Victory of the caesars - mussolini, stalin, and hitler, 1919-1939

1. Victory of the Caesars:
Mussolini, Stalin, and
Hitler, 1919-1939

3. Totalitarian Democratic Totalitarian
The Political Spectrum Post-World War I
Liberalism
• Late 1700s in
American and
French
Revolutions
• Civil liberties –
freedom of
expression
• Limited
government by
constitution
• Legal equality of
all social classes
• Benefited middle
class most
• Multi-party
democracy – US,
France, Britain
Conservatism
• Authoritarian
traditional social
order
• Dominance of
upper class social
elites – nobles,
church officials,
moneyed interests
• Maintain military
rule by kings or
dictators
• Pre-WWI:
Germany, Austria-
Hungary, Russia,
Ottoman Empire
Fascism
• 1920s
• Totalitarian state
by one-party
dictatorship
• Ultra-nationalist
• Anti-communist
• Militaristic
expansion
• Italy (1922)
Nazism
• Racial superiority
• Germany (1933)
Socialism
• Mid-1800s in
Industrial
Revolution
• Legal and
economic equality
• Benefited lower
working
class/proletariat
• Government
ownership of
means of
production –
factories, mines,
power,
transportation,
communication
• Legal reform and
labor union
activism
Communism
• Mid-1800s
• Complete
economic equality
to create
classless system
• Anti-bourgeoisie
• Government
ownership of
means of
production –
factories, mines,
power,
transportation,
communication
• Totalitarian state
by one-party
dictatorship
• USSR (1917)

6. 1917-1922: Bolshevik Revolution and Russian Civil War
Leon Trotsky Vladimir Lenin

10. Rosa Luxemburg

11. Jan. 1919: Sparticist Uprising

14. 1919: Hungarian Soviet Republic

16. 1920: German Kapp Putsch

19. 1919-1920: Two Red Years in Italy

20. Mussolini’s Blackshirts

31. I’m on
a horse.

34. 1929: Lateran Accords

35. 1923: Ruhr Crisis

36. 1923: Ruhr Crisis  Hyperinflation

46. Adolf Hitler,
Dictator of Germany
Adolf Hitler,
Austrian Citizen,
High school drop-out,
Lance Corporal, German Army
?

48. Assembly of the Nazi Party, 1922, Coburg,

49. The Party Program of the NSDAP
Proclaimed 24 February 1920 by Adolf Hitler
1. Unification of Austria + Germany = Greater Germany
2. Anti-Treaty of Versailles
3. Lebensraum (Expansion)
4. Only Germans can be citizens, Jews are not Germans.
5. Anti-foreigner: only citizens can live in Germany.
6. Anti-Semitism: no Jews can hold public office.
7. Everyone must work.
8. Anti-immigration: deportation of immigrants arrived
since 2 August 1914 (aimed at Russian and Polish Jews.)

50. 9. All citizens must have equal rights and obligations.
10. Work must benefit society as a whole.
11. Abolition of unearned incomes. Breaking of rent-
slavery.
12. Confiscation of war profits.
13. Nationalization of all industries.
14. Division of profits from heavy industries.
15. Large scale expansion of old age welfare.
16. Publically-owned small businesses, privately managed
by the middle class.
17. Free expropriation of land for public use, abolition of
profiting from real estate values.

51. 18. Pro-death penalty for all criminals.
19. Replace liberal French law with German common law.
20. State-funded education of all gifted children.
21. Pro-family: ban on child-labor and encouragement of
physical fitness of the youth.
22. Formation of a national army.
23. State-controlled press
24. Freedom of religion so long as it does not oppose the
State. Recovery can only succeed if the common good
is placed above individual good (needs of the many
outweigh individual needs).
25. Unlimited strong central government.

53. Nov. 1923: Beer Hall Putsch

58. Lebensraum

61. Heinrich Himmler,
head of SS

62. September 1928 650,000
September 1929 1,320,000
September 1930 3,000,000
September 1931 4,350,000
September 1932 5,102,000
January 1933 6,100,000

63. KPD USPD BVP SPD DDP Z DVP DNVP NSDAP
Communists
Independent
Socialists
Bavarian
People’sParty
Social
Democrats
German
Democratic
Party
Zentrumor
Centre
(Catholic)
German
People’sParty
German
National
Party
NaziParty
Formed
1919.
Rejected
Weimar
Republic.
Branch of
the Centre
Party
Party
with
longest
history
(1865).
Greatest
supporter
of demo-
cracy.
Workers
& lower
middle
class
support.
Liberal
party
formed
1918.
Supported
Weimar
Republic.
Formed
1870 to
protect
Liberal
Catholic
interests.
Supported
Weimar
Republic.
Most
support
from
upper
middle
class &
business
leaders.
Formed
1918.
Middle
class
support.
Formed
1919.
Extreme
nationalism
and racism.
Left: Liberal Right: Conservative
Parties of the Reichstag

