Lecture notes for EAT 443 UniMAP.

1. EAT 443
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Degree In Environmental Engineering
Prepared By:
Ir. Muhammad Arkam Bin Che Munaaim, PEng, IntPE
MSc. B Tech (Energy) (USM), B. Elec. Eng. (Hons) (UTM), Dip. Elec. Eng (Power) (UTM).
MIEM, MIET, MIEEE, ASEAN Eng, APEC Eng, EMF IntPE, Chartered Eng (ASEAN), SPAN QP.
School of Environmental Engineering
University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Tel: 04 979 8988
Email: arkam@unimap.edu.my arkam@engineer.com

2. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Al Quran, Al Baqarah, 2:
“And when Abraham and
Ishmael were raising the
foundations of the
House, (Abraham prayed):
Our Lord! Accept from us (this
duty).
Lo! Thou, only Thou, art the
Hearer, the Knower. (127)”

3. EAT 151 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING ENGINEERING UniMAP
BUILDING ENGINEERING

8. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Building?
Building is an assembly of construction materials that are
fastened to one another, as well as the ground itself, in such a
way as to provide shelter for living
things, machinery, possessions or other elements. (The
Structural Engineering’s Professional Training Manual)
Building is a fixed structure for human occupancy and use.
(Dictionary of Engineering, McGraw Hill)

9. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Engineering?
Engineering is the branch of science and technology
concerned with the design, building and use of
engines, machines and structures (Oxford Compact English )
Engineering is creative design and analysis that uses
energy, materials, motion, and information to serve human
needs in innovative ways (An Introduction to Engineering and
Design – 2nd Edition – Philip Kosky , George Wise, Robert
Balmer, William Keat)

10. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Engineering? (Cont…)
Engineering is defined as the profession in which a knowledge
of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by
study, experience and practice is applied with judgement to
develop ways to utilize economically the materials and forces
of nature for the benefit of mankind by the Accreditation
Board for Engineering Technology (ABET).
Engineering encompasses science and art, mathematics and
creativity, models and approximations. (John Hopkins
University)

11. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Building Engineering?
Building services engineering, technical building
services, architectural engineering, or building
engineering is the engineering of the internal
environment and environmental impact of a building.
It essentially brings buildings and structures to life.

12. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Building Engineering?
Building engineers are responsible for the
design, installation, operation and maintaining of the
mechanical, electrical and public health systems
required for the safe, comfortable and
environmentally friendly operation of modern
buildings.

13. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Modern buildings are built to create
better, consistent, and productive
environments in which to work and
to live.

14. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
BUILT ENVIRONMENT?

16. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
• The term built environment refers to the human-
made surroundings that provide the setting for
human activity, ranging in scale from personal
shelter and buildings to neighbourhoods and
cities that can often include their supporting
infrastructure, such as water supply or energy
networks. The built environment is a
material, spatial and cultural product of human
labour that combines physical elements and
energy in forms for living, working and playing.

17. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
• In practice, the term is typically used to
describe the interdisciplinary field which
addresses the design, construction,
management and use of these man-made
surroundings as an interrelated whole as well
as their relationship to human activities over
time (rather than a particular element in
isolation or at a single moment in time).

18. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP

19. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP

20. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP

21. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Buildings must be designed with
features to provide:
Better lighting
Comfortable space temperature,
Comfortable humidity and air quality
Convenient power and communication capability
High quality sanitation; and
Reliable systems for the protection of life and property.

22. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What does a modern building need to do?
Control rain and ground water
Control heat flow, airflow and water vapor flow
Control light and solar radiation
Control noise and vibration
Control contaminants, environmental hazards, odors, etc.
Control fire
Provide strength and rigidity
Be durable
Be aesthetically pleasing
Be economical

23. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Happens When Building Failed?:
We waste energy
We waste materials
People are uncomfortable
Condition are unsafe
Conditions are unhealthy
Components or systems fails

24. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Strategies To Keep Indoor Condition Cool
Dehumidification
Cooling
Natural Ventilation
Shading
Strategies to reduce thermal stress caused by hot & humid climate.
In ASEAN, building consumes 1/3 of all electricity produced.
Alarming because Malaysia is among fastest developing countries in
the world.
(A Zain Ahmed, 2008)

25. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Malaysia’s Typical Climate:
Small variation in monthly temperatures (less than 8°C)
Hottest month (36°C), Coolest (25.9°C)
Relative Humidity (55-70%)
Wind speed are quite low mean value 1.2m/s
Rainfall exceeds 200mm/month for 8 month of the year
(A Zain Ahmed, 2008)

26. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
1-Encourage design of new and existing
building: Constructed, operated and
maintained in a manner that reduces the
use of energy.
2-Provide minimum criteria and standard
for energy efficiency
3-Provide guidance for EE that
demonstrate good professional judgment
and minimum exceed minimum criteria
4-Encourage the application of RE in new
and existing building and minimize non-
renewable energy sources.

27. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Objective Statement:
“To encourage the application of
renewable energy in new and existing
buildings to minimize non renewable
energy sources, pollution and energy
consumption whist maintaining
comfort, health and safety of the
occupants”

28. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Sustainable Design Approach:
A combined architectural, engineering, site planning and
landscaping (multidisciplinary) approach to design and energy
conscious building should optimize the energy efficiency of a
building especially in employing combined passive and active
devices.

29. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-MALAYSIA
What Can We Do?
MS 1525:2007: 4.2 Passive design strategy
The design and construction of a building which takes optimal
advantage of its environment need not impose any significant extra
cost as compared to a more highly serviced building. All buildings
have a primary function to provide an internal environment suitable
for the purpose of the building. The architectural consideration in
designing a building is influenced by its responsiveness to the
immediate environment. The important factors that should be
considered include the following:

30. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?
Passive Design Factors Affecting Energy Use In Buildings
The building layout, planning, design, shape, fabric and construction
cover a wide number of variables that affect building energy
requirements.
1) Size and Shape
2) Building Orientation
3) Planning & Layout
4) Thermo Physical Properties
5) Window System
6) Construction Details

31. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?
MS 1525:2007: 4.2 Passive design strategy:
a) Building orientation;
b) Building configuration (geometry and layout);
c) Effective room depth;
d) Floor to ceiling height;
e) Location of cores;
f) Building façade;
g) Internal layout;
h) Fenestrations;
i) Building materials;
j) Roof design and colour; and
k) Landscaping and shading.

49. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?
DAYLIGHTING

51. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?
How to daylight:
Daylighting is a systems approach.
The Considerations:
Orientation and footprint , Climate, region and general availability of natural light
, How Buildings Use Energy, Urban vs. suburban , Floor to floor/floor to ceiling
heights , Window to wall ratios , Placement of glazing , Toplighting, sidelighting or
both , Glazing performance (visible light transmittance, etc.) , Exterior shading and
solar control , Interior shading and solar control , Integration with electric lighting
systems (lighting power densities, controls and electric lighting design) , Reduced
cooling loads (note: discuss cool daylighting) , Interior design
(color, reflectance, furniture selection) , Floor plan (how far will daylight
penetrate?)

52. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?
The Basics: Toplighting and Sidelighting
Toplighting brings daylight into the building from above through
clerestories, skylights, tubular skylights, sawtooth designs, etc.
Daylight that enters the building above 10 feet, even if it's through a
vertical opening, is referred to as toplighting.
Sidelighting brings daylight into the building from the side through
windows, curtainwalls, etc.

53. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?

54. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?
How to daylight:
General Daylighting Principles:
1) Avoid direct sunlight on critical task and excessive brightness.
2) Bring the daylight at high location
3) Filter the daylight
4) Bounce daylight off of surrounding surfaces
5) Integrated daylight with other building systems and strategies

55. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?
How to daylight:
Light Distribution Strategies:
1) Use sloped or curved ceiling planes
2) Optimize overhangs based on window height and latitude
3) Incorporate light shelves with windows where appropriate
4) Employ baffles, louvers and reflectors as appropriate.
5) Integrate daylighting with luminious ceiling systems

56. EAT 446 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Degree In Environmental Engineering UniMAP
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-MALAYSIA
What Can We Do?
Daylight: Do and Don’t:
Don't do daylighting without controls to manage the electric
lighting levels.
Do understand basic lighting design elements before starts.
Do understand that daylighting is a systems approach.
Don't underestimate yourself or your team.
Do get some basic software and training to help give you basic
daylighting design rules and strategies.
Don't believe there is only one way to daylight a building.

57. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?
Air Conditioning: Efficiency Strategies
A Survey Of Energy Efficient Strategies For
Effective Air Conditioning (2003)

58. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Strategies To Keep Indoor Condition Cool
Dehumidification
Cooling
Natural Ventilation
Shading
Strategies to reduce thermal stress caused by hot & humid climate.
In ASEAN, building consumes 1/3 of all electricity produced.
Alarming because Malaysia is among fastest developing countries in
the world.
(A Zain Ahmed, 2008)

59. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
What Can We Do?
Air Conditioning: Efficiency Strategies
Conserve air conditioning energy is to properly maintain the
buildings such that the cooled air is not vented into the atmosphere.
Develop, frequently update and enforce daily, weekly and monthly
occupation schedules for each air conditioned space so that cooling
is provided only when it is required
Awareness campaign: People need to be educated about and made
conscious of saving A/C related to energy.
(Omar M Al-Rabghi, 2003)

60. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Air Conditioning: Efficiency Strategies
Maintain The Air Conditioning As Recommended:
1. Follow manufacturer recommendations for maintenance, part
replacement and operation.
2. Periodically visually inspect the system for leakage, noise, vibration
and follow up normal operation and take corrective measures.

61. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Air Conditioning: Efficiency Strategies
3. Monitor the outputs from available measuring devices, compare
them with manufacturers’ recommendations and take necessary
corrective action.
5. Periodically replace filters, both fresh air filters and fan coil filters.
6. Draw up occupancy schedules and update these frequently. Run
the A/C equipment in accordance with occupancy schedules in order
to satisfy the occupants while at the same time saving energy.

62. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Air Conditioning: Efficiency Strategies
Use The Correct Air Conditioning
Type For Correct Purposes...!
Then use it Correctly…!

63. WINDOW TYPE
AIR CONDITIONING

65. SPLIT UNIT AIR
CONDITIONING

67. DUCTED TYPE
AIR CONDITIONING

70. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
We Can Save Energy and Money in Existing
Buildings
Retrofit to save energy
Insulate and plug leaks
Use energy efficient window
Stop other heating or cooling loses
Heat house more efficiently
Heat water more efficiently
Use energy efficient appliances for lighting, etc.

71. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Superintending
Officer/Behalf
Project Architect
Civil & Structure Quantity Surveyor Mechanical & Electrical
Engineer Engineer
Main Contractor
Subcontractors/Suppliers

72. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP

73. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
01: Site Possession 06: M&E Services
02: Earthworks 07: Finishing Works
03: Sub Structures 08: Testing & Commissioning
04: Superstructures 09: Handover
05: Roof, Wall, Floors 10: Defect & Warranty

76. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
EARTHWORKS
Construction Phase

77. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
SUBSTRUCTURES
WORKS
Construction Phase

78. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
SUPERSTRUCTURES
WORKS
Construction Phase

79. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
ROOFING WORKS
Construction Phase

80. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
WALL WORKS
Construction Phase

81. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
BUILDING SERVICES
Construction Phase

82. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
BUILDING SERVICES
Construction Phase

83. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
BUILDING SERVICES
Construction Phase

84. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
BUILDING SERVICES
Construction Phase

85. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
BUILDING SERVICES
Construction Phase

86. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
BUILDING SERVICES
Construction Phase

87. EAT 151 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING ENGINEERING UniMAP
BUILDING ENGINEERING
Construction Phase
FINISHING WORKS
Construction Phase

88. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
FINISHING WORKS
Construction Phase

89. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
FINISHING WORKS
Construction Phase

90. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
FINISHING WORKS
Construction Phase

91. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
FINISHING WORKS
Construction Phase

92. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
TESTING &
COMMISSIONING
Construction Phase

93. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
TESTING &
COMMISSIONING
Construction Phase

94. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
THIS IS ACTUAL TESTING &
COMMISSIONING
DISCHARGE! Construction Phase

95. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
TESTING &
COMMISSIONING
Construction Phase

96. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
PROJECT HANDOVER
Construction Phase

98. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP

99. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP

101. EAT 443 BUILT ENVIRONMENT UniMAP
Knowledge and education is important in preserving our
environment. Young generation should be educated with this
understanding in order to have environmental-awareness
community.
Awareness and encouragement from government and authorities
is utmost and the only way to materialized this mission towards
sustainable earth.
Thank you.