Energy Conversion lab manual

Sampoorna Institute of Technology and Research
PENSKY MARTEN'S APPARATUS
AIM: - To determine the flash and fire point of an oil.
THEROY: - Flash Point: - Flash point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil
gives sufficient amount of vapour and gives a momentary flash when a test flame brought
near it.
Fire point:- Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the oil gives sufficient
amount of vapour and burns continuously when a test flame brought near it. This apparatus is
used to determine the flash and fire point of an oil, if the fire point is less than 70°c
APPARATUS:- The apparatus consists of a cup in which the given oil is filled up to the
mark. The cup is surrounded by water jacket. Heat is supplied by the water to the oil through
a metallic wall. The cup is provided with a cover through which a stirrer, provision to insert
thermometer and slit to open and close. The thermometer is inserted such that the
thermometer bulb should measure oil temperature and should not touch the wall of the cup.
Water is heated by electrical resistance. Pensky martens is a closed cup apparatus.
PROCEDURE:-
 Clean the cup and fill the given oil up to the mark.
 Close the cup and the slit. Introduce the thermometer of correct range.
 Put on the electric plug and regulate the power supply to the water.
 At a regular interval of rise in temperature of 2--3°c test the vapour with a test flame
whether flash occurs.
 After getting the flash point continue heating by regulating the power. Vapour is tested
for Fire point by testing with a test flame at an interval of 2--3°c. Note down the fire
point.
Energy Conversion Laboratory Manual 1

Oil used:_________________________
OBSERVATION:-
SL NO TEMPERATURE FLASH/FIRE

CLEVELAND OPEN CUP FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST
AIM:- To determine the flash and fire point of the given oil.
APPARATUS:- Cleveland open cup is used to determine the flash and fire point of all
petroleum products. It consists of a cup contains oil is heated by an electrical heater. Power to
the heater is regulated.
PROCEDURE:-
 Clean the cup and fill the oil to be tested up to the mark. Insert a thermometer so that
it should not touch the bottom of the cup as shown.
 Supply the electrical supply through a regular so that temperature of oil increases
slowly.
 With a test flame, vapour above the cup is tested at an interval of 2°c rise of oil
temperature. Note down whether flash occurs or not.
 Note down the flash pint. After getting the flash point continue to heat the oil and
vapour is tested at an interval of 2°c until fire point noticed
 Note down the fire point.
Apparatus:- Cleveland open cup
OBSERVATION:-
SL NO TEMPERATURE OBSERVATION

SAY BOLT VISCOMETER
AIM:- To determine the viscosity of the given lubricating oil at different temperature.
THEORY:- Viscosity is the property of fluid which offer resistance between the two layers
of fluid when it is moving relative to each other. From Newton's Law of viscosity.
τ = μ*(du/dy) where μ = coefficient of viscosity
τ = Shear stress between the two layer
Units are N/m² = μ*(m/sec)/m
Unit of μ in SI unit N sec/m², unit of μ in CGS is 1poise = 1 dyne sec/cm², 10poise = 1 N
sec/m², Kinematic viscosity = μ/ρ
Property of fluid viscosity is very important because the load a shaft carries is proportional to
the viscosity. When the oil is used as fuel (diesel or furnance) oil viscosity is responsible in
atomize the fuel into time spray for efficient combustion.
APPARATUS:- It consists of viscometer tube of capacity 60±5ml viscometer tube is
surrounded by water bath. Water is heated using electrical resistance. Water is provided with
a stirrer so that heat is supplied to oil uniformly and to conduct the experiment at different
temperature. At the bottom of viscometer tube an orifice is fitted and the orifice is opened or
closed using a ball, which fits exactly to the orifice.
PROCEDURE:-
 Clean the viscometer tube using kerosene. Don't use waste or any dirty cloth. It may
block the orifice of the viscometer and close the orifice with the block.
 Fill the oil up to the mark and a thermometer into tube.
 Note down the temperature also note down the mass of empty 60ml specific gravity
bottle.
 Keep the specific bottle just below the orifice and open the orifice by lifting the ball.
 Note down the time taken to collect 60ml of oil. Next note down the mass of specific
gravity bottle with oil.
 Empty the specific gravity bottle and clean, fill oil to the viscometer tube.
 Switch on the power supply to heat the water through a regular and regulate the
temperature of oil in the viscometer tube
 Repeat the procedure 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, for different temperature and calculate the
viscosity of the given oil.

