1. Avinash Rajput
Criminology 2nd Semester
Lok Nayak Jayprakesh Narayana National Institute of Criminology
and Forensic Science
Ministry of Home Affairs

2. Introduction
 Human trafficking is a group of crimes involving the
exploitation of men, women and children for financial
gains which is violation of fundamental human rights
 Human trafficking is the 3rd largest international crime
 Over one million people trafficked annually
 Millions of men, women and children are victims of
human trafficking
 Human trafficking is a part of the larger problem of
slavery

3. Cont…
 human trafficking is when people are transported, by
force or deception, to become enslaved
 Traffickers use blackmail, abuse, and threats to force
victims to comply with their wishes in the destination
country
 Usually
caused by poverty/lack of economic
opportunities, especially for women and children, and a
demand for certain services in the destination country

4. Definition
 Illegal transportation of people for forced labour, sex
exploitation, forced marriages…
 Human trafficking is the recruitment, and transportation of
people for the purpose of exploitation
 Trafficking of human beings is their trade or commercial
dealing
 Human trafficking is a process of people being recruited
in their community and country of origin and transported
to the destination where they are being exploited for
purposes of forced labor, prostitution, domestic
servitude, and other forms of exploitation

5. CAUSES OF TRAFFICKING
 Unemployment
 Poverty
 Absence of a social safety
 Political instability
 Status of violence against women & children
 The low risk, high-profit

6. What is the Demand of Human
Trafficking
 Demand for prostitution
 Demand for cheap labor
 Potential profits are very high

7. WHO ARE TRAFFICKED?
 Women and children are the key target
 People of low income
 People with low level of education
 Young girls running away from home
 People who lack awareness of their legal rights
 Women and children of varying ages

8. TRAFFICKED FOR WHAT?
 A large percentage for
 Forced labour e.g. in
prostitution
 The entertainment
industry
 Sweatshops
 Illegal adoption of children
 Organ transplants
 Forced marriages
 Mail-order brides
 Domestic work
construction
 Drug trafficking
 Begging
 Other exploitative forms of
work

9. Involvement of Persons
 Throughout the entire human trafficking process there




are 4 people involved:
The recruiter
The trafficker
The victim
The human trafficking industry

10. The Victims
 The majority of trafficking victims are between 18 and 24
years of age
 An estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked each year
 95% of victims experienced physical or sexual violence
during trafficking (based on data from selected European
countries)

11. Cont…
 43% of victims are used for forced commercial sexual
exploitation, of whom 98 per cent are women and girls
 32%
of victims are used for forced economic
exploitation, of whom 56 per cent are women and girls
 Many trafficking victims have at least middle-level
education

12. How Are Victims Trafficked?
 Force, fraud and coercion are methods used by
traffickers to press victims into lives of servitude, & abuse
 Force: Rape, beatings, confinement
 Fraud: Includes false and deceptive offers of
employment, marriage, better life
 Coercion: Threats of serious harm to, or physical
restraint of, any person; any scheme, plan or pattern
intended to cause victims to believe that failure to
perform an act would result in restraint against them; or
the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process

13. Traffickers Use Multiple Means
to Control Their Victims
 Beatings, burnings, rapes, and starvation
 Isolation
 Psychological abuses
 Drug or alcohol dependency
 Document withholding
 Debt bondage
 Threats of deportation
 Threats against the victim’s family or friends in his/her
home country

14. ABUSES
 Trafficked women and children may experience the most





horrifying abuses:
Rape
Physical abuse, including beatings with weapons
Threats and violence against them and their family
Verbal abuse
Imprisonment

15. Cont…
 Little or no access to health care
 Minimum food and of poor quality
 Dirty and cramped living conditions
 Forced abortions
 Forced use of drugs and alcohol
Trafficked women
environment of fear
and
children
are
kept
in
an

16. Who Provides Victim
Services?
 NGO – Non Governmental Organizations
 Faith-Based Organizations
 Social Service Providers
 Catholic Charities
 Lutheran Family Services
 Salvation Army
 Covenant House
 Domestic Violence Shelters

17. General Facts on Trafficking
 Victims are typically exploited by someone from their own
country.
 Victims rarely self-identify when they are approached or
rescued.
 Physical security is the greatest perceived need of most
victims.
 Traffickers often allow victims to attend church, using this
to control the victim.

18. Philosophy of a Trafficker
 False promises & dreams
 Cut off from friends/family- take your ID
 Beat & rape into submission
 Sell to strangers
 Control every aspect of miserable life
 You will work 18+ hours a day & give every dime to me
 If you keep $ from me, I will teach you a lesson
 If you call the police, I will kill you

19. Recruitment tactics used by
traffickers
 False promises of…
 A good job
 A better life
 Love
 Marriage
 An opportunity to provide for their family
 Educational opportunities

20. How Does it Sometimes
Happen?
 Poor families sell children
 Children work to buy freedom
 Poor, desperate women/men Promised jobs
 Russian women Bought/sold for around $700
 Bonded into a debt they have NO chance of repaying
Traffickers seek mainly younger girls

21. Living and working
conditions
 Physically demanding work
 Under constant watch or supervision
 Threats of physical harm or deportation
 Isolation from the public and other victims
 High risk for work-related injuries
 High risk for sexually-transmitted diseases
 Physical and psychological abuse and/or trauma
 Long hours and little or no compensation
 Little or no medical attention
 Malnourishment

22. Impact of Human Trafficking
on the Society
 Fuels organized crime
 Deprives countries of human capital
 Promotes social breakdown
 Undermines public heal
 Subverts government authority
 Imposes enormous economic cost

23. Impact of Human Trafficking
on Victims
 Loss of support from family and community
 Loss of proper education
 Obstacles in physical development
 Psychological Traumas

24. Some reasons why human
trafficking is not noticed
 Victims do not identify themselves due to fear and shame
 Traffickers keep their victims secluded from the outside
world
 Traffickers force their victims to be happy and tell them
what to say
 Many people do not know about it and do not report it

25. Identifying Victims of
Trafficking
Key Questions for Victims of Trafficking:
 How did you get here?
 Where do you live, eat and sleep?
 Do you owe someone money?
 Is someone keeping your legal/travel documents?
 Were you threatened if you tried to leave?
 Has your family been threatened?
 Were you ever physically abused?
 Were you ever forced to stay in one place?
 Who are you afraid of?

