The field of nanotechnology was first Discovered by Professor Richard P. Feynman in 1959 (Nobel laureate in physics, 1965) [2]. Nanotechnology is the science of the small; very small and it is used for the management of substance at a small scale. At this size, molecules and atoms work in a different way, and provide a variety of unpredicted and attractive uses .

1. Project work submitted By
REVIEW ON
"NANOROBOTS"
Miss. SNEHA KAILASH ALKONDA
under guidance of
Mr. SANDIPVISHVANATH PHOKE
Asst. Prof. (M. Pharma in Pharmaceutics’)
SHRI R.D. BHAKT COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,
JALNA

2. Content
 Nonmaterial’s And Nano Drug
Delivery Systems Used In Cancer
Therapy
 Biomarkers Used In CancerTherapy
 General Principles Of Drug
TargetingTo Cancer
•Passive targeting
•Active targeting
 FDA-Approved Beneficial
Nanoparticles For Cancer
 Problems And Future Perspective
 References
 Introduction
 Literature Review

3. INTRODUCTION
The field of nanotechnology was first Discovered by
Professor Richard P. Feynman in 1959 (Nobel laureate in physics,
1965) [2]. Nanotechnology is the science of the small; very small
and it is used for the management of substance at a small scale. At
this size, molecules and atoms work in a different way, and provide a
variety of unpredicted and attractive uses .
The prefix of nanotechnology derives from ‘Nanos’ the
Greek word for dwarf. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or to
put it relatively, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair. It is
becoming more and more significant in fields like agriculture,
manufacture, engineering, microelectronics and health care.

4. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.Touloukian and Ho etal. (1970) have proved experimentally that at room
temperature, the thermal conductivity of Cu is 700 times more than that of water
and 3000 fold more than that of engine oil.
2. Lee et al. (2008) estimated both thermal conductivities and viscosity properties of
Al2O3 -water Nano fluids and observed that both the properties are linearly increasing
with increase in the nanoparticle concentration
3. Lee et al. (2008) measured the effective viscosities and thermal conductivities of low
concentration water-Al2O3 Nano fluids. The viscosity of Nano fluids decreased with
increase in the temperature.

5. WHAT IS CANCER NANOTECHNOLOGY?
 Nanotechnology is a “disruptive technology” which drives a new invention of
cancer preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic products, resulting in strictly
improved cancer outcomes.
 By using biodegradable polymers in nanoparticle drug delivery system, we can
overcome these problems . For example, an insoluble drug can be made water
soluble by introducing solubilizing moieties into the polymer, thereby
improving its capability and biodegradability.
 Cancer-related examples of nanotechnologies include injectable drug delivery
nanovectors such as liposome for the therapy of breast cancer, biologically
targeted, nanosized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for
intraoperative imaging in the context of neurooncological interventions and
novel nanoparticle based methods for high-specificity detection of DNA and
protein .

7. NONMATERIAL’S AND NANO DDS USED IN
CANCER THERAPY
a) Liposomes
b) Nanoparticle
c) Polymeric nanoparticle
d) Dendrimers
e) Nanocantilever
f) Carbon nanotubes
g) Quantum dots
h) Gold nanoparticles
i) Nanowires
j) Fullerenes
k) Nanofibers
l) other

8. 3.0 BIOMARKERS USED IN CANCER THERAPY
Biomarkers include altered or mutant genes, RNAs carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and small metabolite molecules, and their altered terminology that are
linked with a biological behavior or a clinical outcome.
Most cancer biomarkers are discovered by molecular profiling studies
based on a relationship or connection between a molecular signature and cancer
behavior. In the cases of both breast and prostate cancer, a deadly step is the
appearance of so-called lethal phenotypes, such as bone-metastatic, hormone-
independent, and radiation and chemotherapy-resistant phenotypes. It has been
hypothesized that each of these destructive behaviors or phenotypes could be
understood and predicted by a defining set of biomarkers.

