Industrialization and its effects on economic development are complex processes with many factors to consider. The document discusses key concepts like the theories of modernization, dependency, and world systems in explaining industrialization. It also examines the historical diffusion of industry from 18th century Britain and how economic cores and peripheries evolved. Contemporary patterns are shaped by globalization and infrastructure development in primary regions like Europe, East Asia, and North America, as well as secondary regions in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Both more and less developed countries face ongoing challenges from these shifts.
AP Human Geography: Unit 7 - Urban Geography and DevelopmentDaniel Eiland
Unit 7 discusses key concepts in urban geography including:
1) Urban geography focuses on how cities function internally and are influenced externally. It studies city systems and internal city structures.
2) Urbanized areas contain cities located close together without clear boundaries. Metropolitan areas contain urbanized areas and surrounding commuting regions.
3) Louis Wirth defined cities as large permanent settlements with high density and social heterogeneity. Ancient cities served as centers of power, religion, education, and trade.
4) Pull factors that attracted rural migrants to cities included economic opportunities and infrastructure. World cities have global socioeconomic impacts while mega cities exceed 10 million people.
AP Human Geography: Unit 4: Political Geography - Part 1: Territoriality and ...Daniel Eiland
This is a sample of Part one of my AP Human Geography: Unit 4 slideshow. The full slideshow can be purchased at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Mr-Eiland
This document summarizes key ideas from two works: Frank's "The Development of Underdevelopment" and Dos Santos' "The Structure of Dependency". Frank argues that modernization theory, which views underdevelopment as a natural phase, is deficient because it ignores how colonialism altered development paths in the Third World. Underdevelopment was intentionally created through exploiting resources and transferring economic surplus to Western nations. Dos Santos identifies three historical forms of dependency - colonial, financial-industrial, technological-industrial - and how they structurally limit industrial development and reproduce inequality in dependent nations under foreign capital's control.
The document discusses the reasons and effects of European colonialism around the world from the 15th century onward. It outlines some of the key motivations for colonialism, including nationalism, developing industrial economies, securing natural resources, and beliefs of social Darwinism and missionary work. Students will be assigned to research and present on a specific colonized country, addressing factors like why and when it was colonized, effects on indigenous peoples, and benefits/drawbacks for both colonizers and colonized groups. Presentations will be 5 minutes with a one page summary and citations.
1. After WWII, the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers competing for global influence, leading to tensions in Europe and the establishment of communist governments in Eastern Europe under Stalin.
2. In response, the US formulated the policy of containment to prevent the spread of communism and provided aid to Greece and Turkey through the Truman Doctrine, marking the beginning of the Cold War.
3. The Cold War escalated with the development of nuclear weapons by both sides and establishment of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
The presentation exposes key foreign policies strategies that the USA has practiced towards Latin America from the 19th century until the 21st century.
During Eisenhower's presidency from 1953 to 1961, he pursued several Cold War policies focused on containing the spread of communism. These included developing nuclear weapons through the Strategic Air Command to support a policy of massive retaliation. Eisenhower also engaged in brinkmanship, threatening nuclear attacks to end conflicts like the Korean War and Taiwan Crisis. Covert CIA operations overthrew governments in Iran and Guatemala that were becoming aligned with the Soviet Union. Eisenhower also established the Eisenhower Doctrine to contain Soviet influence in the Middle East.
AP Human Geography: Unit 7 - Urban Geography and DevelopmentDaniel Eiland
Unit 7 discusses key concepts in urban geography including:
1) Urban geography focuses on how cities function internally and are influenced externally. It studies city systems and internal city structures.
2) Urbanized areas contain cities located close together without clear boundaries. Metropolitan areas contain urbanized areas and surrounding commuting regions.
3) Louis Wirth defined cities as large permanent settlements with high density and social heterogeneity. Ancient cities served as centers of power, religion, education, and trade.
4) Pull factors that attracted rural migrants to cities included economic opportunities and infrastructure. World cities have global socioeconomic impacts while mega cities exceed 10 million people.
AP Human Geography: Unit 4: Political Geography - Part 1: Territoriality and ...Daniel Eiland
This is a sample of Part one of my AP Human Geography: Unit 4 slideshow. The full slideshow can be purchased at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Mr-Eiland
This document summarizes key ideas from two works: Frank's "The Development of Underdevelopment" and Dos Santos' "The Structure of Dependency". Frank argues that modernization theory, which views underdevelopment as a natural phase, is deficient because it ignores how colonialism altered development paths in the Third World. Underdevelopment was intentionally created through exploiting resources and transferring economic surplus to Western nations. Dos Santos identifies three historical forms of dependency - colonial, financial-industrial, technological-industrial - and how they structurally limit industrial development and reproduce inequality in dependent nations under foreign capital's control.
The document discusses the reasons and effects of European colonialism around the world from the 15th century onward. It outlines some of the key motivations for colonialism, including nationalism, developing industrial economies, securing natural resources, and beliefs of social Darwinism and missionary work. Students will be assigned to research and present on a specific colonized country, addressing factors like why and when it was colonized, effects on indigenous peoples, and benefits/drawbacks for both colonizers and colonized groups. Presentations will be 5 minutes with a one page summary and citations.