TABULATION:-
SL NO Mass of empty Sp.
gravity bottle (m1)
Mass of Sp. Gravity
bottle with 60ml oil
(m2)
Temperature Time taken to
collect 60ml of
oil " T"
(m2 - m1) = Mass oil collected
V = Volume of the oil = 60cm3
ρ = Density = mass/volume = ((m2 - m1) x100³)/60……kg/m³
S' = Saybolt second = Tx1.005
υ = Kinematic Viscosity = (0.22S - (135/S))x10^-6……. m²/sec
Absolute viscosity = ρυ…… N sec/m²
μ = (ρυ/6)x10…… poise

REDWOOD VISCOMETER
AIM:- To determine the viscosity of the given oil using redwood viscometer.
APPARATUS:- Redwood viscometer consists of a copper cylinder and has a set of fixed
orifice at the bottom. The orifice is closed using a rubber stopper copper cylinder is
surrounded by water bath and is heated by supplying electrical power to the heater. The
temperature of water bath and oil is measured using thermometer fitted to it.
PROCEDURE:-
 Clean the viscometer copper cylinder using kerosene by opening the stopper at the
bottom. Close the stopper.
 Fill the oil to the mark and note down the temperature.
 Note down the mass of empty 50cc specific gravity bottle and keep the bottle at the
bottom of viscometer just below the orifice.
 Open the stop cock and allow the oil to run into specific gravity bottle. Note down the
time taken to collect 50cc oil in the specific gravity bottle.
 Note down the ass of specific gravity bottle with 50cc of oil. Again fill oil into
viscometer.
 Switch on the electric power to the heater and note down the temperature of water
bath and oil when it remain constant w.r.t. time.
 Repeat the experiment for the serial number 2to6 and tabulate the results

TABULATION:-
SL NO Temperature Mass of Sp. Gravity bottle Time taken
for 50cc of oil
T
M1
(Empty Bottle)
M2
(With 50cc of
oil)
ρ = Density = mass/volume = ((m2 – m1) x100³) / 50……kg/m³
Redwood number = (100xTxρ) / (535 * 0.915)
υ = Kinematic Viscosity = (0.247xT - (190/T)) x10^-6……. m²/sec
Absolute viscosity = ρυ
100 strokes = 1 m²/sec
1 stroke = 1 cm²/sec

BOY'S GAS CALORIMETER
AIM:- To determine the calorific value of the gaseous fuel.
THEORY:- calorific value of solid fuel is the amount heat released when 1kg of fuel is burnt,
completely expressed in K.J/kg (complete combustion of fuel)
Calorific value of gaseous fuel is the amount heat released by 1 m³ of gaseous fuel at
NTP when it is burnt (complete combustion of fuel) expressed K.J/m³at NTP
APPARATUS:- It consists of a central funnel in the middle of which, and at the bottom, is
filled with burners. The funnel is fitted with cooling coil around it. The cooling water inlet
passes through the calorimeter at the bottom and the outlet is at the top. Thermometers are
installed to measure the inlet and outlet temperature of water. The gas is supplied at the
bottom and the outlet is at the top. Water is circulated through the coil at constant head. Gas
governor is provided to supply the gas at constant pressure
PROCEDURE:-
 Check the flow rate of water and gas.
 Allow the gas through the burner for initial value by adjusting the control valve.
 Put on the burner and raise the burner into the calorimeter. Allow the gas to burn until
steady state is reached.
 Note down the temperature of the water at inlet and outlet

