COVID-19 and Novel Drug Delivery System.ppt

COVID-19
AND
NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Prof. Dr. Basavaraj Nanjwade M. Pharm., PhD
Assistant Vice President & Plant Head
KJD Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., INDIA
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University,
Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND

About COVID-19
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What is COVID-19?
• COVID-19 is the new respiratory disease
spreading around the world and it is caused by
a coronavirus.
• COVID-19 is short for “coronavirus disease
2019.”
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Location of Hubei province in China
(The disease was first identified in Wuhan)
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COVID-19 pandemic (disease)
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
• It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and
has since spread globally, resulting in an ongoing pandemic.
• However, the first case may be traced back to 17 November,
2019.
• As of 30 May 2020, more than 5.91 million cases have been
reported across 188 countries and territories, resulting in more
than 364,000 deaths.
• More than 2.49 million people have recovered.
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Other names
• Coronavirus
• Corona
• COVID
• 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease
• Novel coronavirus pneumonia
• Severe pneumonia with novel pathogens
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SARS-CoV-2 Virus
(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus)
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SARS-CoV-2 Virus
(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus)
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) is the strain of coronavirus that causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness.
• Colloquially known as the coronavirus, it was previously
referred to by its provisional name, 2019 novel
coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
• As described by the National Institutes of Health, it is the
successor to SARS-CoV-1.
• SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus.
• It is contagious in humans, and the World Health Organization
(WHO) has designated the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19
a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
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Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion
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The SARS-CoV-2 Virion and
its Proteins
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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variants
• Omicron Variant B.1.1.529
• IHU Variant B.1.640.2
• Delta Variant B.1.617.2 (India)
• Alpha Variant B.1.1.7 (UK)
• Beta Variant B.1.351 (South Africa)
• Gamma Variant P.1 (Brazil)
• Kappa Variant B.1.617.1 (India)
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Quarantinable Diseases
• COVID19 pandemic
• Cholera
• Diphtheria
• Infectious tuberculosis
• Plague
• Smallpox
• Yellow fever
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers
• Severe acute respiratory syndromes
• Influenza that can cause a pandemic
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Spread
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COVID-19 Testing
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Diagnosis
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CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Diagnostic
Panel/Nasapharyngeal swab