1. After WWII, the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers competing for global influence, leading to tensions in Europe and the establishment of communist governments in Eastern Europe under Stalin.
2. In response, the US formulated the policy of containment to prevent the spread of communism and provided aid to Greece and Turkey through the Truman Doctrine, marking the beginning of the Cold War.
3. The Cold War escalated with the development of nuclear weapons by both sides and establishment of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
The presentation exposes key foreign policies strategies that the USA has practiced towards Latin America from the 19th century until the 21st century.
During Eisenhower's presidency from 1953 to 1961, he pursued several Cold War policies focused on containing the spread of communism. These included developing nuclear weapons through the Strategic Air Command to support a policy of massive retaliation. Eisenhower also engaged in brinkmanship, threatening nuclear attacks to end conflicts like the Korean War and Taiwan Crisis. Covert CIA operations overthrew governments in Iran and Guatemala that were becoming aligned with the Soviet Union. Eisenhower also established the Eisenhower Doctrine to contain Soviet influence in the Middle East.
Dependency theory posits that peripheral, less developed nations are dependent on core countries for their economic development, which hinders their ability to develop and benefits core nations. It was developed by Raul Prebisch in response to global disparities and argues that the structure of the world economy favors core countries over peripheral ones. The theory is illustrated through Haiti's history as a peripheral nation dependent on France during colonial rule, which left it impoverished despite producing valuable exports.
Here are a few examples of influential human geographers and their approaches:
- David Harvey (marxist): Focuses on urbanization, globalization and capitalism. Examines how the dynamics of capitalism shape the built environment and social relations.
- Doreen Massey (feminist): Known for her work on space and place. Critiques dominant conceptualizations of these terms from a feminist perspective. Examines gender relations and power dynamics.
- Edward Said (post-colonial): Critiqued Orientalism and how the West constructs the East. His work influenced post-colonial theory and how we understand representations of other cultures.
- Michel Foucault (post-structural
The document discusses the rise and spread of European imperialism from the 15th century onwards. It covers the economic, political and ideological motivations for imperialism, different models of colonial rule used by European powers, and the impact on colonized regions in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and elsewhere. Resistance to imperialism is also mentioned.
Push-pull factors influence migration decisions. Push factors push people out of their home location, like difficulties in rural areas, while pull factors pull people to new areas that offer perceived benefits. Key terms include migrant, immigrant, emigrant, and refugee. Farmers may have been pushed out of the countryside due to difficulties, and pulled to cities by opportunities in industrialization.
Imperialism involved stronger nations dominating weaker countries politically, economically, and socially through colonialism, spheres of influence, and protectorates. There were several types and causes of imperialism in the 19th century, including seeking new markets and resources, civilizing missions, and Social Darwinism. European imperialism resulted in the colonization and exploitation of much of Asia and Africa during this period.
Globalization is a complex process that involves the increasing interdependence of peoples and countries through economic, political, and social forces. There are three main schools of thought on globalization: hyperglobalizers see a decline in national powers and the rise of a global capitalist system; sceptics argue globalization is overstated and national powers remain dominant; transformationalists see national powers being reconstituted under globalizing influences. Modern technologies, economic integration, and political changes like the end of the Cold War have contributed to globalizing trends, but the extent and impacts are debated.
President Woodrow Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points in 1918 to establish a just post-war peace and create a League of Nations to maintain it. His plan focused on reducing militarism, promoting self-determination, and upholding territorial integrity. However, at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the other Allied powers prioritized punishing Germany over Wilson's ideals. The resulting Treaty of Versailles divided territories without local consent and imposed massive reparations on Germany. Though the League of Nations was founded, Wilson's failure to gain U.S. entry weakened it and contributed to tensions that eventually led to World War II.
Modern Africa faces many challenges stemming from its colonial past and traditional ways of thinking that resist modernization. Some of the major issues Africa struggles with include the HIV/AIDS epidemic, desertification, climate change, conflicts and humanitarian crises in countries like Sudan and Rwanda, female genital mutilation, and poverty. While development assistance and reforms are helping improve standards of living, Africa still has a long way to go to overcome the legacies of colonialism and meet the needs of its people.
Woodrow Wilson proposed a plan for peace after World War 1 that included open diplomacy, free trade, and the League of Nations to maintain order, but the U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and did not join the League. Germany was forced to pay severe reparations after losing the war and blamed for its start, straining Europe's economies, until the Dawes Plan in 1924 lent Germany money to pay reparations to allies who then paid the U.S.
The Civil War was caused by several key factors that divided the North and South:
1. Sectionalism led to the country being divided along regional lines, with the North and South developing distinct economies and political interests.
2. The issue of slavery deeply divided the regions, as the South depended on it for its economy while the North opposed its expansion.
3. Other contributing causes included states' rights, as Southerners supported a state's autonomy over federal law, and tariffs, which Southerners felt unfairly taxed their exports.
4. Tensions came to a head after Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, which prompted Southern states to secede and form the Confederacy.
