Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Bio-Medical, Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade, KLE University College of Pharmacy, Belgaum/Belagavi

1. Dr. Basavaraj K. NanjwadeDr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph.DM. Pharm., Ph.D
Professor of Pharmaceutics
Department of Pharmaceutics
KLE University College of Pharmacy
JN Medical College Campus
BELGAUM – 590010
Cell No: 00919742431000
E-mail: bknanjwade@yahoo.co.in

2. Applications of Nanotechnology
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3. Introduction (Nanotechnology)
The prefix nano comes from the Greek word nanos,
which means one-billionth part of something.
So, nanotechnology can be described as engineering
and manufacturing at the scale of a nanometer or
nanoscale (nanometer = 10-9
meter).
Examples of nano-substance are- Atom diameter 0.15
nm, diameter of double strand DNA 2 nm, and cell
1000 nm.
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4. Cell Structure
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5. Introduction (Nanotechnology)
The aim of nano-scientists is to virtually imitate
nature.
 They are trying to construct objects out of their most
basic components, atom by atom, the way that nature
does.
This offers an unprecedented degree of precision and
control over thefinal product.
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6. Introduction (Nanotechnology)
As a fundamental understanding of how nature works
at the atomic scale.
We can consider nanotechnology as enabling
technology; it will enable us to do radical new things
in virtually every technological and scientific arena.
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7. Introduction (Nanotechnology)
However, despite great investments and hard
scientific work, things are actually moving a bit
slowly.
Most scientists believe that nanotechnology will start
seriously influence our lives around the year 2020
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8. Targeted Drug Delivery
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9. Advantages of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology may help in increasing the solubility &
bioavailability of drugs.
New dosage forms and better exploration of less-used
drug administration routes for efficient therapeutic
outcomes.
Nanoparticles with diameter less than 200nm are not
screened out of circulation by liver and spleen.
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10. Advantages of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is better suited for drug targeting of
individual tissues.
Cells and cellular receptors and hence, more suitable
for gene and vaccine delivery.
It may also be helpful in designing nanoporous
membranes for controlled-delivery drug devices.
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11. Advantages of Nanotechnology
Nanoscale powders of antiasthma and analgesic drugs
are quickly absorbed in the human body in
comparison to the traditional drug delivery systems.
Nanotechnology isparticularly useful in caseof drugs
with narrow therapeutic indices.
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12. It has been shown that self-assemblies (~ 15nm) of
phospholipid molecules known as sterically stabilized
micelles are helpful in improving efficacy and reducing
toxicity of such drugs.
Thesideeffect of vasoactiveintestinal peptidedelivered
by this nanotechnology was completely eliminated as it
extravasated specifically in diseased tissues.
Advantages of Nanotechnology
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13. Advantages of Nanotechnology
Nanotech based drug delivery is less toxic as well as
inexpensive.
Nanotechnology is suited for better drugs delivery to
small regions within the human body as such drugs
can easily crossbiological membranes.
Liposomes are effective for drug targeting by
chemotherapeutic agents.
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14. Nanotechnology – Applications
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15. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
Nanoparticles can be used in targeted drug delivery at
the site of disease to improve the uptake of poorly
soluble drugs, the targeting of drugs to a specific site,
and drug bioavailability.
A schematic comparison of untargeted and targeted
drug delivery systems.
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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems

17. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
Several anti-cancer drugs including paclitaxel,
doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and dexamethasone have
been successfully formulated using nanomaterials.
Polylactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) and polylactic acid
(PLA) based nanoparticles have been formulated to
encapsulate dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid with an
intracellular site of action.
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18. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
Dexamethasone is a chemotherapeutic agent that has
anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects.
The drug binds to the cytoplasmic receptors and the
subsequent drug-receptor complex is transported to
the nucleus resulting in the expression of certain
genesthat control cell proliferation.
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19. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
These drug-loaded nanoparticles formulations that
release higher doses of drug for prolonged period of
time completely inhibited proliferation of vascular
smooth musclecells.
Colloidal drug delivery modalities such as liposomes,
micelles or nanoparticles have been intensively
investigated for their usein cancer therapy.
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20. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
The effectiveness of drug delivery systems can be
attributed to their small size, reduced drug toxicity,
controlled timereleaseof thedrug and modification of
drug pharmacokineticsand biological distribution.
Too often, chemotherapy fails to cure cancer because
some tumor cells develop resistance to multiple
anticancer drugs.
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21. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
In most cases, resistance develops when cancer cells
begin expressing a protein, known as p-glycoprotein
that is capable of pumping anticancer drugs out of a
cell as quickly as they cross through the cell's outer
membrane.
New research showsthat nanoparticlesmay beableto
get anticancer drugs into cells without triggering the
p-glycoprotein pump.
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22. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
The researchers studied in vivo efficacy o f paclitaxel
lo aded nanoparticles in paclitaxel-resistant human
colorectal tumors.
Paclitaxel entrapped in emulsifying wax nanoparticles
was shown to overcome drug resistance in a human
colon adenocarcinomacell line(HCT-15).
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23. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
Theinsolubility problemsencountered with paclitaxel
can be overcome by conjugating this drug with
albumin.
Paclitaxel bound to bio-compatible proteins like
albumin (Abraxane) is an injectable nano-suspension
approved for thetreatment of breast cancer.
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24. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
The solvent Cremophor-EL used in previous
formulations of paclitaxel causes acute
hypersensitivity reactions.
To reduce the risk of allergic reactions when
receiving paclitaxel, patients must undergo pre-
medication using steroids and anti-histamines and be
given the drug using slow infusions lasting a few
hours.
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25. Nanotechnology – based drug delivery
Systems
Binding paclitaxel to albumin resulted in delivery of
higher doseof drug in short period of time.
Because it is solvent-free, solvent- related toxicities
arealso eliminated.
In Phase III clinical trial, the response rate of
Abraxane was about twice than that of the solvent-
containing drug Taxol.
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26. Drug Delivery Carriers
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27. Recent Developments in NDDS
Several terminologies have been used to describe
nanoparticulatedrug delivery systems.
In most cases, either polymers or lipids are used as
carriers for the drug, and the delivery systems have
particle size distribution from few nanometers to few
hundred nanometers.
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29. Applications of Nanotechnology
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30. Applications of Nanotechnology
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31. Biomedical Applicationsof
Nanotechnology
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32. Biomedical nanotechnology
Three applications of nanotechnology are
particularly suited to biomedicine: diagnostic
techniques, drugs, and prostheses and implants.
Interest is booming in biomedical applications for
use outside the body, such as diagnostic sensors
and “labon- a-chip” techniques, which are suitable
for analyzing blood and other samples, and for
inclusion in analytical instruments for R&D on
new drugs.
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33. Biomedical nanotechnology
For inside the body, many companies are
developing nanotechnology applications for
anticancer drugs, implanted insulin pumps, and
gene therapy.
Other researchers are working on prostheses and
implants that include nanostructured materials.
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34. Diagnostics
Sensors for medical and environmental
monitoring and for preparing pure chemicals and
pharmaceuticals.
Light and strong materials for defence, aerospace,
automotive, and medical applications.
Lab-on-a-chip diagnostic techniques.
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35. Diagnostics
Sunscreens with ultraviolet-light absorbing
nanoparticles.
The following applications are expected in the next
decade:
• Longer-lasting medical implants.
• The capability to map an individual’s entire genetic code
almost instantaneously.
• The ability to extend life by 50% from present
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36. Nanodrugs
Pharmaceutical companies do not expect
nanostructured materials to become new drug
compounds.
However, carbon buckyballs and nanotubes might be
useful as drug delivery vehicles because their
nanometer size enables them to move easily inside the
body.
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37. Nanodrugs
The active compound might be inserted in a nanotube
or bonded to aparticle’ssurface.
Other types of nanopowders or biomolecules are also
useful and arecloser to themarketplace.
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38. Nanodrugs
In April 2002, American Pharmaceutical Partners
(Los Angeles) presented results from an early human
trial of ABI-007, a new nanoparticle delivery system
for an established anticancer drug.
ABI- 007 is 130 nm long and consists of an
engineered protein-stabilized nanoparticle that
contains paclitaxel, which is used to treat breast,
bladder, and morethan adozen other cancers.
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39. Nanodrugs
Such new delivery systems combine a drug with an
artificial vector that can enter the body and move in it
likeavirus.
 If more advanced clinical tests are successful, ABI-
007 islikely to enter themarket in afew years.
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40. Nanodrugs
Cosmetics based on quantum dots are already sold in
largequantities.
Nanophase Technologies Corp. (Romeoville, IL)
produces nanocrystalline materials such as zinc oxide
for usein sunscreensand other products.
The particles are protective and cause minimal
damageto DNA in sunlight.
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41. Nanodrugs
Quantum dots are manufactured between 3 and 5 nm,
suitablefor binding specific biomolecules.
The quantum dots are luminescent particles, more
stablethan theorganic diesused today.
They arenontoxic.
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42. Prostheses and implants
Nanotechnology also has applications in tissue
engineering.
New biomedical materials for bones, teeth, or other
tissues implant are developed using tailor-made
materials.
Biomimetic nanostructures start with a predefined
nanochemical or physical structure.
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43. Prostheses and implants
A nanochemical structure may be an array of large
reactive molecules attached to a surface, while a
nanophysical structuremay beasmall crystal.
Researchers hope that by using these nanostructures
as seed molecules or crystals, a material will keep
growing by itself.
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44. Prostheses and implants
Other groups want to apply nanostructured materials
in artificial sensory organs such as an electronic eye,
ear, or nerve.
Both featsarefar off.
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45. Equipments for Nanoparticles
1. Homogenizer
2. Ultra Sonicator
3. Mills
4. Spray Milling
5. Supercritical Fluid Technology
6. Electrospray
7. Ultracentrifugation
8. Nanofiltration
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46. Homogenizer & Ultra Sonicator
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47. ANY QUERIES?
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48. 4805 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore
Cell No: 00919742431000
E-mail: bknanjwade@yahoo.co.in