What You Can Do
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Washing Your Hands
• Washing your hands is the best way to help you stay
healthy.
• Wet your hands with clean, running water.
• Turn off the tap and apply soap.
• Lather your hands by rubbing them together.
• Get the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and
under your nails.
• Scrub your hands for 20 seconds.
• Rinse your hands under clean, running water.
• Air dry or use a clean towel.
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Physical Distancing
• The virus spreads from person to person.
• Physical distancing means putting space between
yourself and people outside your home to prevent the
transmission of the disease.
• Avoid physical contact with other people.
• Stay at least 6 feet away from people when outside
your house.
• This includes friends or loved ones.
• Same goes for other people’s pets.
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Prevention
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Quarantining
• If you think you might have been exposed to
COVID-19, quarantine yourself.
• The purpose of this practice is to separate yourself
from others and restrict your movement while waiting
to see if you become sick.
• Stay home for 14 days after your suspected exposure.
• Monitor your symptoms.
• Contact your doctor immediately if symptoms
develop.
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Management
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Isolating
• If you are sick with COVID-19 or have symptoms,
isolate yourself.
• The purpose of isolation is to prevent spreading the
infection to others by keeping sick people separated
from healthy people.
• If they get significantly worse, contact your doctor
immediately.
• Ideally, designate a room and bathroom for your use
only.
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Covid-19 and Immunity
• Covid-19 is highly transmissible, causes
relatively high mortality, particularly in aging
popula- tions, and has emerged globally in our
highly interconnected world.
• Short-term efforts to quickly develop
lifesaving vaccines and therapeutics are of the
utmost importance.
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Cleaning and Disinfecting Surfaces
• Commonly used surfaces should be regularly cleaned
and disinfected.
• First, clean dirty surfaces with soap and water.
• Cleaning will remove dirt and lower the number of
germs—but it will not kill germs.
• Next, disinfect surfaces to kill germs
• Disinfecting after cleaning can further lower the risk
of spreading an infection.
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Wearing a Cloth Face Covering
• Using a cloth mask can protect yourself and others
from germs and help slow the spread.
• Buy a cloth face mask.
• Wear your mask over your mouth and nose.
• Make sure it fits snugly but comfortably against the
side of your face.
• Wear your mask in public, especially in places where
it’s hard to practice physical distancing, like grocery
stores or pharmacies.
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Supporting Yourself
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Care For Your Body
• Eat well-balanced meals.
• Eat lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and
protein.
• Try to limit the amount of sugar and salt.
• Stay hydrated.
• Drink water with every meal, in between each meal,
and when you work out.
• Exercise for at least 30 minutes a day.
• Walking counts.
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Shop Wisely
• Limit your trips to the grocery store or pharmacy as
much as possible.
• When you go, try to only buy what you need to be
sure there’s enough for everyone else.
• People who are at higher risk of severe illness, such
as those aged 65 or older or individuals with an
underlying medical condition, should try to get food
and medications delivered.
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What To Do If You Get COVID-19
• Stay home and monitor your symptoms.
• If you get worse, contact your doctor immediately.
• Leave your house only to receive medical care.
• Do your best to stay away from your other household
members, including pets.
• If possible, designate a room for your use only.
• Ideally use your own bathroom, too.
• Wash your hands frequently.
• If you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth and nose.
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Drug Evaluation during the
Covid-19 Pandemic
• The global pandemic has put pressure on clinicians
and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to act
swiftly to make medications available to patients.
• When very limited observational and anecdotal
evidence raised the possibility that the antimalarial
drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may have
activity against SARS-CoV-2
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Hydroxychloroquine with Covid-19
• In this observational study involving patients with
Covid-19 who had been admitted to the hospital,
hydroxychloroquine administration was not
associated with either a greatly lowered or an
increased risk of the composite end point of
intubation or death.
• Randomized, controlled trials of hydroxychloroquine
in patients with Covid-19 are needed.
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Remdesivir for Covid-19
• Remdesivir was superior to placebo in
shortening the time to recovery in adults
hospitalized with Covid-19 and evidence of
lower respiratory tract infection.
• Measurement of efficacy will require ongoing
randomized, placebocontrolled trials of
remdesivir therapy. (Funded by Gilead
Sciences.)
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Lopinavir–Ritonavir with Covid-19
• In hospitalized adult patients with severe Covid-19,
no benefit was observed with lopinavir–ritonavir
treatment beyond standard care.
• Future trials in patients with severe illness may help
to confirm or exclude the possibility of a treatment
benefit.
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Vaccines
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that
provides active acquired immunity to a
particular disease.
• A vaccine typically contains an agent that
resembles a disease-causing microorganism
and is often made from weakened or killed
forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its
surface proteins.
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Vaccines

Types of Vaccines
• Live-attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines
• Subunit, recombinant, conjugate, and
polysaccharide vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines
• mRNA vaccines
• Viral vector vaccines
• DNA and recombinant vector vaccines
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Vaccines Development
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Drug Discovery
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Computational High-Throughput
Ensemble Docking in Drug Discovery
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Drug Development
• Drug development is the process of bringing a
new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead
compound has been identified through the process of drug
discovery.
• It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and
animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via Food and
Drug Administration for an investigational new drug to
initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step
of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug
application to market the drug.
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By Mode of NDDS
• Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
• Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
• Modulated Drug Delivery Systems
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On the basis of carrier type, the novel drug
delivery system (NDDS) market is segmented into
• Nanoparticles
• Liposomes
• Microspheres
• Monoclonal antibodies
• others
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Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
• Targeted drug delivery, sometimes called
smart drug delivery, is a method of delivering
medication to a patient in a manner that
increases the concentration of the medication
in some parts of the body relative to others.
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Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
• It consists of a combination of an effective
active pharmaceutical ingredient and a
tailored controlled release (CR) rate.
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Modulated Drug Delivery Systems
• In modulated drug delivery systems drug release
controlled by physical, chemical or biochemical
process or facilitated by the energy supplied
externally.
• In this system drug delivery achieved by based
different physic chemical properties like
magnetically, osmotically, enzymatic and
activation of vapour pressure, nanoparticles etc.
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Pulmonary Drug Delivery
• Pulmonary drug delivery is
the inhalation of drug formulation through
mouth and the further deposition of inhaled
pharmacological agent in lower airways is the
main purpose of this drug delivery route.
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Pulmonary Drug Delivery