This document discusses rural-urban migration in the Philippines. It defines urbanization as the increase in urban population of a country or area. Rural-urban migration is one of the most significant patterns, as people move from countryside to cities in search of opportunities. The major causes of rural-urban migration are identified as search for better wages, education, employment opportunities, and escape from poverty and unemployment in rural areas. As more people migrate to urban areas, it puts pressure on housing, jobs, and the environment. The government should provide services and jobs in rural areas to reduce migration to cities.
Imperialism and colonialism involved the conquest and rule of other lands and peoples. From 1870 onward, European powers aggressively expanded their colonial empires, driven by economic, political, and ideological motives. They sought raw materials, markets, and national prestige. By the late 19th century, most of Africa and Asia was under European control as a result of the "scramble for Africa" and colonial expansion in Asia. The consequences of imperialism were mixed, providing some benefits but also economic exploitation and loss of culture for colonized peoples. Colonial expansion also increased tensions between European powers.
Imperialism is very similar to colonialism, with one major difference: colonial powers settle the countries of which they gain control, while imperial powers do not. The term “imperialism” does not seem to exist prior to the 1800s. Nineteenth-century imperialism was spurred in large part by the Industrial Revolution. The development of new industrial economies in the 1700s and 1800s necessitated the acquisition of raw materials and the desire to gain control of marketplaces; thus, by the mid-1800s, imperialistic actions of strong nations (most notably European nations) started to become policy.
1 Definition is from America: Pathways to the Present (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, p. 981).
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between Western capitalism led by the United States and Eastern communism led by the Soviet Union. There was no direct military conflict, but instead tensions manifested through threats, espionage, propaganda, and competitive arms buildups. Several conferences were held during and after World War II between Western allies and the Soviet Union to discuss postwar reorganization and establishment of international organizations like the United Nations. However, the Iron Curtain divided Europe, with Western nations forming NATO in response to the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact alliance. Germany was divided into capitalist West Germany and communist East Germany, separated by the Berlin Wall.
1) After WWI, the US became increasingly isolationist as the public did not want to be involved in overseas conflicts and feared the costs of future wars.
2) The US rejected the Treaty of Versailles and did not join the League of Nations, reducing its role in global affairs.
3) Through policies like the Fordney-McCumber Tariff and immigration quotas, the US also isolated itself economically and politically in the 1920s in an effort to focus inwardly.
Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
The American Civil War was fought between the Northern and Southern states from 1861 to 1865. Some key events included the First Battle of Bull Run, the Emancipation Proclamation, the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863, Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864, and Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865, effectively ending the war. The war was devastating, resulting in high casualties before the South ultimately lost and slavery was abolished.
Henry Hudson was a British explorer in the early 1600s who sought the Northwest Passage as a route from Europe to Asia. After four unsuccessful voyages for the British, Hudson sailed for the Dutch on his third voyage in 1609. He explored the river that now bears his name, the Hudson River, and overwintered in present-day Canada before his crew mutinied on his final voyage, leaving him stranded. Though he never found the Northwest Passage, Hudson's discoveries of the Hudson River Valley and areas in Canada were important contributions to geographical knowledge in the Age of Exploration.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political geography, including different forms of government, nation-states, and boundaries. It discusses the main types of governments as democracy, monarchy, theocracy, dictatorship, and totalitarian. It also explains the differences between unitary and federal political systems. Additionally, the document outlines how natural and man-made boundaries are important delineations in political geography. It emphasizes how geopolitics examines the influence of geography and economics on international politics and relations between states.
The document discusses different aspects of political geography including the differences between nations and states. It provides examples of nations without states, such as the Kurds, Basques, and Quebecois people. Geographic characteristics that can impact countries are also outlined, such as size, shape, and location. Countries with access to sea trade or located near peaceful nations tend to have economic and security advantages.
Dependency theory posits that peripheral, less developed nations are dependent on core countries for their economic development, which hinders their ability to develop and benefits core nations. It was developed by Raul Prebisch in response to global disparities and argues that the structure of the world economy favors core countries over peripheral ones. The theory is illustrated through Haiti's history as a peripheral nation dependent on France during colonial rule, which left it impoverished despite producing valuable exports.
Here are a few examples of influential human geographers and their approaches:
- David Harvey (marxist): Focuses on urbanization, globalization and capitalism. Examines how the dynamics of capitalism shape the built environment and social relations.
- Doreen Massey (feminist): Known for her work on space and place. Critiques dominant conceptualizations of these terms from a feminist perspective. Examines gender relations and power dynamics.
- Edward Said (post-colonial): Critiqued Orientalism and how the West constructs the East. His work influenced post-colonial theory and how we understand representations of other cultures.
- Michel Foucault (post-structural
The document discusses the rise and spread of European imperialism from the 15th century onwards. It covers the economic, political and ideological motivations for imperialism, different models of colonial rule used by European powers, and the impact on colonized regions in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and elsewhere. Resistance to imperialism is also mentioned.
Push-pull factors influence migration decisions. Push factors push people out of their home location, like difficulties in rural areas, while pull factors pull people to new areas that offer perceived benefits. Key terms include migrant, immigrant, emigrant, and refugee. Farmers may have been pushed out of the countryside due to difficulties, and pulled to cities by opportunities in industrialization.
