This article reflects on the impact of informational innovations and their interdependence with lifelong learning. Today, the object of knowledge and learning is increasingly based on digital information, which means we need to make serious efforts to construct a new culture of lifelong learning.

1. Innovation, informational literacy and lifelong learning:
creating a new culture
María José Hernández-Serrano
University of Salamanca (Spain)
Barbara Jones
University of Manchester (United Kingdom)
Summary
This article reflects on the impact of informational innovations and their interdependence with
lifelong learning. Today, the object of knowledge and learning is increasingly based on digital
information, which means we need to make serious efforts to construct a new culture of lifelong
learning. On the one hand, technological and informational possibilities are generating new
opportunities for learning by offering access to a world of open, flexible knowledge. On the
other hand, it is of utmost importance for individuals to learn how to approach such open
knowledge. It is clear that this context reveals significant challenges for education; apart from
new skills, an innovative lifelong learning culture demands new roles in the learning process.
This new reality points to substantial changes for educational actors, situating informational
competences as key competences for lifelong learning.
Reflections on the roles of teacher and learner lead us to a re-interpretation of the traditional
teaching triangle. In this paper we attempt to address a new pedagogic understanding that
relies on the internet's possibilities for generating and sharing knowledge. New relationships
between teacher and learner are conceptualized, based on the idea of a self-sufficient student
and a supporting teacher, who guides students in successfully accessing and using online
information. We are convinced that innovating in lifelong learning goes hand-in-hand with the
successful exploitation of new informational possibilities. For that purpose, changes to the roles
of educators and the construction of a culture of lifelong learning will be essential.
Keywords: informational technologies, digital literacy, teacher and student roles
New economy and innovation culture for learning
In the mid-nineties the Delors vision (1996: 24, 173) referred to a "learning society" as an
evolution from the access society or the information society, towards a learning culture, where
economies and societies are globalised (Jones & Miller, 2007, Collins & Moonen, 2001), and
where expectations are that learning can also become globalised.
Innovation in the new economy model is increasingly perceived as based on the process and
results of learning: so value chains are seen as consistent with chains of knowledge. Success
depends on the richness of social capital (Coffield, 2003) or human capital (Becker, 1964;
Ridell, Baron & Willson, 2001). Even though informational capital (Castells, 2001), and
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2. information itself, are still valuable importance now focuses on what individuals know and,
increasingly, on how to participate and interact in Web 2.0 (O'Reilly, 2005).
In this context, learning as a process throughout life is envisaged as the bridge between human
capital and innovation in societies.
Innovative technologies and a culture for learning throughout life
Fryer defined lifelong learning culture as one where “learning is a normal accessible productive
and enjoyable (if demanding) feature of everyday life for all people throughout their lives”
(1997:24). Later, in the European Memorandum, lifelong learning was defined as “all purposeful
learning activity, undertaken on an ongoing basis with the aim of improving knowledge, skills
and competence" (European Commission, 2000: 3) within a personal, civic, social or
employment-related framework. It is important to observe that these notions lie both in local
learning opportunities and restricted forms of participation. Only in recent decades, by means of
scientific and technological development, will lifelong learning acquire a global application, as a
key driver in shifts towards knowledge-based economies (European Commission, 2006).
Nowadays, with technological and informational possibilities it is possible to recharge the notion
of lifelong learning culture. Consequently, new ways to deliberate on learning are required,
along with the reassessment of the vision of what lifelong learning is and the role of education.
Informational and technological innovations expand meanings and dimensions of learning,
which are not only confined to educational institutions (in space), nor are limited to specific or
static training (in time). Dissolution of existing boundaries has reinforced the importance of
informal learning, valuing intangible knowledge, often generated in no explicit exchanges in
unstructured settings and unrepeatable, changing situations, because such individual internal
knowledge is more difficult to replicate (Jones & Miller, 2007).
Buckingham (2005) tells us that informal learning settings are able to offer more active relevant
and flexible forms of learning, preparing subjects more efficiently for the challenges of modern
society. The importance and role of informal learning demands a broader view of how
innovation takes place and in this context by moving towards the creation of a genuine culture
of lifelong learning, which consolidates actions that maximize learning opportunities.
Innovative technologies and extensive opportunities for learning construct new cultures,
demanding a shared responsibility for learning from different parts: actors, knowledge
generators and participation promoters. In line with Jay Croos (2006), a new culture whose
fundamentals are based on: pro-activity, flexibility, self-service and informal learning: a culture,
where subjects have an active role, since they are responsible for their own learning "knowing
how to learn and wishing to go on learning" (Coffield, 2000).