TABULATION:-
SL NO Volume flow rate
of gas Vg
Volume flow
rate of water
Vw
Temperature of water
Inlet Ti Outlet To
Volume flow rate of gas and water temperature of gas at inlet Ti
V1=volume of gas at room temp.. T1= m³/min
P = pressure of gass at inlet
V = volume of the gas at 760 mm of Hg and 25°c
= (P/760)x(298/(T+273))xV1 = m³/min
M = mass floe rate of water ….Kg/min
VxH.C.V = mCpw(To -Ti)
H.C.V = mCpw (To -Ti) / V……………… KJ/m³
Cpw = Sp. Heat of water = 0.287 KJ/sec

TORSIONAL VISCOMETER
AIM:- To determine the viscosity of the oil at different temperature using torsional
viscometer.
APPARATUS:- It consists of a wire fixed at the top and the other end of the wire is attached
to a mass. Mass is dipped in oil, of which viscosity of oil to be determined.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Adjust the viscometer to zero and clamp it.
2. Rotate the cylinder (disc) through on revolution i.e. 360° and clamp it.
3. Release the cylinder to rotate. Note down the angle through which it rotate and also
the temperature of the oil.
4. Repeat the experiment for different temperature of the oil and tabulate the results.
TABULATION
SL NO TEMPERATURE READING IN
DEGREE
REDWOODS
SECOND 'R'
CALCULATION
υ = (0.247R-(50/R))x10^-6.......... m²/sec
μ = ρ υ............... N sec/m where ρ = density of oil.

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR 4-STROKE ENGINE
AIM:- To determine the valve timing diagram for 4-stroke engine.
THEORY:- Valve timing diagram gives the phasing of the valve operation with respect to
the angular position of the crank.
Figure showing the valve timing diagram for a four stroke cycle engine. This diagram
consists of two circles, one superimposed on the other, since the cycle of four, stroke engine
is completed in two revolution of the crank. Inlet and exhaust valve operates before the dead
centers.
The inlet valve opens before T.D.C (Top dead center) and closes after B.D.C (bottom
dead center). This position has been made to get as much change (air fuel mixture or air) into
the cylinder as possible the product of combustion, the exhaust valve opens early to B.D.C
and closing the exhaust valve after T.D.C.
1. Inlet valve opens
2. Inlet valve closes
1-2 Induction during which change is taken into the cylinder
I – point at which combustion slant
3 – exhaust valve opens.

I-3 Expansion stroke
4- Exhaust valve closes.
3-4 exhaust stroke
Angle between 1 and 4 is called over lap during which both inlet and exhaust valves are
opened.
PRODUCER:-
1. Rotate the flywheel and bring the piston to TDC position and coresponding to the
suction stroke
2. Rotate the flywheel and observe the inlet valve when the inlet valve starts opening,
note down the reading.
3. Now rotate in clock wise, during which the inlet valve opens completely and closes
after few degree of rotation. When inlet valve closes completely note down the
readings.
4. When flywheel rotated further, both the valve are in closed position represents
compression stroke from 2 to I, where the ignition take place.
5. After the point I, expansion stroke take place and exhaust valve opens at 3 before
B.D.C. When the exhaust valve starts opening note down the reading.
6. For further rotation of fly wheel the exhaust valve will be in open position.
Coresponding to point 1, inlet valve starts open coresponding to the next cycle during
which exhaust valve is also in open position. Note down the reading when the exhaust
valve closes completely
7. Draw the valve timing diagram using the above reading.
READINGS:-
Inlet valve open............ °c before TDC
Inlet valve closes...........°c after BDC
Exhaust valve opens.........°c before TDC
Exhaust valve opens.........°c after BDC

