50
17:00
07:00
3-day
18:00
08:00
19:00
09:00
20:00
Hourly Time Intervals
21:00 10:00
22:00 11:00
23:00 12:00
00:00 13:00
SL-08: ADT (PCU) BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
01:00 14:00
02:00 15:00
03:00 16:00
04:00 17:00
05:00 18:00
06:00 19:00
20:00
3-day
SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
Hourly Time Intervals
21:00
22:00
23:00
SL-08: ADT BY HOUR (BOTH DIRECTIONS)
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
SL-08 (Link Road B/W Super Highway & National Highway

22. PASSENGER OCCUPANCY SURVEY
 Survey Locations
Passenger
Site ID Location Description
Occupancy
SL – 2 Karachi Toll Plaza on Super Highway 72 hrs
SL – 4 Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on Super Highway 72 hrs
SL – 5 National Highway near Kotri 72 hrs
SL – 6 National Highway near Thatta 72 hrs
SL – 7 Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway 72 hrs
SL – 8 Toll Plaza on Super Highway – National Highway Link Road 72 hrs
 Survey Modes
S. No. Mode of Travel
1 Private Cars
2 Intercity Buses
3 Wagons
4 Coasters
5 Minibuses

23. PASSENGER OCCUPANCY SURVEYS
Survey Form ( Private Cars)

24. PASSENGER OCCUPANCY SURVEYS
Survey Form ( Public Transport)

25. AVERAGE OCCUPANCY BY CLASS OF TRAVEL
 The average occupancy for individual modes across
locations and direction of travel are similar
Direction of Mode of Travel
Location Description
Travel Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
From Karachi 3.42 11.05 30.00 36.39
SL-02 Karachi Toll Plaza
Towards
3.28 8.98 26.09 32.56
Karachi
From Karachi 3.16 9.37 11.20 31.32
Hyderabad Toll
SL-04
Plaza Towards
3.16 10.46 27.43 36.51
Karachi
From Kotri 3.05 8.96 21.86 35.57
National Highway
SL-05
near Kotri From Super
2.36 9.07 10.00 29.35
Highway
Sassi Toll Plaza From Karachi 3.05 10.11 25.02 43.09
SL-07 on National
Highway From Gharo 2.69 11.70 23.55 44.04

26. TRAVEL TIME SURVEYS
 Travel time surveys were conducted for passenger car and
freight traffic on Super Highway and on National Highway.
 Survey Results on M-9  Survey Results on N-5 (Cars)
(Cars)
Travel Time Travel Time
Travel Speed Travel Speed
Distance Distance
S. No. From
S.No. From (km) From Khi From Hyd From Khi
(km) From Khi From Hyd From Khi Hyd
Hyd (mins) (mins) (km/h)
(mins) (mins) (km/h) (km/h)
(km/h)
1 0 To 25 26 23 58 65
1 0 To 25 20 20 75 75
2 25 To 50 28 19 54 79
2 25 To 50 19 19 79 79
3 50 To 75 18 19 83 79
3 50 To 75 19 19 79 79 75 To
4 100 21 23 71 65
75 To
100 To
4 100 18 19 83 79
5 125 19 20 79 75
100 To
125 To
5 125 18 19 83 79
6 150 29 26 52 58
125 To
150 To
6 135 6 7 100 86
7 175 25 35 60 43
Total 135 100 103 83 79 Total 175 166 165 63 64

27. ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS
 OD Survey Locations
Site ID Location Description OD
SL – 2 Karachi Toll Plaza on Super Highway 72 hrs
SL – 4 Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on Super Highway 72 hrs
SL – 5 National Highway near Kotri 72 hrs
SL – 6* National Highway near Thatta 72 hrs
SL – 7 Sassi Toll Plaza on National Highway 72 hrs
SL – 8 Toll Plaza on Super Highway – National Highway Link Road 72 hrs
*Surveys at SL-6 were called off due to the prevailing law & order situation in the area

28. ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS
Trip Frequency by Trip
 Trip Frequency for Private Transport (M-9)
Private Transport
Trips / Week
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
27% 26% 26%
20%
21%
10%
0%
0%
1 Trip 2 Trips 3 Trips 4 Trips > 5 Trips

29. ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS
Trip Frequency by Trips
 Trip Frequency for Public Transport (M-9)
Public Transport
Trips / Month
100%
90% 94%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
1% 1% 1% 2%
0%
1 Trip 2 Trips 3 Trips 4 Trips > 5 Trips

30. ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS
Trip Frequency by Trips
 Trip Frequency for Light Freight & 2-3
Axle Trucks (M-9)
Light Freight & 2,3 Axle
Trips / Month
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50% 55%
40%
30%
20%
17% 17%
10% 8%
3%
0%
1 Trip 2 Trips 3 Trips 4 Trips > 5 Trips

31. ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEYS
Trip Frequency by Trips
 Trip Frequency for 4-5-6 Axle Trailers (M-
9)
4-5-6 Axles
Trips / Month
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
38%
30%
20% 22%
20%
10% 16%
3%
0%
1 Trip 2 Trips 3 Trips 4 Trips > 5 Trips

32. WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYS
 These surveys were performed to estimate potential traffic diversion on
the Super Highway
 Willingness to Pay Survey Vehicle Categories
Survey
Site ID Location Description Vehicle Categories
Duration
Karachi Toll Plaza on Super
SL–02 24 hrs Passenger Cars Public
Highway
Transport Light Freight
Trucks (2 & 3 axle)
Near Hyderabad Toll Plaza on Trailers (4, 5 & 6 axle)
SL–04 24 hrs
Super Highway

33. WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYS
Survey Form ( Public Transport)

34. WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYS
Survey Form ( Private Transport)

35. WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYS
Survey Form ( Light Freight Transport)

36. WILLINGNESS TO PAY SURVEYS
Survey Form ( Freight Transport)

37. ANALYSIS SURVEY RESULTS
POTENTIAL

Percent Diversion Curve (Super

Highway vs M-9)
DIVERSIONS Diversion Curve (N-5 vs M-9)
Percent 
Potential Diversion
Potential Diversion
120 120
100 100
80
Diversion (%)
80
Diversion (%)
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0
Toll (Rs / km) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
y = 321.1x3 - 579.5x2 + 242.1x + 71.58 Toll (Rs.)
R² = 0.997 y = 76.99x3 - 240.4x2 + 139.2x + 78.40
R² = 0.953

38. DEMAND FORECAST MODELING
 The development of a transport model is a key task in Demand Forecast
Analysis.
 Demand Forecast Modelling provides an analytical tool to estimate traffic being
diverted in various years from multiple OD pairs in the influence area.
 This also helps in ascertaining parameters like:
 Locations of potential interchanges
 Lane requirements for various sections
 Modal share by road sections
 Operating parameters (Operating speed, V/C Ratio etc)
 Traffic being attracted under various toll scenarios & operating conditions etc.

39. IMAGE OF FOUR STEP MODELLING
Public Transport
Motorcycle
Private car
Production (Pi)
Distribution
Attraction (Aj) G
4. Traffic
2. Trip 1. Trip 3. Modal Assignmen
Distribution Choice t
Generation

40. DEMAND FORECAST MODELLING METHODOLOGY
Socio-economic Future Framework
Model
Current Future
OD Matrix OD Matrix
Master Plan
Existing network

41. OD MATRIX
j
Number of trips
traveling from zone i to
zone j
i Tij
i j
Image of OD matrix and
Network

42. STRUCTURE OF OD MATRIX
j
P i
i
T ij
A j
i
T ij
Production (Pi)
G i j
T ij
Tii
i Tij i
P i
j
A j
T ij
i<>j Inter-zonal trip
Attraction (Aj) G i=j Intra-zonal trip
42

43. COMPONENTS OF CURRENT OD MATRIX
Establishing of Current
OD matrix
Occupancy
Data
Volume Occupancy data was processed
Data mode wise to ascertain average
occupancies.
Volume Occupancy
Intervie
w Data
Data Data Passengers travelling are
calculated by incorporating
average occupancies with volume.
Pax
Interview
Data Using interview data and
Total persons travelling expansion
Pax factors were developed.
OD MATRIX These expansion factors are
further applied to interview data to
Expansion expand the data set to realistic
Factor level and to form an expanded OD
matrix.
Expanded
OD