64. Propaganda by Josef
Goebbels
Joseph Goebbels, Nazi propaganda minister

65. Nazi propaganda poster illustrating the Nazi’s desire to
break the shackles of the Treaty of Versailles.

66. As economic conditions
worsened, the Nazi party
attracted a wider following.
• Workers and students lured
by promises of new/better
jobs
• Soldiers and policemen by
promises of increased
personnel and improvements
in equipment and benefits
• Professionals (doctors,
lawyers, businessmen) by
confiscation of Jewish assets
and/or elimination of Jewish
competition
• Farmers by promises to prop
“Work and Bread!”
Nazi Party election poster

69. After April 10 … increase
in Nazi violence.
400,000 strong SA
(On July 17, a big shoot-
out occurred between
Nazis and Communists
near Hamburg: 19 killed,
nearly 300 wounded.)
SA = Stormtroopers/
Brownshirts

70. July 31, 1932 Election
• 6 million unemployed
• Nazis win 37% of vote= largest
party in Reichstag

72. Name Age:1933 Profession Position(s)
Hans Frank 33 Lawyer Governor General of Poland
Victor Capesius 26 Physician Headed camp pharmacy at Auschwitz
Helmut Knochen 23
Professor of
Literature
Colonel, SS; Commander of Security
Police, Paris, ’40-44
Otto Ohlendorf 26 Economist In Einsatzgruppen
Werner Best 30 Lawyer First legal advisor to SD & Gestapo
Albert Speer 28 Architect Minister of Armaments & War Production
August Hirt 35
Anthropologist &
Surgeon
SS Director of Anatomical Research;
studied skulls
Willi Frank 30 Physician Chief of Dental Station at Auschwitz
Bernhart Rost 40
Secondary
Teacher
Reich Minister of Science, Education &
Culture
Wilhelm Frick 56 Lawyer
Reich Minister of Interior; close friend of
Hitler
Heinz Kammler ---- Engineer
Head of SS Works Department; built gas
chambers at Auschwitz
Joseph Goebbels 36
PhD Literature &
Philosophy
Propaganda Minister of the Reich
Fritz Ter Meer ----
Scientist w/
doctorate
Chief executive of I.G Farben

74. Nazis lose 34 seats (33%). Number of Reichstag Deputies Elected
Date Jan
1919
Jun
1920
May
1924
Dec
1924
May
1928
Sept
1930
July
1932
Nov
1932
Total Deputies 423 459 472 493 491 577 608 584
SPD, Social Democrats 165 102 100 131 153 143 133 121
USPD, Independent Socialists 22 84
KPD, Communists 4 62 45 54 77 89 100
Centre Party (Catholics) 91 64 65 69 62 68 75 70
BVP, Bavarian People’s Party 21 16 19 16 19 22 20
DDP, Democrats 75 39 28 32 25 20 4 2
DVP, People’s Party 19 65 45 51 45 30 7 11
Wirtschafts Partei, Economy Party 4 4 10 17 23 23 2 1
DNVP, Nationalists 44 71 95 103 73 41 37 52
NSDAP, Nazis 32 14 12 107 230 196
Others 3 5 19 12 28 49 9 11

75. January 30, 1933:
Chancellor
• Hindenburg used Article 48 to
appoint Hitler

76. The SA celebrated with a torch-lit parade in front of the Brandenburg Gate in

77. February 22, 1933: Goering
declared that Germany was
on the brink of civil war and
that the Communists were
plotting a coup. The Nazi SA
were deputized as an
auxiliary to the police.
Hermann Goering

78. The Reich President may, if the public safety and order in the
German Reich are considerably disturbed or endangered, take such
measures as are necessary to restore public safety and order. If
necessary, he may intervene with the help of the armed forces. For
this purpose he may suspend, either partially or wholly, the
Fundamental Rights (freedom from arrest, sanctity of home, secrecy
of telephone and postal communications, free speech and free
press, freedom of assembly and association, and protection of
private property) … On demand of the Reichstag these measures
shall be repealed.
The Weimar Constitution:
Article 48

79. February 27, 1933: Reichstag Fire
• Communists blamed
• Hindenburg invoked Article 48
• Hitler’s national government
assumed powers of state
governments  complete control
• Goering replaced senior police with
SA and SS leaders
• Martial law  Nazis wave of terror

81. March 22, 1933: Goering
ordered Himmler to build
Dachau to house 15,000 political
prisoners

83. March 23, 1933:
The Enabling Act passes
• SPD = only party to vote no; 107
SPD and KPD reps missing
• Passed 441 – 84
• Z Party votes yes in return for
Catholic Church independence
• Renewed every four years
through WWII

84. All rival political parties banned or dissolved. All remaining German
institutions and organizations Nazi-fied or disbanded.