Injectable/Parenteral Drug
Delivery Systems
• Parenteral drug delivery systems are the
preparations that are given other than oral
route. (Para-outside, enteric– intestine).
• The Parenteral administration route is the
most common and efficient for delivery of
active drug substances with poor bio-
availability and the drugs with a narrow
therapeutic index.
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Injectable Drug Delivery Systems
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Infusion Drug Delivery
• Pre-Filled Infusion Therapy: with this latest
technology, a unit dose can be metered to the
location from a pre-filled container.
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Ocular Drug Delivery
• Delivery of drugs to the targeted ocular tissues
is restricted by various precorneal, dynamic
and static ocular barriers.
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Nasal Drug Delivery
• Nasal administration is a route of administration in
which drugs are in sufflated through the nose.
• It can be a form of either topical administration or
systemic administration, as the drugs thus locally
delivered can go on to have either purely local or
systemic effects.
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla
University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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Nasal Drug Delivery

Biosimilars
• A biosimilar is a biologic medical product
(also known as biologic) highly similar to
another already approved biological medicine
(the 'reference medicine').
• Biosimilars are approved according to the
same standards of pharmaceutical quality,
safety and efficacy that apply to all biological
medicines.
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Biosimilars

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Biosimilars

Nanoparticles
• Nanoparticle are particles between 1 and 100
nanometres in size with a surrounding
interfacial layer.
• The interfacial layer is an integral part of
nanoscale matter, fundamentally affecting all
of its properties.
• The interfacial layer typically consists of ions,
inorganic and organic molecules.
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Nanoparticles

Liposomes
• A liposome is a spherical vesicle having at
least one lipid bilayer.
• The liposome can be used as a vehicle for
administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical
drugs.
• Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting
biological membranes (such as by sonication).
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Liposomes

Microspheres
• Microspheres are small spherical particles,
with diameters in the micrometer range
(typically 1 μm to 1000 μm (1 mm)).
• Microspheres are sometimes referred to as
spherical microparticles.
• In general microspheres are solid or hollow
and do not have a fluid inside, as opposed to
microcapsules.
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Microspheres

Monoclonal antibodies
• Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb)
are antibodies that are made by identical
immune cells that are all clones of a unique
parent cell.
• Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent
affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope
(the part of an antigen that is recognized by
the antibody).
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Monoclonal antibodies

Pre-Formulation & Formulation Aspects
• Pre-Formulation & Formulation Aspects.
• Pharmaceutics is the study of relationships
between preformulation, pharmaceutical
formulation, delivery, disposition and clinical
response.
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Medical Devices for Drug Delivery
• Drug delivery devices are specialized tools
for the delivery of a drug or therapeutic agent
via a specific route of administration.
• Such devices are used as part of one or
more medical treatments.
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Medical Devices for Drug Delivery

2D & 3D Printing in Drug Delivery
• This allows controlling the properties of the
printed substances.
• It opens up new avenues for tailoring
physicochemical properties of organic
substances.
• With the FDA approval of the first 3D printed
tablet, Spritam®, there is now precedence set
for the utilization of 3D printing for the
preparation of drug delivery systems.
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• Fused deposition
• Modeling
• Inkjet powder bed printing
• Particle printing
• Personalized dosage forms
• Oro dispersible dosage forms
• Selective laser sintering
• Stereo lithography
• Computer-aided tissue engineering
• 3D plotting bio printing
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Injections
• Biodegradable Polymer Based
• Depot Injections
• Micropheres
• Implants
• Suspensions
• Emulsions
• Liposomes
• Nanoparticles
• Colloids etc.
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Ophthalmic/Otics
• Nanosuspension
• Emulsions
• Gels etc
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Proteins/Peptides
• Antibiotics
• Steroids
• Hormones based formulations
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla
University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
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Sterile Dosage Forms
• Liquid Injections in Vial
• Pre Filled Syringes (PFS)
• Cartridges
• Infusion Bags
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Key Players
• Bharat Biotech
• Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.
• Abbott Laboratories
• AstraZeneca PLC
• Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals
• GlaxoSmithKline PLC
• Johnson & Johnson
• Merck & Co.
• Novartis AG
• Pfizer Inc.
• Roche
• Sanofi S.A.
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Drug Delivery Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, THAILAND
82
THANK YOU
e-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com; Mob#: 0091-9742999277

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