Presentation on the Fifth Estate in Paris February 2012 for t

1. William H. Dutton Professor of Internet Studies Oxford Internet Institute (OII) University of Oxford The Rise of the Fifth Estate in Networked Societies Presentation for the ‘Colloque villes et territoires numériques’, Paris, 6-7 February 2012.

4. “ [Edmund] Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters’ Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more prominent far than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or witty saying; it is a literal fact – very momentous to us in these times.” Thomas Carlyle (1831), Heroes and Hero-Worship , at www.gutenberg.org.etext/1091 The Fourth Estate

5. Feudal Estates into the 21 st Century Estates Feudal Modern Clergy Public Intellectuals Nobility Business, Industry and Economic Elites Commons Government and Politicians ‘ 4 th Estate’ Press Journalists and the Mass Media Mob Civil Society, Networked Individuals, Mobs

7. OxIS Samples 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Fielded in June-July Feb.-March March- April Feb.- March Feb.-March Number of respondents 2,030 2,185 2,350 2,013 2,057 Response rate 66% 72% 77% 67% 51%

12. Pattern of Findings Supporting Rise of Networked Individuals

14. Sermo: a Collaborative Network Organisation

16. The Wisdom of Crowds -- The many can outperform the few by: • statistical averaging of individual judgements – the Jury Theorem (Condorcet [1785]); • bringing the attention of more people – ‘eyeballs’ – to the problem; • aggregating information, intelligence, that is geographically distributed • enhancing diversity: bringing together more heterogeneous viewpoints, perspectives, and approaches; • simultaneous review rather than sequential processing, enabling more rapid diffusion of questions and answers; • avoidance of small group processes, such as ‘groupthink’; and • greater independence of, and less control by, established institutions.

19. Networked Institutions v Networked Individuals of the Fifth Estate Arenas: Networked Institutions Networked Individuals News Online journalism, BBC Online, Live Micro-Blogging Citizen Journalists, Bloggers, Netizens Posting Videos Democracy E-Democracy, E-Consultation, e-Voting Obama campaign, Networking the Pro-Democracy Protests Education Online Learning, Multimedia Classrooms Backchannels, informal learning Health and Medical NHS Direct, e-mailing safety alerts Going to the Internet for health information, Sermo

22. The Fourth Estate Depends on an Independent Press – Independent in Relation to Other Estates The Fourth Estate : News of the World Case

23. “ Wael Ghonim, a 30-year-old executive from Google, was the administrator of an anti-torture page on Facebook, the social networking website, that is widely credited with organising the first day of protest [in Egypt] on January 25.” Jon Swaine, The Telegraph, 11 Feb 2011

24. The Fifth Estate ? England Riots & Cleanup

25. Centrality of the Internet, Trust in Government and Attitudes toward Internet Regulation over Time OxIS 2003: N=2,029; OxIS 2005: N=2,185; OxIS 2007 N=2,350. OxIS 2009: N=2,013

27. OxIS 2003: N=2,029; OxIS 2005: N=2,185; OxIS 2007 N=2,350. OxIS 2009: N=2,013

31. Regions as Percentage of the Worldwide Population of Users

34. Pattern of Findings Supporting Conception of a ‘New Internet World’: Many Limitations

35. 18th Century Estates: 21st Century Enemies 18th Century Estates 21st Century: Enemies of the 5th Estate Attacks Clergy Public Intellectuals ‘ Culture of Amateurism’, individualist consumerism Nobility Business, Industry and Economic Elites Vertical Integration; Monopoly over Search; Three Strikes Commons Government and Regulatory Agencies Filtering; Content Regulation; Identification; Surveillance; Disconnection Press Journalists and the Mass Media Co-opting, Imitating, Competing, and Supporting Mob Spammers, Fraudsters, Cyberstalkers, Rioters… Undermining Trust and Confidence; Fostering Regulation of Content, Attacks on Anonymity

39. William H. Dutton Professor of Internet Studies Oxford Internet Institute (OII) University of Oxford The Rise of the Fifth Estate in Networked Societies Presentation for the ‘Colloque villes et territoires numériques’, Paris, 6-7 February 2012.