85. Joseph Stalin, 1929-1953

86. Five-Year Plans

87. “The Road to
Worldwide Revolution!
Hoover plan – Crisis.”

88. “Working in a new way; leading in a new way –
Our production program can and must be achieved.”

89. “We will fulfill the decisions of the
party about the elimination of
illiteracy.”

90. “Enemies of the Five Year Plan.”

91. “Enemies of the Five Year Plan.”
The Landowner glares like a ferocious watchdog
The Kulak [rich peasant] snorts through his bulbous nose
The habitual drunk boozes his woes away
The [village] priest frantically whoops and and wails.

92. “Enemies of the Five Year Plan.”
The corrupt journalist spits and hisses
The capitalist sharpens his tusks
The Menshevik rages like a madman
The White Soldier effs and blinds.

93. These dogs that have not been thrown into jail -
Everyone defending the bad old ways -
Put an evil curse on the Five-Year Plan
And declare war on it.
They threaten its disruption, realizing
That it spells their utter ruination.

95. “Preparing Resistance to the
Growing Reaction!”

96. Gulags

97. Socialist Realism

106. Collectivization and the Holodomor, 1932-1933

107. “The Tractor is in the field;
it is the end of the will of God.”

108. “Soviet Youth, go the
front ranks of the
Bolshevik Shock Brigade
for sowing!”

109. Great Purges, 1936-1938

113. Nazi Germany, 1933-1939

114. Nazi Book Burnings
May 10, 1933
Where books are burned, in the end, people will be burned.
- Heinrich Heine (19th century German poet)

115. June 30, 1934:
Night of the Long Knives
• SA Commander Ernst Rohm had
power to remove Hitler
• Many Nazi leaders disapproved of
Rohm’s homosexuality
• Many Germans disliked SA’s
thuggish behavior

116. June 30, 1934:
Night of the Long Knives
• Hitler needed Army generals and
industrial leaders to rebuild
Germany, re-arm military, and
expand German territory
• Generals fear 4.5 million SA >
100,000 man German Army
• Industrialists disliked Rohm’s
socialist views.

117. June 30, 1934: Night of the Long Knives

118. Hitler and SS arrested Rohm and
SA leaders. 200-1000 SA leaders
executed.
• Himmler assigned greater
responsibility
• SA absorbed into regular army

119. • SD (Sicherheitsdienst, Security Service) – political and criminal
intelligence gathering
• Kripo (Kriminalpolizei) – criminal investigations
• Orpo (Ordnungspolizei) – regular police
• Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei) - Secret State Police
• Death’s Head Units (Totenkopfverbande) – ran death camps
• Einsatzgruppen - Special Action Groups – execution squads
• Waffen SS (Armed SS) – special forces
Schutzstaffel (SS) Divisions

120. “If anyone reproaches me and asks why I did not
resort to the regular courts of justice, then all I can
say is this: In this hour I was responsible for the fate
of the German people, and thereby I became the
supreme judge of the German people. … Everyone
must know for all future time that if he raises his
hand to strike the State, then certain death is his
lot.”
- Adolf Hitler, speech to Reichstag July 13, 1934
Hitler claims to be above the law as supreme judge and executioner
of the German people  permanent sense of fear!

121. Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseases
July 14, 1934
Provides for the sterilization of unfit parents and the “euthanasia” of
“the defective” and “useless eaters.”

122. August 2, 1934: Hindenburg dies; Hitler combines
offices of President and Chancellor  Führer
August 19, 1934: Direct vote to approve merger.
95% of registered voters gave Hitler 90% approval.

