3. … in this 20th century blood and instinct will
regain their rights against the power of money
and intellect. The era of individualism, liberalism
and democracy, of humanitarianism and freedom, is
nearing its end. The masses will accept with
resignation the VICTORY OF THE CAESARS,
the strong men, and will obey them. Life will
descend to a level of general uniformity … and the
world will be better for it.
- Oswald Spengler, The Decline ofTheWest, 1922
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Totalitarianism: system of centralized dictatorial
government requiring complete subservience to the state
• cult of personality
• extensive political repression
• prohibits opposition political parties
• mass surveillance
• state terror – concentration camps, secret police, executions
• censorship and propaganda through state media
• absolute control of economy
11. Totalitarian Democratic Totalitarian
The Political Spectrum Post-World War I
Liberalism
• Late 1700s in
American and
French
Revolutions
• Civil liberties –
freedom of
expression
• Limited
government by
constitution
• Legal equality of
all social classes
• Benefited middle
class most
• Multi-party
democracy – US,
France, Britain
Conservatism
• Authoritarian
traditional social
order
• Dominance of
upper-class social
elites – nobles,
church officials,
moneyed interests
• Maintain military
rule by kings or
dictators
• Pre-WWI:
Germany, Austria-
Hungary, Russia,
Ottoman Empire
Fascism
• 1920s
• Replace
militaristic king w/
militaristic dictator
• Totalitarian state
by one-party
dictatorship
• Ultra-nationalist
• Anti-communist
• Social Darwinian
expansion
• Italy (1922)
Nazism
• Racial superiority
• Germany (1933)
Socialism
• Mid-1800s in
Industrial
Revolution
• Legal and
economic equality
• Benefited lower
working
class/proletariat
• Government
ownership of
means of
production –
factories, mines,
power,
transportation,
communication
• Legal reform and
labor union
activism
Communism
• Mid-1800s
• Complete
economic equality
to create
classless system
• Anti-bourgeoisie
• Government
ownership of
means of
production –
factories, mines,
power,
transportation,
communication
• Totalitarian state
by one-party
dictatorship
• USSR (1917)
39. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The German right-wing later believed the stab-in-the-back
myth that German army did not lose but was betrayed by
Jewish and socialist "November criminals".
40. The Party Program of the NSDAP
Proclaimed 24 February 1920 by Adolf Hitler
• Anschluss: Unification of Austria + Germany
• Anti-Versailles
• Lebensraum: Gain land and colonies
• Anti-Semitism and anti-foreigner
• Nationalization of all industries for war production
• State-controlled press and censorship
• Unlimited strong central government under dictator
54. Unemployment in Germany
1928-1933
September 1928 650,000
September 1929 1,320,000
September 1930 3,000,000
September 1931 4,350,000
September 1932 5,102,000
January 1933 6,100,000