26. Victims of Trafficking and
Their Needs
 Immediate assistance
 Mental health assistance
 Income assistance
 Legal status

27. Why victims remain silent

28. Methods of Control

29. Local Human Trafficking
Response Teams

30. What can you do to help
prevent human trafficking?
 Call your local police department
 Report suspected trafficking crimes
 Get help by calling the national 24/7 toll-free Human
Trafficking Resource Center at 1-888-373-7888
 For sexually exploited minors call the National Center for
Missing and Exploited Children’s (NCMEC) hotline at 1800-THE-LOST
 Contact the Department of Justice’s Human Trafficking
Office at 1-888-428-7581

31. Some Reasons on Child
Trafficking in India
 Economic deprivation (e.g., poverty)
 Lack of employment opportunities
 Low social status (more common for girls)
 Low levels of education and general awareness
 Socio-cultural norms
 Political uprisings (child soldiers)
 Traditional religious and cultural practices

32. Child Trafficking Indicators
 Evidence of sexual, physical, mental or emotional abuse
 Engagement in work unsuitable for children
 Identification by employer or someone else
 No access to family members or friends
 Not in school or significant gaps in schooling
 Work long hours

33. Cont…
 Living in workplace or with employer
 Have tattoos or other marks indicating ownership by their
exploiter –―branding‖
 Owing large sum of money
 Appear unusually fearful for family members

34. General Challenges to
Identification
 Hidden nature of the crime
 Lack of understanding and awareness about human
trafficking
 Perception that victims are criminals
 Trafficking victims rarely self-identify
 If arrested, trafficking victims may not disclose their
situation out of fear/trauma
 Some are mistakenly identified as adults

35. Who are the Victims?
 Homeless and/or runaway youth
 As many as 2.8 million children live on the streets
 Youth with history of abuse
 Youth with low self esteem, depression
 Youth with one parent in jail
 Age is the greatest vulnerability factor

36. Indicators
 Observations:
 Characteristics:
 Branding
 Memory difficulty
 Wounds, bruises
 Lying
 Drug addiction
 Depression
 Hostility
 Anxiety
 Language of ―the life‖
 Hostility
 Unfamiliarity with surroundings
 Suicidal ideation
 Unable to provide name of school
 Affect dysregulation*
 False or no identification
 Somatization*
 Prepaid credit card or cell phone
 Disassociation*
 Scripted/inconsistent story
 Aggression*
 No eye contact
 Character pathology*

37. Return, Recovery, and
Reintegration Fundamentals

38. Step 1: Victim identification
 Objective: To identify migrants who have been exploited
as victims of trafficking so that appropriate response
measures can be taken—both legal and social
 Example: Removal of victims of trafficking from
confinement or detention to specialized safe houses or
shelters.
A VICTIM CENTERED APPROACH

39. Step 2: Shelter and recovery
 Objective:
To provide safe accommodation and
comprehensive medical and social support for individuals
identified as victims of trafficking
 Shelters should provide:
 Food
 Accommodation
 Basic medical care,
 Access to comprehensive medical and psychosocial
care or other social services
 If appropriate, access to STD/STI
testing and
treatment (not forced testing)

40. Cont…
 Referral system for physical or psychological care
beyond the shelter’s capabilities
 Appropriate security measures (during stay and
transfer)
 Information about the case and the victim gathered in a
confidential and non-threatening manner

41. Step 3: Return
 Objective: To ensure safe and secure voluntary travel of
the trafficking victim from the shelter or safe-house to
appropriate place of residence
 Facilitated voluntary return – not forced deportation
 Documentation / establishing identity
 Security arrangements and escorts
 Transport arrangements
 Transit and reception arrangements
 Travel documentation / visa arrangements
 Safe and dignified

42. Step 4: Reintegration
 Objective: To facilitate the successful social integration
of the victim into her/his family (where appropriate) and
society
 Examples:
 Family tracing and assessment
 Psychosocial assistance
 Social welfare assistance
 Vocational training
 Peer-to-peer support
 Non-formal education
 Legal assistance

43. Cont…
Reintegration ≠ Return
 Preventing re-trafficking
 Reintegration begins prior to return
 Developing links with service providers in the home
country / community

44. Successful Return, Recovery
and Reintegration is based on:
 Complete Case Reports
 Plans that are based on individuals themselves—self
determination
 Protection of Victims at destination areas
 Family Tracing
 Family Assessment
 Decision making on return – to family or alternative
options

45. Cont…
 Processing Travel Documents
 Turn-over and reception process
 Reintegration support
 Monitoring and follow-up on reintegration
 A human rights centered approach

46. Challenges with
Reintegration
 Initial factors still present  re-victimization
 Few opportunities for self-sustainable living
 Few options for support after reintegration
 Very few agencies provide interventions to both the
children and families
 No activities to increase income-generating capacity of
families
 Systematic challenges with reintegration interventions:

47. Cont…
 Lack of follow up support after reintegration
 No market is available for the skills after training
 Profit made too small to live on due to lack of market
networks
 Lack of easy access to health services although health
issue is critical