124. Army Oath of Allegiance
before Hitler
"I swear by almighty God this
sacred oath: I will at all times
loyally and honestly serve my
people and country and, as a
brave soldier, I will be ready at
any time to stake my life for
this oath."
The Hitler Oath
"I swear by almighty God this
sacred oath: I will render
unconditional obedience to
the Fuehrer of the German
Reich and people, Adolf Hitler,
Supreme Commander of the
Wehrmacht, and, as a brave
soldier, I will be ready at any
time to stake my life for this
oath."
August 20, 1934: All public employees – military, civil service, police,
teachers, and judiciary – had to take the Hitler loyalty oath

134. Film Propaganda
Triumph of the Will (1934)
dir. Leni Riefenstahl
Documentary of 1934 Nazi Party
Rally in Nuremburg

139. The Eternal Jew filmed in Nazi
created Polish ghettos in 1940
Jew Pests aimed at influencing
audiences to hate Jews.
Film Propaganda

140. Newspaper Propaganda
“Der Stürmer“, an antisemitic tabloid
published by Julius Streicher
Völkischer Beobachter, (“People's
Observer”), daily Nazi Party newspaper

141. Radio Propaganda
"All Germany hears the Führer on the
People's Receiver.”
Free distribution of radios in honor of
Joseph Goebbel’s birthday.

142. Propaganda Posters
"Healthy Parents have Healthy
Children."
For young men, service to the totalitarian state
meant fighting the Fuhrer's wars, but for women
service meant producing racially pure children for
the Reich.

143. Degenerate Art

159. "Divine destiny has
given the German
people everything in
the person of one
man . . .
statesmanship,
soldier, worker and
economist . . . but,
perhaps his greatest
strength, he is an
artist … And now he
has also become the
Reich's builder."

160. Hitlerjügend (HJ) and Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM)
(Hitler Youth and German Girl’s League)
"Youth Serves the Fuëhrer.
All ten year olds join the HJ."
“All girls join us.”

161. “The Jewish Question is the Key to World History.”
Education in Nazi Germany

162. Jewish teachers
were removed from
the classroom.

163. Throwing grenades as a school sport.
“Education in a general way is to
be the preparation for later army
service. The Army will then not
need, as has hitherto been the
case, to give the young man a
grounding in the simplest
exercises and rules…. it should
rather change the young man,
already physically perfect, into a
soldier.”
-Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf
Battle Ball (Kampfball)

164. Raising the Swastika Flag at a school
Math Problems:
1. According to careful estimates there are
300,000 mentally ill persons, epileptics,
etcetera in long-term care facilities in
Germany.
What is the total yearly cost of their care
assuming daily costs of 4 RM per
person?
How many marriage loans for 1,000 RM
each could be made yearly with this
money?.
2. The Jews are aliens in Germany.
In 1933 there were 66,060,000
inhabitants of the German Reich, of
whom 499,682 were Jews.
What is the percentage of aliens?

165. Math Book for First Grade, Hirt Publishing, 1937.

166. Nazi Curriculum
As we have already noted, people
do not live as individuals like
animals and plants, but as peoples,
which largely have come together
as ethnic states. We know
something similar only with
insects. Bees and ants are not only
the sum of individuals; each
individual shares a united drive in
service of the entire group…. The
ethnic state must demand of each
individual citizen that he does
everything for the good of the
whole, each in his place and with
his abilities.
Middle School
Biology Textbook
Lessons began and ended
with the “Heil Hitler!” salute.

167. “Racial instruction is to begin with
the youngest pupils (six years of age)
in accordance with the Führer’s
instruction that no boy or girl should
leave school without complete
knowledge of the necessity and
meaning of blood purity.”
- Bernhard Rust, Reich Minister for
Science & Education
Classroom chart:
"German Youth,
Jewish Youth.”
Jewish students humiliated in front of the classroom. The
blackboard reads: "The Jews are our greatest enemy!
Beware of Jews."

168. The Poisonous Mushroom edited by Julius Streicher
“The Experience of Hans and
Else with a Strange Man”
“How To Tell A Jew ““How Jewish Traders Cheat”
“The Poisonous Mushroom”

169. Popular children’s board game, “Juden Raus!” (Jews Out).

171. A Comparison –
Jews in the World in the Early 19th Century & Early 20th Century

172. It is true that not all victims were Jews, but all Jews were victims. - Elie Wiesel, 1995
The Victims
• Jews
• Slavs – Poles, Russians, et al
• Political Opponents – Communists, Socialists, et al
• Habitual Criminals
• Handicapped
• Homosexuals
• Jehovah’s Witnesses
• Roma & Sinti (Gypsies)
• Freemasons
• Soviet P.O.W.s
• American P.O.W.s
• African-Germans

173. Reinhard HeydrichJoseph Goebbels
Heinrich HimmlerHermann Goering Adolf Eichmann Rudolf Hess
The Perpetrators
History teaches us to beware of demagogues who wrap themselves in the flag
in an attempt to appeal to the worst aspects of nationalism.
- Alistair Nicholson

174. Nuremberg Laws
September 15, 1935
1. Reich Flag Law
2. Reich Citizenship Law
• Jews denied German citizenship and reduced to “subjects.”
• Jews can not vote, own property, operate a business, or be
paid wages as employees.
3. Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor
• Forbids marriage or sexual relations between Jews and
Germans.
• Bans employment in Jewish homes of any German female
under 45 years of age.

