This document discusses electronics and its components. It begins with an introduction to electronics, stating that it involves electric circuits with both active components like transistors and passive components. It then discusses several key electronic components in detail: resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transformers. Resistors reduce current and lower voltage, and their total resistance depends on whether they are connected in series or parallel. Capacitors store energy electrostatically between conductor plates separated by a dielectric. Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction. Transformers transfer energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction.

1. Good Morning

2. Time is not measured by the passing of
years but by what one does, what one feels,
and what one achieves.
- Jawaharlal Nehru

3. Electronics
Electronics is a branch of Science which deals with electric
circuits that involve active electrical components such as
resistors, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and
associated passive electrical components and interconnection
technologies. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry
consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors
supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is
described as an electronic circuit.

4. • A resistor is a passive two-terminal
electrical
component that
implements electrical
resistance as a circuit
element.
• Simple definition:-
Resistors act to reduce
current flow, and, at the
same time, act to lower
voltage levels within circuits.
A typical axial-lead resistor
Type: Passive
Working Principle: Electric resistance
Electronic symbol
Two common schematic symbols

5. Type Of Resistors:-
Carbon Composition Resistor – Made of carbon dust or
graphite paste, low wattage values.
Film or Cermets Resistor – Made from conductive metal
oxide paste, very low wattage values.
Semiconductor Resistor – High frequency/precision surface
mount thin film technology.
Wire-wound Resistor – Metallic bodies for heat sink
mounting, very high wattage ratings.

6. • The total resistance of resistors connected in series is
the sum of their individual resistance values.
• The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
resistors.

7. • The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified
by Ohm's law:
• Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to
the current (I), where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).
For example, if a 300 ohm resistor is attached across the terminals of a 12
volt battery, then a current of 12 / 300 = 0.04 amperes flows through that
resistor.
• Practical resistors also have some inductance and capacitance which will
also affect the relation between voltage and current in alternating
current circuits.
• The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named
after Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since
resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values,
the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilohm (1 kΩ = 103 Ω), and
megohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.

9.  A capacitor (originally known as
a condenser) is a passive two-terminal
electrical component used to
store energy electrostatic ally in
an electric field.
The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least
two electrical conductors (plates)
separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator).

10. •A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is
a crystalline piece of semi conductor material with a p–n
junction connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum
tube diode has tawo electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated
cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor
electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities
was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874.

11. • A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
•A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging
on the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary
induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary
winding. Making use of Faraday's Law in conjunction with high magnetic
permeability core properties, transformers can thus be designed to
efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within
power networks.

12. Any Questions?
MADE BY:-
Tejasvi Taneja
Vaibhav Saini
Anubhav Jain