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM
AIM:- To draw port timing diagram for two stroke internal combustion engine.
THEORY:- Explain the working of two stroke engine top of the piston of a two stroke engine
is as shown in the figure. As the piston moves up and down, the exhaust port and the inlet
port are opened and closed. The position of exhaust port is slightly above the inlet port.
Port timing diagram for a two stroke engine is as shown in the figure and represented by
a circle.
POINT 1:- represent the start opening of exhaust port. Since the exhaust port is above inlet
port, exhaust port opens first as the piston moves down.
POINT 3 :- Represent the starts opening of inlet port.
POINT 4 :- As the piston moves up the inlet port closes first since the inlet port is below the
exhaust port. Point 4 represents the closing of inlet port completely.
POINT 2:- Represents the closing of exhaust port completely when the piston moves up.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Bring the piston to TDC, and see the reading on the circular scale reads zero.
2. Rotate the flywheel clockwise and observe the piston of piston, when it starts opening
the exhaust port as the piston moves downwards. Note down the reading.
3. As the piston start moving further downwards the inlet port start opening. Note down
the reading
4. As the piston moves further downwards, both inlet and outlet ports are opened. But
the shape of the piston prevents the mixing of change from inlet port with exhaust gas
through exhaust port.

5. Further movement, piston start moving up and closes the inlet port first and then the
exhaust port. Note down the reading when both inlet port and exhaust port are closed
completely.
6. Draw the port timing diagram from the above reading.

TWO STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE
AIM:- To conduct experiment on two stroke petrol engine.
THEORY:- Sketch and explain the working of two stroke engine.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO STROKE ENGINE :-
Thermodynamic cycle Otto
Rated load 2.2KW
No. of cylinder One
Rated speed 3000rpm
Bore 57mm
Stroke 66.7mm
Fuel used Petrol
Orifice dia 20mm
(For the measurement of air flow)
Type of ignition Spark ignition
Type of cooling Air cooled
Type of Starting Kick Starting
Transmission efficiency η=0.8
Loading Electrical loading
Air flow Measurement:- It consists of inlet air tank. Air to the engine is drawn from the air
tank
through an orifice. The manometer is connected to note down the pressure of air in the air
tank,
from which volume flow rate of air can be measured.
Fuel Measurement:- Fuel measured to the engine is measured by supplying the fuel through
a

burette. Time taken for known quantity of fuel is taken. Knowing the specific gravity of the
fuel, means of fuel supplied to the engine can be calculated.
Loading:- Electrical loading is done by introducing resisters. Resisters are cooled by a fan.
The output from the electric motor is measured by noting down the current and voltage.
Temperature at various points are measuring thermocouples. Speed of the
engine is measured by digital RPM indicator.
PROCEDURE:-
1) The clutch is released and check the fuel supply to the engine.
2) Start the engine by kick starting and engage the clutch. At no load take the following
reading.
* Time taken for 20cc of petrol
* Manometer reading
* Speed
* Output current and Voltage
* Exhaust gas temperature
3) Apply the load and repeat the experiment for serial No. 2
4) Tabulate the reading and calculation. Draw the Graph of BP Vs η, BP Vs SFC, BP Vs
ηmech.

TABULATION OF READING AND CALCULATION
Sl. No. Speed in
rpm (N)
Time taken
for 20cc of
fuel t in sec
Out Put Exhaust gas
temperature
Tg
Manometer
reading h
V I
FORMULA :-
* Mf = 20*s*3600/ 1000*t Kg/hr
Mf= Mass of fuel supplied
s= Specific gravity of petrol = 0.72
* BP = V*I / 1000*ηT in Kw
* SFC = Mf / BP in Kg / Kw hr
*ηmech.= BP / IP *100
* IP = BP+FP from graph.
* ηBP = (BP*3600) / (Mf * Cv) * 100
ηT = 0.8
DRAW HEAT BALANCE SHEET :-
Ma = Mass of air supplied = ρair *A * Cd √ 2gH in Kg /sec
H = Air head causing the flow = h* ρw / ρa
ρa = Kg / m³, ρw = 1000 Kg / m³.
Cv = Calorific value of petrol.