9. Type of Cancer Bio-Markers Characteristics
Samp
le
Used
Prostate
PSA (Prostate specific antigen),
total and free
High sensitivity in all stages;
also elevated from some non-
cancer causes
Blood
PSMA (Prostate specific
membrane antigen)
Levels tend to increase with age Blood
Breast
CA 15-3, 27, 29 (Cancer antigen
15-3, 27, 29)
Elevated in benign breast
conditions. Either CA 15-3 or CA
27, 29 could be used as marker
Blood
Estrogen receptors Over expressed in hormone-
dependent cancer
Tissue
Progesterone receptors

10. 4.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DRUG
TARGETING TO CANCER
1. Passive targeting
FIGURE 6: Schematic Diagrams Showing Enhanced Permeability and Retention of
Nanoparticles in Tumors by Passive Targeting
Passive targeting refers to the growth of drug or drug-carrier system at a
particular site due to physicochemical or pharmacological factors. Permeability of
the tumour vasculature increases to the point where particulate carriers such as
nanoparticles can extravasate from blood circulation and localize in the tumor
tissue [35]. This occurs because as tumours grow and begin to do better than the
available supply of oxygen and nutrients, they release cytokines and other signaling
molecules that take on new blood vessels to the tumour, a process known as
angiogenesis .

11. 2. Active targeting
FIGURE 7: Nanoparticle Drug Delivery and Targeting Using Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
by Active Targeting [6]
Active targeting to the tumour can be achieved by molecular recognition of
cancer cells either via ligand–receptor or antibody–antigen interactions. Active
targeting may also lead to receptor mediated cell internalization of drug carrier
system. Nanoparticles and other polymer drug conjugates offer numerous
opportunities for targeting tumours through surface modifications which allow
specific biochemical interactions with the proteins/receptors expressed on target
cells.

12. 5.0 FDA-APPROVED BENEFICIAL
NANOPARTICLES FOR CANCER
The first nanoparticles used to distribute cancer chemotherapy
were the liposomes. Liposomes are usually sized at the nanoscale and
consist of a lipid bilayer surrounding a water core hosting the drug.
The first studies to report the competence of liposomes as
nanoparticles focused on the development of pharmacokinetics and
biodistribution of the anthracycline drug doxorubicin. The nature of
doxorubicin, unluckily also induces cardio toxicity and this can limit
the administered dose [42].

13.  Nanorobots Used In Cancer Treatments
Nano robotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at
or close to the microscopic scale of Nanometer (10-9 meter).
More particularly, Nano robotics refers the still mainly
hypothetical nanotechnology engineering regulation of manipulative
and building nanorobots, devices ranging in size from 0.1-10
micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components.
As of 2010 nobody has yet built artificial non-biological nanorobots
they remain a hypothetical concept the names Nanobots, nanoids,
nanites or nanomites have also been used to describe these hypothetical
devices.

14. 6.0 PROBLEMS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
The nanoscale stage have made significant progress in formulation
preparations and achieved more accurate treatment at a molecular level. There are
previously novel formations for cancer therapy presented commercially, such as
Abraxane, Doxil, and Embosphere.
Although drug delivery systems and nanomaterials are mostly investigated in
preclinical animal models, too few studies are carried out to examine the cellular
uptake of delivery systems in human body, because
(a) The data from pre-clinical animals cannot exactly reflect its effect on human
body because of the complexity of tumour biology and the differences between
animal and human physiology,
(b) The development of new drug delivery systems is based on the advancement of
the carrier materials, but there are only few types of materials approved by Food
and Drug management (FDA).
(c) The safety and the long term effects of nanotechnology are unknown, which
need research strategies to calculate the specific risks when used in human body.

15. 7. REFERENCES
1. Kinjal B. Rathod Nanoparticle Drug Delivery And Targeting Using Receptor-
Mediated Endocytosis By Active Targeting, mandev b. Patel. Glimpses of current
advance of nanotechnology in therapeutics. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 3.
2. James R Baker, Jr., Antonia Quintana. The synthesis and testing of anticancer
therapeutic Nano devices. Biomedical micro devices 2001; 3.
3. Nice warner‐Pena SR, Freeman RG. Submicrometer metallic barcodes. Science
2001; 294: 137–41.
4. Cao YWC, Jin RC, Mirkin CA. Nanoparticles with Raman spectroscopic
fingerprints for DNA and RNA detection. Science 2002; 297: 1536–40.