Considering that technological innovations are distinctly ubiquitous, in this paper we confront
the informational possibilities, as a new reality, where new and evolving informational codes
begin to be constructed and expanded fundamentally from hypermedia channels. This new
environment implies significant efforts in the construction of a new culture of lifelong learning,
as the object of knowledge and learning is more and more based on digital information and the
process of accessing, managing, using and sharing of online information. At the same time, this
reality entails substantial changes for educational contexts and actors, situating informational
competences as key competences for lifelong learning.
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3. How can informational possibilities contribute in creating an
innovative culture for lifelong learning?
Our times are marked by the existence of a new type of digital information, and by the
revolutionary implantation of new processes associated with the management and the
production of this information. This premise has led us to analyze the present changes, not
from the perspective of the innovative information itself, but from the way in which the different
processes and actions are modified: specifically how learning is changing by the new
informational context.
Pedagogical, social and working success does not depend on contents, because these are
accessible, ubiquitous, and mutable, but, rather, in the locating processes and a system of
information management that will allow individuals to learn in the future. Therefore, what to
know becomes less important than where to know, and above all, how to know. This leads to
reflections on an essential aspect: the ability to access to information becomes a dynamic
factor for subjects’ learning. All this demands new skills related to Digital Competence (DC) and
Informational Literacy (IL).
DC involves: “the use of computers to retrieve, assess, store, produce, present and exchange
information, and to communicate and participate in collaborative networks via the Internet”
(European Commission, 2006). So we can observe, that the processes of access and
management of the Internet information are crucial.
According to Declaration of Alexandria (UNESCO/NFIL/IFLA, 2005) Information Literacy (IL):
 “Comprises the competencies to recognize information needs and to locate, evaluate,
apply and create information within cultural and social contexts;
 is crucial to the competitive advantage of individuals, enterprises (especially small and
medium enterprises), regions and nations;
 provides the key to effective access, use and creation of content to support economic
development, education, health and human services, and all other aspects of
contemporary societies, and thereby provides the vital foundation for fulfilling the goals
of the Millennium Declaration and the World Summit on the Information Society; and
 extends beyond current technologies to encompass learning, critical thinking and
interpretative skills across professional boundaries and empowers individuals and
communities” (2005:3).
From the last remark, focus on the IL competences is necessary not only to maximise utilization
of information, but to the achievement of knowledge or learning throughout life, as stated in the
last IFLA’s guidelines (2006). In recent years IL has become a crucial tool for lifelong learning,
linked to the use of the immense digital bank offered by the Internet, where criticality no longer
lies in knowing how to access or how to evaluate information, but in knowing how to use it, as
learning is the most significant use individuals can make with the information they accessing
throughout life.
Precisely, in the IFLA’s guidelines it has been ascertained how IL and lifelong learning have a
strategic, mutually reinforcing relationship with each other. Both improve the set of personal
choices and options, the quality and utility of education and training (in both formal school
settings and later in informal vocational or job settings), the prospects of finding and keeping a
job, and the effective participation of the individual in social, cultural and political contexts. It is
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4. also clear that there is a progressive interdependence: the more information literate an
individual becomes, and the longer the individual sustains good information literacy learning
and practices those habits, the greater the learning autonomy and self-enlightenment which
will take place over an entire lifetime (2006: 12).
The most critical connection between IL and lifelong learning is that both can be autonomous
and self-activating. The understanding of this idea is twofold. First, to be informed and to learn
can be done with any type of mediation: individuals by themselves can make access to
information and construct meanings for learning. But second, conversely, to become an
effective informationally literate and autonomous learner it is necessary to seek guidance on
info-skills, competences and training on reflection and self-regulation (Hernandez-Serrano,
2009).
The second consideration has lead us to deliberate on the important synergies need to be
created between information sciences –widely linked with the IL development– and educational
disciplines –traditionally responsible for the lifetime training and education of individuals. Some
access skills in individuals could have been developed spontaneously, implicitly or non-
consciously, which affect the learning process. However, reflective and formalised activity is
required on how to apply the new tools to bring significant benefits in its informative and
cognitive use: in other words, training individuals to use informational technologies for
significant purposes of learning and lifelong learning.
Here lies the essential concern of this paper; by taking advantage of the informational
possibilities it becomes possible to contribute to the creation of an innovative culture of lifelong
learning based on promoting a new understanding of the informational practices, along with
new roles for different educational stakeholders.