4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
AIM: To conduct the performance test on four stroke diesel engine and to draw heat balance
sheet
THEORY: Explain the working of four stroke diesel engine
APPARUTUS: It consist of
diesel engine kirlosker AV1
B.P 5hp,1500rpm(4kw)
Compression ratio 16.5:1
Bore and stroke 85mm 110mm
cooling water cooling
Loding rope brake drum
Engine is coupled to rope drum loading arrangement connected tospring balance
Digital kpm for fuel measerment
Digital temperature with thermocouples with channel sector
Manometer connected to air box with orifice for air flow
Engine frame is mounted on anti vibration mounts
Dia of brake drum = 340 mm
Dia of rope = 20 mm
Hanger weight = 1 kg
Calorific value of fuel = 46057 J/Kg
Dia of orifice = 16 mm
Density of air = 1.17 Kg/m3
Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3
Specific value of water = 4.187 KJ/Kg K
Specific value of gas = 1.005 KJ/Kg K

PROCEDURE:
check the water supply and fuel supply to the engine.
Check the manometer connection and release the load on the brake drum.
By relationship the compression, crank the engine to attain mometum and turn the lever for
compression. Engine starts.
At no load take the following readings
a) speed of the engine
b) inlet and outlet temperature of cooling water
c) exhaust gas temperature
d) time taken for 10 cc of fuel supplied
e) spring balance reading of brake dynamo meter
f) manometer readings
g) mass flow rate of water to cool the engine.
Load the engine for different load and repeat the experiment for serial no 4. and tabulate the
readings.
Release the load and stop the engine by cut-off fuel to the engine.
TABULATION COLUMN
Sl no Speed in rpm Manometer
readings
Time taken
for 10 cc of
diesel in t
Load on
brake drum
w / s
Mass flow
rate of
water in
liters
Air head
causing the
flow in h
Exhaust gas
calorimeter
Mc= Tgi-Tgo

FORMULA
Mf = fuel used = 10*s*3600/ 1000* t
B.P = 2 Π N T/60 K.W
where T =( R+r)*((W-S)+hanger weight)* 9.81
R+r = ((340+20)/2)mm or 360/(2*1000) m
Specific fuel consumption =Mf/Bp Kg/Kg-m
IP =FP + BP
η mech =BP/IP
η BP = BP * 3600 /Mf * CV
Mw =mass of water/min for cooling
V =velocity of air = Cd √2gH
H= h ρw/ ρa
Ma = ρa * area of orifice * V
DRAW HEAT BALANCE SHEET

VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO PETROL ENGINE
Aim:- to conduct experiment on four stroke variable compression petrol engine at various
compression ratio.
Theory:-
define
(i) octane number and cetane number.
(ii) Explain how cetane and octane ratio of a fuel are determine experimentally.
(iii) Explain the phenomena of knocking in S1 and C1 engine.
Apparatus:- engine specification
B P 2.5kw
Speed 3000rpm
No of cylinder one
Compression ratio 2to10
Bore 70mm
Stroke 66.7mm
Orifice diameter 20mm
Type of ignition spark ignition
Cooling air cooling
Fuel used petrol
Specific gravity & -----------
Calorific value -----------

Procedure:-
1. Check the lubricating system and fuel level allow the water to cool the bottom of the
cylinder.
2. Choose a particular valve of compression ratio by rotating the wheel provided on the
engine head, & lock the wheel.
3. Start the engine at no load and just the speed to the rated speed.
4. Note down the following readings: (i) Speed (ii) current & voltage (iii) time taken for
10cc of fuel (iv) manometer reading (v) Exhaust gas temperature (vi) inlet and outlet
temperature of cooling water circulation (viii) Speed
5. load the engine for different load, note down the reading as per item no.(4)
6. stop the engine and change the compression ratio repeat the experiment for different
compression ratio from item no. (3),(4),& (5)
7. tabulate the reading and draw the graph of compression ratio Vs η thermal
C.R Vs B.P
Draw heat balance sheet
Tabulation of results and calculation
Sl no Speed
N
Time
taken
for
10c.c.
of oil
“T”
Manometer
reading
“H”
Output Compressed
ratio
Exhaust
Terms
Cooling water
V I Cv Mw Inlet
(Twi)
Outlet
(Two)