Imperialism involved stronger nations dominating weaker countries politically, economically, and socially through colonialism, spheres of influence, and protectorates. There were several types and causes of imperialism in the 19th century, including seeking new markets and resources, civilizing missions, and Social Darwinism. European imperialism resulted in the colonization and exploitation of much of Asia and Africa during this period.
Globalization is a complex process that involves the increasing interdependence of peoples and countries through economic, political, and social forces. There are three main schools of thought on globalization: hyperglobalizers see a decline in national powers and the rise of a global capitalist system; sceptics argue globalization is overstated and national powers remain dominant; transformationalists see national powers being reconstituted under globalizing influences. Modern technologies, economic integration, and political changes like the end of the Cold War have contributed to globalizing trends, but the extent and impacts are debated.
President Woodrow Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points in 1918 to establish a just post-war peace and create a League of Nations to maintain it. His plan focused on reducing militarism, promoting self-determination, and upholding territorial integrity. However, at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the other Allied powers prioritized punishing Germany over Wilson's ideals. The resulting Treaty of Versailles divided territories without local consent and imposed massive reparations on Germany. Though the League of Nations was founded, Wilson's failure to gain U.S. entry weakened it and contributed to tensions that eventually led to World War II.
Modern Africa faces many challenges stemming from its colonial past and traditional ways of thinking that resist modernization. Some of the major issues Africa struggles with include the HIV/AIDS epidemic, desertification, climate change, conflicts and humanitarian crises in countries like Sudan and Rwanda, female genital mutilation, and poverty. While development assistance and reforms are helping improve standards of living, Africa still has a long way to go to overcome the legacies of colonialism and meet the needs of its people.
Woodrow Wilson proposed a plan for peace after World War 1 that included open diplomacy, free trade, and the League of Nations to maintain order, but the U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and did not join the League. Germany was forced to pay severe reparations after losing the war and blamed for its start, straining Europe's economies, until the Dawes Plan in 1924 lent Germany money to pay reparations to allies who then paid the U.S.
The Civil War was caused by several key factors that divided the North and South:
1. Sectionalism led to the country being divided along regional lines, with the North and South developing distinct economies and political interests.
2. The issue of slavery deeply divided the regions, as the South depended on it for its economy while the North opposed its expansion.
3. Other contributing causes included states' rights, as Southerners supported a state's autonomy over federal law, and tariffs, which Southerners felt unfairly taxed their exports.
4. Tensions came to a head after Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, which prompted Southern states to secede and form the Confederacy.
This document discusses rural-urban migration in the Philippines. It defines urbanization as the increase in urban population of a country or area. Rural-urban migration is one of the most significant patterns, as people move from countryside to cities in search of opportunities. The major causes of rural-urban migration are identified as search for better wages, education, employment opportunities, and escape from poverty and unemployment in rural areas. As more people migrate to urban areas, it puts pressure on housing, jobs, and the environment. The government should provide services and jobs in rural areas to reduce migration to cities.
Imperialism and colonialism involved the conquest and rule of other lands and peoples. From 1870 onward, European powers aggressively expanded their colonial empires, driven by economic, political, and ideological motives. They sought raw materials, markets, and national prestige. By the late 19th century, most of Africa and Asia was under European control as a result of the "scramble for Africa" and colonial expansion in Asia. The consequences of imperialism were mixed, providing some benefits but also economic exploitation and loss of culture for colonized peoples. Colonial expansion also increased tensions between European powers.
Imperialism is very similar to colonialism, with one major difference: colonial powers settle the countries of which they gain control, while imperial powers do not. The term “imperialism” does not seem to exist prior to the 1800s. Nineteenth-century imperialism was spurred in large part by the Industrial Revolution. The development of new industrial economies in the 1700s and 1800s necessitated the acquisition of raw materials and the desire to gain control of marketplaces; thus, by the mid-1800s, imperialistic actions of strong nations (most notably European nations) started to become policy.
1 Definition is from America: Pathways to the Present (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, p. 981).
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between Western capitalism led by the United States and Eastern communism led by the Soviet Union. There was no direct military conflict, but instead tensions manifested through threats, espionage, propaganda, and competitive arms buildups. Several conferences were held during and after World War II between Western allies and the Soviet Union to discuss postwar reorganization and establishment of international organizations like the United Nations. However, the Iron Curtain divided Europe, with Western nations forming NATO in response to the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact alliance. Germany was divided into capitalist West Germany and communist East Germany, separated by the Berlin Wall.
1) After WWI, the US became increasingly isolationist as the public did not want to be involved in overseas conflicts and feared the costs of future wars.
2) The US rejected the Treaty of Versailles and did not join the League of Nations, reducing its role in global affairs.
3) Through policies like the Fordney-McCumber Tariff and immigration quotas, the US also isolated itself economically and politically in the 1920s in an effort to focus inwardly.
Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
The American Civil War was fought between the Northern and Southern states from 1861 to 1865. Some key events included the First Battle of Bull Run, the Emancipation Proclamation, the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863, Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864, and Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865, effectively ending the war. The war was devastating, resulting in high casualties before the South ultimately lost and slavery was abolished.
