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Four styles for ot audience cotton 2
1. Caregiving Styles
Mary A Corcoran PhD, OT/L
Professor and Associate Dean
George Washington University
2. Why Study
Caregiving
Styles?
“If you’ve seen one
caregiver, you’ve seen
one caregiver”
3. The Caregiving Style Studies
Spouses (68)
5 years
National Institute on Aging
Adult children (33)
1 year
Virginia Commonwealth,
ARDRAF
4. Mixed Methods Design
• QUAL-quant
• Grounded theory
Focusing on qualitative
analysis today
5. Data
• Qualitative
• Long interview (250+ total
hours)
• Videotapes (33+ total hours)
• Quantitative
• Sociodemographics
• Measures of well-being
6. Qualitative Analytic Approach
Three iterative tasks
Coding Describe what is going on
Categories Identify larger “parts”
Theme Develop a theory of
caregiving style
7. Getting from Codes to Categories
Coding – unlinked descriptions
of data
Categories – arrange codes as
hierarchies
Hierarchies of what?
9. Categories: Elements of Style
Beliefs
What is …?
Meanings
The role signifies …?
Actions
Caregiving gets done by …?
10.
11. Action: Taking Care of Self
Looking at data as a whole, caregivers
take care of self by
Reducing demands of role
Doing something important
Getting healthy
Staying connected
12. Taking Care of Self
No
Has strategies
strategies
Does not Does not
Meets
meet meet
needs
needs needs
13. Three groups
Compare and contrast through
axial coding
Causes
Consequences
Context
Conditions
17. Caregiver Priorities
Facilitating
Directing
Emotional
Physical
health,
health of
identity of
CR
CR
Balancing Advocating
Maintaining Managing
the status others to
quo support CR
18. Caregiver Strategies
Facilitating
Directing
Anything that
Verbal
involves self
Balancing
Environmental Advocating
controls,
Vigilance and
supervision,
advocacy
repetitive
activities
19. Caregiver Interactions
Directing
Facilitating
Limited or
Cooperative
none
Advocating
Balancing Range with
Parallel purpose of
assessment
20. Caregiver Needs
Facilitating
Directing
Recognizes
Recognizes
but
needs
doesn’t limited to
address work
own needs
Balancing Advocating
Has help Has help
and meets and meets
own needs own needs
21. Caregiver Emotions
Facilitating
Directing
Worries
Frustrated
about ability
and
to provide
stressed
best care
Balancing Advocating
Generally Generally
satisfied satisfied
with care with care
provision provision
22. Conclusion
• Caregivers may
- demonstrate a mix of styles
- change over time; circumstances
• Understanding priorities of caregiver
regarding self and care recipient is key
23. Caveats
• Styles are a guide, not a prescription
• Theory - Requires further testing
24. Reference
Corcoran, M.A. (2011). Caregiving Styles: A
Cognitive and Behavioral Typology Associated
With Dementia Family Caregiving. The
Gerontologist 51, 4, 463-472.
doi:10.1093/geront/gnr002
Editor's Notes
Using an inductive reasoning process, I wanted to develop a theory about caregiving style that was grounded in the data
End goal is theory of style. What is a style? What are the essential ingredients for something to be a style? Pattern over time, but what else? Used the literature to define style = essential elements. Used these elements as a hierarchy for codes.
If I looked at my participants as individuals (rather than clumping the data together as a whole) I saw there were three possible conditions. BTW, looking at things individually rather than as a block of data is part of what researchers mean when they say they are considering the context (contextualizing, placing in context).How did the cg talk about taking care of themselves? I asked specifically what they did to recharge their batteries and some had strategies and some didn’t …BTW, if I had not asked the batteries question, what would have been the effect on the trustworthiness of my analysis?
Facilitative - Seeks to maintain identity of CR (i.e., clothing, former roles)Self-image tied to “good caregiving”Directive-Priority is physical health of CRElaborate regimes of medication, nutrition, or use of supplementsAppearances important (keeps house clean, worries about being embarrassed)
Facilitating- also tries to keep care recipient active