Calculation:-
a) mf = mass of fuel supplied = 10*s*3600 kg/hr
--------------
1000* t
b) BP = V * I
-------- KW
ηT * 1000
c) SFC = mf / BP Kg /KW hr
d) IP= BP+FP
e) ηmech = BP/IP*100
f) ha=air head consumption flow = h * ρ water
-----------------------
ρ air
g) V= velocity of air = Cd√2gha
h) mw = mass of water flow for cooling the cylinder
i) ma = mass of air= ρ air * area * Volume
j) ms = mass low of water through calorimeter
k)
Tci = inlet temperature of water
Tco = outlet temperature of water
Tqi = Inlet temperature of gas
Tqo= outlet temperature of gas
Ta= atmospheric temperature

Q3 = Heat carried away by Exhaust gas = me Cpw (Tco-Tci)(Tqi-Ta)
-----------------------------
(Tgi-Tgo)
Fuel air ratio = mf / ma
Heat balance sheet
mf= mass of fuel supplied kg/min
CV = calorific value of fuel
Input KJ/min % output KJ/min %
Heat
1) heat equivalent of BP
supplied to
the engine
Q1= BP *60
Q= mf*CV
2) heat carried away by
cooling water
Q2= mw*Cpw*(Two-Twi)
3) heat carried away by
exhaust gasses Q3
4) heat loss by radiation and un
accounts
Q4 = Q – (Q1+ Q2+ Q3)
Q1/ Q
Q2/ Q
Q3/ Q
Q4/ Q

Multi-Cylinder Petrol Engine
Aim: to conduct Morse Test and to determine the indicated power to the engine
Engine Details:
BP 10hp (7.5 KW)
Speed 5000 rpm
No of Cylinder 4
compression Ratio 7.8:1
Bore 84 mm
Stroke 82 mm
Type of Cooling water cooled
Loading Hydraulic Dynamo meteer
Starting Self
Procedure:
1) check the fuel supply, water supply to the engine and dynamo meter
2) Disengage the clutch, start the engine
3) engage the clutch and ta constant speed load the engine. Note down the reading on the
dynamometer and speed of the engine.
4) Now disengage cylinder No. 1 without altering the load on the engine and fuel supply. The
speed of the engine dicreases. Now increase the speed by reducing on the engine. Note down
the dynamometer reading to the rated speed.
5) Now engage cylinder No. 1 and disengage cylinder No.2. Repeat the procedure No.4 for
cylinder No. 2,3 and 4.
6) tabulate the reading and calculate the BP.
READING AND CALCULATION
N= Speed of the engine.

W= Load on the engine when all 4 cylinder are working.
W1= Load on the engine when the cylinder is cut off and other cylinder are working.
W2= Load on the engine when cylinder 2 is cut off and other cylinder are working.
BP= WN/K
where K= dynamometer constant.
BP1=W1N/K
BP2=W2N/K;
BP3=W3N/K;
IP1 = Indicated power of
engine= BP-BP1
IP2 = BP-BP2
IP3 = BP-BP3
IP4 = BP-BP4
IP = IP1+IP2+IP3+IP4
ηmech = BP/IP*100
rc = compression ratio = 7.8
ηair = Thermodynamic cycle
η = 1- 1/(rc)γ-1
mf = mass of fuel supplied = 10*s*3600 kg/hr
--------------
1000* t
ηther= BP /(mf*CV)
ηrelative= ηther/ηair

Energy Conversion lab manual

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (15)

Similar to Energy Conversion lab manual

Similar to Energy Conversion lab manual (20)

More from THANMAY JS

More from THANMAY JS (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Energy Conversion lab manual