New roles for educational actors in promoting lifelong learning
If, as we have assumed, IL and lifelong learning are closely linked, then educational
opportunities for developing a coherent pedagogical function essential for training, guiding,
counselling and mediation between accessible knowledge can be crucial for enhancing lifelong
learning.
We are convinced that educators, as experts in a subject or discipline, should help learners to
select relevant information, verify it, compare it and know how to incorporate it significantly into
their knowledge structures, so that ultimately and independently, they are able to search and
select the most appropriate content that can respond to future learning needs. For this
outcome, educators should understand how learners develop their informational practices and
what allows them to find accurate resources. All this requires a basic grounding in information
literacy (specifically knowing the most effective search methods and sources). The primary task
of teachers is offering informational strategies for learning, by training students to successfully
access information, to question it, understand it and convert it into knowledge. Traditionally that
has been and continues to be the main task for teachers, by providing mechanisms for
learning. It is a task that is now augmented by developing new hardware and software which
facilitate the continually evolving informational possibilities.
From our point of view, new skills required today are not only to focus on helping individuals to
manage information. Innovation in lifelong learning demands the capacity to learn in different
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5. circumstances and through the potential of information technology, improving their ability to
self-learn.
The only way to view new technologies as truly tools for lifelong learning is by innovating skills
and innovating the roles of educational actors. As can be expected, this demands relevant
modifications and changes and implies many challenges for learners, and the institutions
responsible for educating them, principally, the transformation of the roles of education agents
(student and teacher).
Role transformation in the learning process involves, fundamentally, the idea of an autonomous
learner and a supporting teacher (facilitator). Research about changes in roles is far from
scarce, but we can summarize some themes according to tree basics: the implications outlined
by Collins and Moonen (2006), the new perspectives which Jarvis provided (2002), and the
new learning culture conceived by Cross (2006). From the work of these authors it becomes
clear that institutions must achieve an education model focused on a more flexible learning,
and based on practical experience and reflective thinking. Students must leave their passive
role, as receptors of knowledge, because they need a higher level of self-regulated skills to
manage the available information resources. In line with what Collins and Moonen (2006) have
stated, learning is less about obtaining material carefully prepared by an expert, and more
about knowing who to ask, how to take control of an experience, and how one can match,
contrast, and extract useful content for a particular circumstance.
Re-interpreting roles and innovating the traditional teaching triangle
The need to create and maintain a new culture of learning throughout life emphasizes the idea
of a self-sufficient student and gives an important role to information technologies, which
facilitate without mediators access to a world of open, flexible and multi-format knowledge.
Today a new type of learning is evolving located in the possibilities of access to information
through the Internet. However, by the simple fact of being in continuous contact with
technologies, individuals do not in reality develop the most efficient skills for a competent
processing of digital information. Learning is a process that, in our view, needs to be previously
mediated, provided or strategically taught by a teacher, who then relinquishes her control and
promotes a self-sufficient and independent use of the Web as a lifetime learning resource.
In the identification of characteristics for the interpretation of the learning, within a vast
informational context, the main singularities of the process are:
 Interactive, because the individuals learning through interactions with an open learning
environment (Hannafin, Hill & Land, 1997; Hannafin, Land & Oliver, 2000);
 Propositive, goal-oriented or higher cognitive order;
 Constructionist, because the subject is active and has a crucial role in learning, and
Connectivist, due to the impact of social activities (Siemens, 2004);
 Regulatory, as individuals must consider and take effective decisions that will lead them
to significant learning.
Such interpretation entails important changes to the traditional teaching triangle and the actors
involved. Interaction between learner and contents has to be replaced by a broader model,
based on the relationship between the three traditional components: learner-teacher-contents,
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6. which are defined on the basis of new roles. These new roles are: [1] the constructive mental
activity of the learner; [2] the teachers’ constant support; and [3], the content of teaching and
learning (open knowledge), and now by inserting a new component in the process: [4] the use
of information technologies for generating and sharing knowledge that the Internet provides,
turning it into an essential component of learning.
The following diagram (see figure 1) represents the transformation of the teaching-learning
process from the traditional to innovative model, according to the new culture of lifelong
learning.
Figure 1: Innovations in the traditional teaching triangle.
Either traditional or innovative processes of teaching and learning are developed in a space-
time scenario, since "all knowledge, however abstract and conceptual it is, is built in a space-
time scenario, with people who activated under certain conditions and forms of communicative
exchanges" (Coll, Palacios & Marchesi, 2002:135). So, knowledge is built from cognitive
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7. mechanism and operations introduced by way of social interaction and negotiations.