175. The Law for the Protection of German Blood & German Honor
forbade marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Germans.

176. Bench marked “Only for Jews.”
Sign prohibiting Jews
from using a public
telephone booth.

177. Sign forbidding Jews in public
pool.
Jews were only permitted to
shop between 3-5 p.m.

178. Jews forbidden from walking on the sidewalk.

179. Erich Remarque
Albert Einstein
Sigmund Freud
German and Austrian Jews prohibited from working.

180. October 5, 1938
All Jewish passports must be
marked with the letter "J“ for Jew.

181. Laws Restricting Private Property and
Business
"Aryanization" announcements in a newspaper.
Aryanization was the process of transferring Jewish businesses
to German control.

182. 1935-1939: German Economic Recovery and
Violations of Treaty of Versailles

183. Recovery
Hitler put people back to work
through public works projects
and grants to private
construction companies.

185. March 1935: Luftwaffe and military draft

186. Remilitarization of the Rhineland
March 1936

187. 1936 Olympics
in Berlin
Directed at Hitler, "Wir gehoeren Dir”
(We belong to you)

188. November 1, 1936:
Rome-Berlin Axis.

189. November 25, 1936: Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan vs USSR

190. 1936: Germany and Italy
supported Francisco Franco
during Spanish Civil War

191. Italian troops in Madrid

192. April 26, 1937: German bombers destroyed Guernica

193. Anschluss with Austria
March 13, 1938
"Those of the same
blood belong in the
same Reich!"
Germany neither intends nor
wishes to interfere in the internal
affairs of Austria, to annex Austria,
or to conclude an Anschluss.
- Adolf Hitler, May 21, 1935

198. Evian Conference
July 6-15, 1938
Chief American delegate, Myron C. Taylor,
addresses delegates.
Hotel Royal in Evian-les-Bains

199. The New York Times, July 3, 1938

200. Kindertransport, 1938-1940
A rescue effort which brought thousands of refugee children to Great Britain from
Nazi controlled Europe between December 1938 and 1940.

201. August 17, 1938: Jews
required to legally change middle
names to Sara or Israel
October 5, 1938: Jewish passports
must be marked with red “J”

203. September 28, 1938: British, French, and Italian diplomats
appeased Hitler’s demands at Munich Conference

204. Sudetenland of northwestern Czechoslovakia

205. British PM
Neville Chamberlain:
“peace for our time”

206. “Their synagogues should be set on fire…their homes should likewise
be broken down and destroyed…let us drive them out of the country
for all time.”
- Martin Luther, 1542
Synagogue in Aachen,
Germany, built 1862.
Synagogue in Aachen after its destruction.
November 9-10, 1938:
Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

208. “I myself could scarcely believe that such things
could occur in a 20th century civilization.”
- Franklin D. Roosevelt

209. During Kristallnacht, SA men and Hitler Youth plundered Jewish shops and
apartments. By terrorizing the Jews, ruining their businesses and destroying their
places of worship, the Nazis hoped to force Jews to leave.

212. Jews Sent to Concentration Camps, November 10, 1938

213. December 3, 1938: Aryanization
"Aryanization" announcements in a newspaper.

214. "Today, I will once more be a
prophet. If the international
finance-Jewry inside and
outside Europe should
succeed in plunging the
nations of the world into a
world war yet again, then
the result will not be the
bolshevization of the earth,
and thus the victory of Jewry,
but the annihilation of the
Jewish race in Europe.”
- Hitler, Reichstag Speech,
January 30, 1939

215. March 15, 1939: Bohemia and Moravia became German
Protectorates and Slovakia became a Nazi puppet state

216. May-June, 1939 “Voyage of the Damned” on SS St. Louis

218. August 22, 1939:
Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact/
Molotov-Ribbentrop
Pact

223. September 1, 1939:
German Blitzkrieg
against Poland,
WWII Begins

225. German Troops March into Warsaw

226. September 3, 1939:
Great Britain and France declared war on Germany.