2. With Regards
 This is being Reproduced for the benefits of
Student.
 Our sincere thanks and warm regards to the
Author of this article,
Prof. M.C.Bansal.
prof Veena Acharya.

3. Uterus

4. The uterus in pregnancy

5. www.udel.edu
cellbio.utmb.edu
Thick layer of
interlacing muscle
fibers

6. stratum functionalis:
•sloughed off during menstruation and
regenerated each cycle
•grows to 6mm thick in about 10 days
stratum basalis:
• not sloughed off during menstruation
• approximately 1mm thick
• Contains bases of glands and blood
vessels
Endometrium
Lutz Slomianka, Univ. West. Australia

7. Endometrium
Proliferative phase
Straight glands
Secretory phase
Sacculated glands
Menstrual phase
Disrupted glands

8. BasalRER
BasalRER
+
A
picalglycogenA
picalglycogen
Q
uiescent
Q
uiescent
Glycogen is produced and secreted cyclically

9. cellbio.utmb.edu
Proliferative
Secretory
Menstrual

10. Endometrium
www.endotext.org
Orig. From Noyes RW, Hertig AW, Rock J.
Dating the endometrial biopsy. Fertil Steril 1950; 1:3
Gland mitoses
Pseudostratification of nuclei
Basal vacuolation
Secretion
Stromal edema
Pseudodecidual reaction
Stromal mitoses
Leukocytic proliferation

11. Endometrial tissue growing outside uterus
Causes pain as tissue responds to hormones
Can be treated with hormones or surgery

12. Allows the body to control its fertility by:
• controlling the maturation of oocytes
• altering the readiness of the uterus for implantation

13. •Menarche – age 9-14
•Onset of menstruation
•Menopause – age 45-55
•Oocytes no longer produced
•Hormone production reduced
BUT, see: http://www.snopes.com/pregnant/medina.asp

14. Menstruation
Clinical correlation: Menstruation may cease with anorexia, high
amounts exercise, or hypothalamic disorders. The amount of body
fat is signaled to the hypothalamus by substances such as leptin
and insulin, and menstruation will not occur unless some minimal
amount of body fat is present. The age of menarche is also
affected by the same mechanism.
Comparative medicine: Humans ovulate continuously throughout
the year, but many mammals ovulate seasonally (during “estrus” –
e.g. rats, cats), or only upon sexual stimulation (e.g. ferrets).

15. day:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|___________________________________________________________________
|<--menstrual-->|<--------- proliferative ------->|<-----------|----- secretory -----|------->|
1 5 15 20 25 28
|-ovul.-| |<--implantation-->|
http://www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/

16. anterior pituitary
FSH LH
estrogens
estrogens +
progesterone ovaries

17. Menstrual Cycle: I
corpus luteum
GnRH
LH
FSH
progesterone
estrogens
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+

18. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|___________________________________________________________________
|<--menstrual-->|<--------- proliferative ------->|<-----------|----- secretory -----|------->|
1 5 15 20 25 28
|-ovul.-| |<--implantation-->|
day:
estrogensFSH progesteroneLH+ ++
- -
estrogens
hormonelevels
-

19. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|___________________________________________________________________
|<--menstrual-->|<--------- proliferative ------->|<-----------|----- secretory -----|------->|
1 5 15 20 25 28
|-ovul.-| |<--implantation-->|
day:
Pituitary Corpus Luteum
hormonelevels
Ovarian Follicle (Placenta)
FSH
Estrogen
LH
Estrogen
Progesterone
hCG

20. Charting menstrual cycle
body temp - raises 0.1-0.5 deg in secretory phase (progesterone)
cervical mucus – becomes slippery and stretchable at ovulation
calendar method – least effective method

21. Taking advantage of hormones:
birth control pills – progesterone 50-150ug (& estrogen 20-35ug)
ovulation test – detects LH surge
pregnancy test - hCG

22. pituitary gland
uterus
ovaries
Menstrual
Cycle: III
Ovaries,
Pituitary,
Uterus
FSH
prolactin
GnRH
oxytocin
LH
progesterone
estrogens
hCG, estrogens,
progesterone, etc.

23. Menstrual: Days 1 - 5
– the corpus luteum degenerates
• estrogen and progesterone levels drop
• spiral arteries degenerate
– the endometrium is sloughed off
– FSH is produced

24. The ovary: menstrual phase
Low estrogen levels mean
FSH levels rise. In response,
15 -20 primordial follicles
begin to mature.
The corpus
luteum stops
producing
hormones and
degenerates.
A corpus albicans
forms.

25. The Pituitary: menstrual phase
anterior
pituitary
posterior
pituitary
hypothalamus
GnRH
Low levels of
estrogens induce
FSH production

26. The endometrium: menstrual
phase
Day 28 Day 3 Day 5

27. Proliferative (follicular): Days 6 - 15
- ovarian follicles develop
- estrogen levels increase
- the endometrium regenerates
- LH is produced
- FSH levels drop

28. The ovary: proliferative phase
estrogens
At the end of the proliferative
phase, high levels of LH induce
ovulation

29. Pituitary Gland: proliferative
phase
anterior
pituitary
posterior
pituitary
hypothalamus
GnRH
High levels of estrogen from
developing ovarian follicles
stimulate LH production.

30. The endometrium: proliferative
phase
Day 10

31. Secretory (luteal): Days 16-28
– corpus luteum forms, estrogens and progesterone are produced
– the endometrial gland become sacculated and begin to secrete fluid
– FSH and LH production is suppressed

32. The ovary: secretory phase
after ovulation, the
remaining follicle cells
form a corpus luteumestrogens +
progesterone

33. Pituitary Gland: secretory
phase
anterior
pituitary
posterior
pituitary
FSH
hypothalamus
LH
high progesterone levels
inhibit LH production.
high estrogen
levels inhibit FSH
production

34. The endometrium: secretory
phase
Day 25

35. But what if pregnancy occurs?
hCG

36. Hormones of pregnancy
corpus luteum
GnRH
LH
FSH
progesterone
estrogens
+
-
-
hCG
X
X
X
+
+
+
+
+
+

37. The ovary: pregnancy
hCG made by the developing embryo
causes the corpus luteum to continue
making estrogens and progesterone
to maintain the pregnancy
estrogens
progesterone

38. The pituitary Gland: pregnancy
anterior
pituitary posterior
pituitary
FSH
hypothalamus
LH high progesterone levels
inhibit LH production.
high estrogen
levels inhibit FSH
production

39. The endometrium: pregnanacy
 undergoes decidualization
 is called ‘decidua’
 is a topic for the next lecture

40. www.snafudesigns.com