Henry Hudson was a British explorer in the early 1600s who sought the Northwest Passage as a route from Europe to Asia. After four unsuccessful voyages for the British, Hudson sailed for the Dutch on his third voyage in 1609. He explored the river that now bears his name, the Hudson River, and overwintered in present-day Canada before his crew mutinied on his final voyage, leaving him stranded. Though he never found the Northwest Passage, Hudson's discoveries of the Hudson River Valley and areas in Canada were important contributions to geographical knowledge in the Age of Exploration.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political geography, including different forms of government, nation-states, and boundaries. It discusses the main types of governments as democracy, monarchy, theocracy, dictatorship, and totalitarian. It also explains the differences between unitary and federal political systems. Additionally, the document outlines how natural and man-made boundaries are important delineations in political geography. It emphasizes how geopolitics examines the influence of geography and economics on international politics and relations between states.
The document discusses different aspects of political geography including the differences between nations and states. It provides examples of nations without states, such as the Kurds, Basques, and Quebecois people. Geographic characteristics that can impact countries are also outlined, such as size, shape, and location. Countries with access to sea trade or located near peaceful nations tend to have economic and security advantages.
The document discusses what motivates explorers to transcend assumed boundaries. The thesis states that explorers are motivated to transcend boundaries to establish principles, gain ground, progress with certainty, seek reality, or learn about nature. However, the interconnectedness of all things means there are no actual boundaries, only perceived ones. Explorers are motivated to transcend boundaries because of their cognitive perception that sees no limits around them. The document then analyzes different types of boundaries, both actual and perceived, and lists characteristics common to explorers like focus, preparedness, and curiosity.
This document discusses frontiers and provides classifications of different types of frontiers. It defines a frontier as a politico-geographical area at the margin of a political unit's territory where expansion can occur. Frontiers are classified based on their relationship to a state's sovereignty, indigenous populations, pace of expansion, and degree of trans-frontier contact. Examples include political frontiers which mark the limits of de facto state control, and settlement frontiers which indicate stages of state expansion into new lands. Frontiers can involve inclusion or exclusion of indigenous groups and can be dynamic with continuous expansion or static if expansion is halted. The document also distinguishes between frontiers and boundaries, noting that frontiers are outward-oriented zones while boundaries are
The document defines key concepts related to states and governments. It explains that a state is a territory with a government that has full control over internal and external affairs, while a nation refers to a group of people with a shared culture. It then lists and provides brief descriptions of four main types of governments: democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and communism.
The document discusses several aspects of political geography including the rise in the number of independent states as empires have collapsed, differences in political cultures around issues like separation of church and state, land ownership, and motivations for warfare over territory. It also examines characteristics of states and nations, examples of nation-states, the impact of European colonialism in diffusing the nation-state model, and forces that can lead to devolutionary movements within states.
Chapter 8 political geography Shapes of Statesprbroome
This document discusses different types of state boundaries and shapes, including compact, fragmented, elongated, perforated, and protruded states. It provides examples of each type and notes advantages and disadvantages related to communication, resources, defense, and maintaining peace. Specific geographic boundaries like deserts, mountains, bodies of water, and religious or language differences that can form borders between states are also outlined. Brief summaries of four international organizations - the UN, OSCE, OAS, and EU - are included at the end.
The document discusses the history and development of agriculture. It begins by explaining the four economic sectors and provides examples of sector sizes in different countries. It then covers the transition from hunter-gatherers to the Neolithic Revolution and agricultural developments like seed planting, irrigation, and the Columbian Exchange. The document also discusses the First, Second, and Third Agricultural Revolutions and innovations like the Green Revolution. Finally, it examines different types of farming like subsistence, commercial, and plantation as well as rural land use patterns.
AP Human Geography: Unit 1 - Introduction to GeographyDaniel Eiland
This image demonstrates the properties of density, concentration, and pattern in the following ways:
Density - The number of dots per square unit of space shows the density is highest in the center and decreases moving outwards.
Concentration - The dots are most closely packed together in the center, showing high concentration, and become more dispersed towards the edges, demonstrating lower concentration.
Pattern - The dots are arranged in a circular pattern, with the highest density and concentration forming a circle in the center, and the density and concentration decreasing in concentric circles as you move outwards from the center.
So in summary, this image uses the spatial distribution of dots to illustrate concepts of density, concentration, and pattern that are key to
By 2025, annual consumption in emerging markets will reach $30 trillion, representing the largest growth opportunity in history. To succeed, companies must master ten key disciplines. The rise of emerging markets dwarfs previous economic transformations in terms of scale and speed. While multinationals recognize emerging markets' importance, they struggle to compete against local firms. Mastering ten disciplines will be necessary to win in these massive new markets.
03 growth and the less-developed countriesNepDevWiki
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to economic growth and development in less developed countries. It defines important terms like GDP per capita, industrially advanced countries, and less developed countries. It also discusses factors that influence economic growth like natural resources, investment, and political stability. Additionally, it examines challenges faced by less developed countries like the vicious cycle of poverty and how foreign aid and loans can help countries invest and develop their economies.