Nevertheless, in the innovative model coordinates are expanded in time and through virtual
spaces for lifelong learning.
In addition, actors involved in the process have new roles, which lead to new intersections, and
a new info-technological component with great potential for learning. In the traditional teaching
triangle it has been a teacher, linked to a learner and contents. Thus, the supportive action of
the teacher is focused on aiding learner in knowledge operations (depicted by a green arrow in
Figure 1).
The new interpretation relies on the possibilities to generate and share knowledge via the
Internet and where the subsequent relationships are more complex. Learner and teacher are
joined by learning tasks that require both the use of the Internet and open accessible
knowledge. New connections are developed because in the near future, some of the
knowledge that teachers will offer to their students will not have been previously prepared or
selected by them. Students will become more active learners who construct and share
knowledge via the Internet, in different spaces and timelines. This makes the relationship
between teacher and content not the most important part of the process. On the contrary, what
is essential is for the teacher to promote learning tasks that motivate, guide and assist students
when they actively seek to generate knowledge on the Internet. Their function is encouraging
learning, by adding pedagogical value to the educational potential offered by information
technologies. In aiding students, the role of the teacher will be to support the learners’ two
interactions, as depicted in figure 1: (S1) those related to how they operate with the technology
(Internet), and (S2) those with the open knowledge they discover on Internet. The latter is
undoubtedly an essential part of teaching, prior to the impact of new technologies, as a
mediator between subjects and content, which is now remodelled by the current flood of
information. It must be understood that this excess of information should not confuse the
knowledge process, but makes a claim for the figure of a mediator, the teacher, who guides
students in finding and selecting the information they need for learning and lifelong learning.
Learners may have difficulties in using technologies for academic purposes, as they are
accustomed to a model of use based on quickness, low planning and scarcely or null validation
(Hernández-Serrano, 2009). Thus, they need to be taught into how to operate within the
Internet and the open knowledge made available. Supporting these teacher activities means
the development of several skills related to efficient use of the Net. In short, these informational
competencies can be divided into four phases, which correspond to different types of activities
such as searching, selecting, analyzing and sharing information.
In the first phase, related to information search, it is necessary that
learners acquire a wider understanding of the Internet services and sources. However,
accessing resources effectively also requires know how to plan strategies in order to guide the
search process and address the information needed (by mapping different methods or tactics).
Once organized the search, in the next phase will focus on the information discrimination. It will
require learners to acquire and implement skills and attitudes to select the information that is
more important or relevant within the total recovered in the searching. This means
consideration of the initial demand (context, topic, depth, format, language) compared with the
range of sources found.
In a third phase, the teacher promotes a learner’s critical attitude in evaluating the information,
by enabling them to assess and compare the quality according to several parameters such as
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8. origin, accuracy, authorship, update, bias, etc. Critical dimension is indispensable for
understanding and processing information. Specifically, the promotion of critical thinking is
based on the awareness that part of the information found could be weak in aspects such as
trust, veracity or evidence.
And finally, the last phase is the effective use of the information, by communicating, publishing,
exchanging or sharing. This is a prerequisite for lifelong learning, by managing findings and
contributing to generating new knowledge. Teachers should assure and support an ethical use
on the information found by the learners. Far from a culture of plagiarism, the legal use of
digital information must be understood by learners in order to effectively shape and share
information worldwide.
These and other skills, attitudes and strategies will contribute to the generation of informational
literate learners able to successfully access open knowledge, and efficiently meet the demands
of a society that requires lifelong learning. Over time, learner autonomy in handling these
informational competencies is expected, so developing critical individuals who value the need
to be constantly informed, and who effectively manage information resources, turning
information access into a common activity of learning.
Concluding remarks
Achieving the goals of a Learning Society requires individuals prepared to learn in a changing
world together with effective use and habituation to the technologies that enable them to
access information. Thus, preparing individuals for effective accessing of digital information is a
preliminary step for the generating of a lifelong learning culture. Cultural innovation
necessitates new roles for educational actors, where teachers will be able to understand,
reformulate and improve the informational process developed by learners, by training them in
“self actualised” competences (planning, reflection, regulation).
Since information is available on a global scale innovating in lifelong learning means that
interest must be focused away from the mere accumulation of information, toward a deeper
understanding of the keys for learning, and largely knowing how to use technologies for lifelong
learning.
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Authors
María José Hernández-Serrano
University of Salamanca (Spain)
mjhs@usal.es
Barbara Jones
University of Manchester (United Kingdom)
barbara.jones@mbs.ac.uk
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