Motivation, Level of Aspiration, Group Dynamics, Transaction Analysis
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Motivation, Level of Aspiration, Group Dynamics, Transaction Analysis
- 3. Motivation: Definition, types of motivation, factors influencing motivation – Theories of motivation: Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, McClelland’s theory of Achievement Motivation – Its educational implications – Level of Aspiration – Promoting Achievement motivation among learners – Group dynamic: Meaning, definitions, types and characteristics – Transactional Analysis (TA)
- 4. Meaning • Latin Word ‘movere’ – ‘to put into action or to move’ • Cycle of process that activates a movement in an organism • Process of arousing, maintaining and controlling interest in a goal directed pattern of behaviour
- 5. Definition • Motivation acts to arouse, sustain and direct behaviour -Travers • Motivation acts an as interest control factor in learning -Crow and crow
- 6. Definition of Motives • Motives generally refer to biological, social and learned factors that initiate, sustain and stop goal directed behaviour of organisms • Physiological or psychological and act from within the organism
- 7. Characteristics of Motives • Psychological process • Internal process – need or want • Directs our efforts towards the goal • Brings energy metabolism • Sustain the attention • Restless to achieve the goal
- 8. Classification of Motives Motives Primary (Biogenic) Hunger, thirst, escape from pain, sex etc Secondary (Sociogenic) Psychological (Security, freedom, adventure, etc) Social (Social approval, Social affiliation, Gregariousness, acquisition etc Personal (Competency, self-concept, Values, achievement etc)
- 10. Motivation Cycle Goal Motivated Behaviour Motive Tension Incentive or Relief Reduction of need and getting relieved of tension
- 12. Theories of Motivation Maslow’s - Hierarchy of Needs McClelland’s - Theory of Achievement Motivation
- 13. Maslow’s - Hierarchy of Needs • Proposed by Abraham Maslow (1954) • Modified by Root (1970) • Seven Categories • Many and Multiple – are not equal importance – arranged hierarchically • Aspire for a higher order needs only when the lower order needs get fulfilled
- 14. Maslow’s – Hierarchy of Needs SELF ACTUALISATION AESTHETIC NEEDS ACHIEVEMENT NEEDS ESTEEM NEEDS LOVE & BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY AND SECURITY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS Social or Psychological Needs Deficiency Needs - D Growth Needs - G Biological Needs
- 15. Physiological Needs Food, Water, Shelter, Sex, etc – basic and fundamental needs Safety and Security Needs Future expectations Example: Insurance against future, Keeping a bank balance, investing in LIC etc Affiliational Needs (Belongingness and Love ) Affection, praise, warmth, acceptance, approval, affiliation, etc Self-Esteem Needs Achievement, status, self-respect, self- confidence, feelings of strength and adequacy
- 16. Achievement Needs Intellectual domination and cognitive competencies Aesthetic Needs Concerned with appreciation of order and beauty Self- Actualization Needs Self-fulfilment, self-expression, fulfilment of potentialities, working and one’s own mental personality
- 17. Educational Implications • Enable them to function at a higher level of motivation • Physical and psychological safety – Feels vital in the class • To maintain realistic level of aspiration – assignment • Enhance the attraction and minimize the dangers of growth needs • Curriculum should be drastically changed and periodically revised
- 18. McClelland’s - Theory of Achievement Motivation • Formulated by McClelland and his associates in 1951 at Harvard Environment cue Affective arousal in the organism Denoted symbolical expression - N-Ach (need for achievement)
- 19. i. A need for success ii. A need to avoid failure Motto - ‘The pursuit of excellence’ - Striving to achieve a standard of excellence in actions
- 20. Suitable methods to develop achievement motivation in students • Narrating the biographies of great men • Providing a proper school environment • Making the pupils to involve in group work
- 21. Measurement of Achievement Motivation • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - Stories i. What is going on in the picture? ii. What has led upto the scene? iii. What is most likely to happen? iv. What is being thought of?
- 22. Level of Aspiration • Developed by Kurt Lewin • The level of future performance in a familiar task which an individual, knowing his level of past performance in the task, explicitly undertakes to reach - Frank
- 23. Factors that affect the Level of Aspiration a) Success and failure b) Personality c) Group standards d) Rewards and punishments e) Social class
- 24. Uses of Level of Aspiration • Increases his self-confidence • Helps in setting one’s goal realistically • Success stimulates one to strive for further success • Avoids failure • Helps to know how much one has to try and work hard to reach his goal
- 25. Promoting Achievement Motivation among Learners • Developing a new motive is realistic and reasonable • Relate with future life of the students and assign independent responsibility • Make clear - New motive will improve their self-image • Emphasize – improvement on prevailing cultural values
- 26. • Committed to achieving concrete goals in life • To keep record of their progress towards their goal • Self-study should be emphasized • Effort to develop conducive social climate in the class
- 27. Group Dynamics Meaning • The change of behaviour through interaction in the group • Forces which operate in group situations • Studies the structure of the group and other phenomenon which emerge out of group interaction
- 28. Group Dynamics Definition • Field of inquiry dedicated to advancing knowledge about the nature of the groups, the laws of their development and their interrelations with individuals, other groups and larger institutions - Cartwright and Zandar
- 29. Types of Group Dynamics Face-to-face group The hang-over group Abstract group
- 31. Characteristics Common goals, interests and ideals Similar Behaviour and Attitudes Control of the Group Mutual Obligation Sense of Oneness Influence of the Group Characteristics Psychological relationship between members
- 33. Transactional Analysis (TA) • Developed by Eric Berne • A theory of personality and social action and a clinical method of psychotherapy based on the analysis of all possible transactions between two or more people on the basis of specially defined ego-states
- 34. Theory of Transactional Analysis Structural Analysis Transactional Analysis Game Analysis Script Analysis
- 35. Structural Analysis • Segregation and analysis of the parent, adult and child ego-states which comprise individual personality. • To establish the predominance of reality- testing ego states and freeing them from contamination by archaic and foreign elements
- 36. A – Parent ego-state B – Adult ego-state C – Child ego-state
- 38. Game Analysis Second degree game Third degree game
- 39. TA Process Name -----------------------------------Address ------------------------ Initial Session-Date --------------------------------Reference Source Positions Symptoms Current Present Childhood Stamps Situation Figures games Client’s Complaints Contracts: Dates made and completed.
- 40. Advantages of TA • TA is self-help psychology • TA is non-threatening psychology • TA is psychology of change • TA is immediately effective • TA is for all • Useful in industry
- 41. Credit to the Sources Images are taken from INTERNET Sources
- 42. THANK YOU