MSMEs in India, which has to its credit of providing the highest number of employment opportunities, face a severe problem in securing finance from the banks.
The document provides an overview of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India. It discusses the emergence and growth of MSMEs pre- and post-independence. It outlines the scope and importance of MSMEs, their contribution to the Indian economy, key government policies and institutions that promote MSMEs, factors affecting MSMEs, and challenges faced by MSMEs in India such as access to adequate and timely financing. The document also briefly touches on commercial bank services that promote MSMEs and the advantages of establishing MSMEs.
Building and Sustaining Your Competitive Advantage by Handry SatriagoAkademi Berbagi
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Handry Satriago on building and sustaining competitive advantage. The presentation discusses how the world is becoming increasingly globalized and flat, with interconnected supply chains and competition. It emphasizes that competitive advantage is difficult to sustain given globalization, turbulence in the business environment, and demanding customers. The presentation argues that nations and companies must focus on innovation, developing human capital and talent, and differentiating themselves through unique strategies to achieve and maintain competitive advantage in this challenging global context.
Private Sector Contributions To International Development – McGill Executive ...Wayne Dunn
This lecture was delivered by Wayne Dunn to students and faculty at McGill University’s Executive Education Program on International Development: BRIDGING THE WORLDS OF THEORY, POLICY AND PRACTICE. The program, which was organized by McGill’s Institute for the Study of International Development, brought together 40+ mid-career professionals from around the world for an intensive program on International Development. The lecture provided:
a general overview of the private sector objectives and issues in international development including why the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility has emerged to suddenly become an important development and strategic issue
a broad overview of recent trends in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Creating Shared Values (CSV)
a framework for thinking about and understanding private sector collaboration in international development
an understanding of how/why CSR fits into international development projects and practices and provide examples of how the private sector contributes to international development and partners with International Funding Institutions.
The document discusses multinational corporations (MNCs), providing definitions, history, objectives, impacts, and the role of MNCs in India. It defines MNCs as enterprises operating in multiple countries managed from one home country. Some key points include:
1. Early MNCs included the Dutch East India Company and British companies in the 1600-1700s.
2. MNCs grew significantly in the post-WWII era as countries opened up and the US rose as an economic power.
3. India saw increased MNC presence after economic reforms in 1991 opened markets to foreign investment and companies.
4. MNCs can benefit host countries through jobs, skills transfer
The document discusses the impact of globalization on the Indian economy. It outlines key aspects of globalization including technology advancement, flow of capital and people, and knowledge transmission. Globalization has led to foreign direct investment, foreign portfolio investment, and increased international trade in India. While globalization has increased GDP growth and improved certain industries, it has also led to issues like increased competition and exploitation of labor. Overall, the document examines both the opportunities and challenges of globalization for India.
The document discusses the natural environment and how it impacts marketing. It defines natural resources as inputs needed by marketers or affected by their activities. Examples of natural resources include water, forests, and air. Catastrophes like droughts, landslides, and pollution can impact marketers by disrupting production and business operations, causing losses. Marketers must consider sustainability and reduce their environmental impact through strategies like alternative energy use and pollution reduction.
1. By 2025, annual consumption in emerging markets will reach $30 trillion, accounting for nearly half of global consumption as the consuming class expands to 4.2 billion people.
2. To compete for this massive growth opportunity, companies must master ten key capabilities, similar to how an athlete must excel in multiple events to win a decathlon. These capabilities include surgically targeting urban growth clusters, aggressively reallocating resources, creating tailored product portfolios and brands, and establishing effective go-to-market systems.
3. Surgically targeting growth in middleweight cities of hundreds of thousands to millions of people will be important, as these cities will generate nearly half of global GDP and consumption growth by 20
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including:
1. It defines the three main economic sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary) and describes how they have evolved over time in Spain from agriculture-based to service-based.
2. It discusses globalization and its causes/consequences, including increased trade and specialization and environmental impacts.
3. It outlines different economic systems (communist, capitalist, Keynesian, neoliberal) and describes their basic principles around private/public ownership and government intervention.
4. It defines active and inactive populations and key labor market indicators like employment and unemployment rates.
The document discusses factors affecting India's business environment, including the macroeconomic environment, micro environment, technological factors, and social/cultural factors. It notes that several sectors have risen in India due to reforms and increasing investment. However, global economic crises, lack of infrastructure projects, and terrorism have inhibited growth. Moving forward, the document calls for continued reforms in agriculture, industry, finance, and the environment to further promote business in India.
The document provides an overview of the various factors in the business management environment using the PESTEL analysis framework. It discusses the political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, ecological, and legal external factors. For the political section, it describes the concepts of government, different levels and branches of government, and how politics can impact business. The economic section outlines microeconomics, macroeconomics, and factors regarding what/how/for whom to produce. The socio-cultural section addresses demography, social issues, and culture. Technological factors include resources like people, technology, and natural resources. Ecological factors relate to corporate social responsibility and environmental management. Finally, the legal section defines different types of
Twenty-one years after the economic reforms began, India finds itself at a crossroads. While the global economic crisis is still a reality, growth is slowing and there is a paralysis in policy making. With the union budget around the corner, there is an urgent need to boost reforms and take radical policy decisions. Will finance minister Pranab Mukherjee deliver? Time will tell.
Food Insecurity & Opportunities in OIC CountriesDinarStandard
State of food security across the 57 member OIC countries; Key drivers of food crisis; A unique OIC-wide food and agriculture cluster approach that identifies opportunities for sustainable growth and investments.
Impact Investing & Solvency 2 personal proposalJérôme BOUILLON
Personal proposition presented to the EU commission in the context of the Social Business act. The goal is to foster Impact investing investment by Institutional Investors
The document summarizes India's economic reforms over the past 21 years since 1991. It discusses key achievements like growth, innovation, investment, and reducing poverty and illiteracy. However, it also notes ongoing challenges in areas like the social sector, hunger, corruption, and infrastructure development. It outlines priorities for the future like boosting growth, investment, consumption, and passing reforms like allowing FDI in retail. The summary provides an overview of India's economic journey and the road ahead under the new Finance Minister.
The National Development Foundation of Dominica (NDFD) has provided small business loans, technical assistance, and training to micro and small businesses in Dominica for 30 years, helping entrepreneurs start and improve businesses to create jobs and increase standards of living. The NDFD is governed by a board of directors and has provided funding to support viable and sustainable small business projects proposed by entrepreneurs who are responsive to advice and committed to their businesses.
Local Economic Development (LED) and Urbanism for the Israeli Mayors' InstituteNachman Shelef
Local economic development is most effective in cities, as cities have natural economic advantages over other areas. Cities benefit from economies of scale and agglomeration that lower costs and drive innovation. Well-planned cities that are compact, mixed-use, and offer diverse transportation options best leverage these advantages by facilitating interaction, opportunity, and access to talent, customers, suppliers, and resources. LED initiatives are most straightforward in great cities and become increasingly difficult in smaller cities and towns lacking the self-sustaining momentum of major urban areas. Urban planning and transportation play key roles in creating the conditions that allow cities to fulfill their potential as engines of economic growth.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
2. Key Concepts
Industrialization Growth and
and the Diffusion of
Environment Industry
Industrialization
The Evolution of
Global
Economic Cores
Inequalities
and Peripheries
Contemporary
Patterns
2
6. Economic Geography studies
the impact of economic
activities on the landscape
and investigates reasons
behind the locations of
economic activities.
6
7. Agriculture
Others Industry
Economic
Geography
Transport and International
Communication Trade
Resources
7
8. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 1553?
8
9. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 1893?
9
10. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 1973?
10
11. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 2012?
11
26. How MDCs and LDCs Differ:
Consumer
GDP Types of Jobs Productivity Raw Materials
Goods
• $20,000 in • MDC – Fewer • Value Added • MDCs have • MDCs can
MDC Primary Per worker is greater afford
• $1000 in LDC Sector higher in access to Raw Consumer
• LDC – More MDCs Materials goods and
Primary have more
Sector access to
them.
Economic development is often
accompanied by social development.
26
29. The Modernization Model says
that the Industrial Revolution
was spurred by a combination
of prosperity, trade
connections, inventions, and
natural resources.
29
30. Western
European
Nations and
the US
Britain followed
Industrializes Britain
Wealth
became a sign
of virtue
instead of
kinship.
30
31. A few key points:
• According to the M.M., any country can reap
the benefits of modernization.
• Tradition is the greatest barrier to economic
development.
31
32. A few key points:
• Culture can discourage people from adopting
new technologies that would raise standards
of living.
• High-Income countries can help poorer
countries by encouraging them to control
population, increase food production, and
take advantage of industrial technology.
32
34. • Industry expands.
High Mass • Luxury items become necessities.
Consumption • High Incomes, a majority of workers involved in the service
sector.
• Economic growth is widely accepted.
Drive to • The economy diversifies.
• Poverty is greatly reduced and material goods much
Technological more common.
Maturity • Cities grow, and modernization is evident in the core.
• International trade expands.
• People begin to experiment with producing
goods for trade with others for profit.
Take-Off Stage • A state industrial revolution takes place.
• Urbanization, technology, and production
increases.
• Life is built around families.
Traditional Stage • Very Limited Wealth.
• Subsistence Farmers.
34
35. Rich nations
often block
the path of
poor.
Poorer nations
A justification
have to
for capitalism
to exploit non- Criticisms develop from
a position of
capitalism.
weakness.
Suggesting
that poverty is
the fault of the
victims is
wrong.
35
37. Dependency Theory says that
the economic development of
many countries is blocked by
industrialized nations that
exploit them.
37
38. A Few Key Points.
• Dependency theory blames MCDs that control
or who once controlled LDCs through
colonialism.
• Argues that political liberation from
colonialism has not translated into economic
health.
• Dependency theory is largely an outgrowth of
Marxism.
38
40. Core Countries
• Rich nations that fuel the world’s economy.
• Take raw materials from around the world and channel them
to North America, Europe, Australia, and Japan.
Periphery Countries
• Low-Income countries brought about through colonialism.
• Support rich countries by providing inexpensive labor and a
large market for industrial products.
Semiperiphery Countries
• The rest of the world.
• More powerful than periphery, but still dominated in some
way by the core. 40
42. Treats wealth
as a “0 Sum
Theory”
No country
Ignore
willingly
cultural issues
that affect Criticisms blocks
another from
poverty.
success.
Places blame
on countries
that have
helped
others.
42
45. Before the Industrial Revolution
There were industrial centers before the late
18th Century but it was isolated. Most industries
were cottage industries.
Examples:
Chinese Silk Factories
Metal Workshops in India
45
49. The Early 18th Century
Early factories in Great
Britain during the 18th
Century were run by
water running down
slopes.
49
50. The Most Important Invention
In 1769, James Watt built
the first efficient steam
engine. This was the most
important invention to the
Industrial Revolution.
50
52. The Industrial Revolution was
the process of technological
change that started in the late
1700s that transformed how
goods were produced and
obtained by the people.
52
53. Social
Changes
Effects of
Population the Economic
Changes Industrial Changes
Revolution
Political
Changes
53
54. Iron
Food
Coal
Processing
Industries affected
by the Industrial
Revolution
Chemicals Transportation
Textiles
54
56. Diffusion of the Industrial
Great Britain
Revolution
Belgium/France (late 1700s)
Most of Europe came late to the party
The United States (1790s) because of revolution and strife (ie. French
Revolution, Napoleonic Wars)
Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden
(late 1800s)
The United States entered the IR later
than Belgium and France but
expanded more rapidly.
The Middle East and Africa Asia, Middle East and Africa (Mid 20th Century)
entered the IR because of WWI
and the need for oil.
56
57. Part Three: The Evolution of Economic Cores
and Peripheries
57
68. Alfred Weber’s Least Cost
Theory is a theory that
explains the location of
industries based on
transportation, labor, and
agglomeration.
68
69. Transportation
The site chosen must entail the lowest possible
cost of A) moving raw materials to the
factory, and B) finished products to the market.
69
72. Location Triangle
The location triangle is used to determine the
best place to locate a manufacturing plant based
on Weber’s Model.
Resource 2
Market Resource1
72
75. I am the CEO of a A Case Study
rubber company
looking for a
place to locate my
new plant which
will purify
petroleum into
the rubber
products before
sending it on to
Houston, Texas
for further
processing. I
import petroleum
from the Middle
East.
75
86. How Does Globalization Affect
Industrialization?
• Every country’s development is dependent on
the rest of the world.
– With the increase of Space-Time Compression, it
is possible to locate businesses in places not
before considered.
– The Internet has made it possible for markets to
exist where they have not before.
– In order to accommodate global industrialization a
country must develop infrastructure.
86
88. Infrastructure includes services
that support economic
activities. It provides for
transportation, communication
, education, and other external
needs of a company.
88
90. Western
and
Central
Europe
Primary Eastern
Eastern
North
Asia Regions America
Russia and
the
Ukraine
90
91. Western and Eastern Europe
• Expanded greatly after WWI.
• Was largest in Germany until WWII.
• Rebuilt with the help of America after WWII.
North America
• The North American Manufacturing Belt extends from
Boston and New York through Philadelphia and Baltimore.
• The Southeastern District: Birmingham, Alabama to
Richmond, Va.
• Another: Oklahoma to Dallas, Houston, and New Orleans.
• Northern California: San-Fransisco
• Southern California: Los Angeles to San-Diego
• Pacific Northwest: Portland, Oregon through
Seattle, Washington and Vancouver in Canada. 91
93. Russia and the Other Soviet Republics
• Much manufacturing up through the 1930s
followed the Volga River.
• Other regions followed the Trans-Siberian
Railroad.
93
95. Asia
The Four Tigers (Export
Japan Oriented China
Industrialization)
• The Kanto Plain • South Korea • Northeast District in
• Tokyo • Taiwan Manchuria
• Hong Kong • Beijing, Shanghai, Hon
• Singapore g Kong
• The Pacific Rim
95
104. Protection of Markets
MDCs are having to work to protect their
markets from newly developing countries. They
often do this by establishing Trading Blocs.
104
106. A Trading Bloc is a
conglomeration of trade
between regions.
106
107. Little to
No
Taxes
Benefits
of Trading
Blocs
Ease in
Cooperation
Encouraged crossing
borders
107
108. NAFTA
3
Important
Blocs
European
East Asia
Union
108
109. Most cooperation and competition between
trading blocs take place between transnational
corporations which are also conglomerate
corporations
109
110. Deindustrialization
In many MDC economies, tertiary development
is replacing secondary development.
Growth of LDC
industry is taking
This is a natural progress
jobs away from
of society. Service jobs is
MDCs.
the mark of a developed
society.
110
115. Industrialization and Fossil Fuels
As more and more countries become
revolutionized, the need for fossil fuels grows
exponentially.
While we know how many proven reserves we
have, we do not know how many potential reserves
we have.
¼ of the world’s population consumes ¾ of the
world’s fossil fuels.
115
Have students identify which countries would fall into various stages.
Think of examples that might support this.
The core and semi-periphery gets cheap labor and raw materials from the periphery. The periphery and semi-periphery buy goods for high profit from the core.