The first phase of Pallavan architecture from 610-690 AD saw the development of rock-cut cave temples known as mandapas at Mahabalipuram. These included early experiments with pillared halls and structural prototypes like the Rathas that served as models for later temples. Key features included the beginnings of the Dravidian column with elements like the lion capital, and the use of reliefs to combine sculpture with architecture. This phase established foundations for the evolution of the temple architecture in the Dravidian style.
The document discusses the architectural features and styles of North Indian temples, specifically the Nagara style. It describes elements like the shikhara tower, amalaka disc, and urushringa subsidiary towers that characterize this style. It provides examples of specific temples demonstrating Nagara architecture, including those at Khajuraho, West Bengal, Gujarat in the Solanki style, Konark, and the Hoysala empire in Karnataka.
The document summarizes Jain architecture, focusing on temples at Dilwara and Ranakpur. It discusses how Jains built temple cities on hills according to concepts of immortality. It describes key architectural features of temples like the Adinatha temple at Ranakpur, known for its intricate carvings, and the Dilwara temple complex near Mount Abu, which contains five unique marble temples renowned for their ornate stonework. The temples at Dilwara were built between the 11th-13th centuries and include the Vimal Vasahi and Luna Vasahi temples noted for elaborate ceilings, pillars, and domes.
The document discusses the Northern Hindu architectural style that originated in Orissa, India. It began around 260 BC after the region was conquered by Emperor Ashoka. Major temples built in this style include the temples of Jaggannath at Puri and the Sun Temple at Konark. The Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar and the Sun Temple at Konark are highlighted as prime examples of the ornate Orissan architectural style, with elaborate carvings and symbolic design elements.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Indo aryan (North Indian st...Sachith Pagidi
brief introduction about the indo aryan architecture in India and their evolution in the temple architecture styles with examples from different parts of north India and the similarity from chalukyan period
The document provides information about Hindu temples and specifically about the Lingaraja temple in Bhubaneswar, India. It discusses the symbolism and design principles of Hindu temples in general, which incorporate religious and cosmological elements. It then describes the specific architectural features of the Lingaraja temple, including its 60-meter tall tower, 150 smaller shrines in the courtyard, and the axial alignment of its bhogamandapa (hall of offerings), natamandira (festival hall), jagamohana (assembly hall), and rekha deula (sanctum). The temple exemplifies the Kalinga architectural style and is a prominent landmark in Bhubaneswar.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The document discusses the evolution of Islamic architecture in India from the 12th to 16th centuries during the Delhi Sultanate period. It covers the major architectural developments and monuments constructed during the Slave, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodi dynasties. Key monuments mentioned include the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb Minar, Alai Darwaza, tombs of Iltutmish and Sultan Ghari from the Slave dynasty, and Adhai Din Ka Jhopra mosque from the Khalji dynasty. Developments during the Tughlaq dynasty such as tombs of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq,
The document summarizes two major styles of Indian temple architecture - the Nagara style from North India and the Dravidian style from South India. It describes some key features of each style, such as Nagara temples typically having a taller main shrine and shorter mandapa, while Dravidian temples have pyramid shaped towers. It provides examples of each style, noting the Somnath temple on the west coast of Gujarat for Nagara, and the Brihadeshwara temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, an important example of Dravidian architecture.
The document discusses the architectural features and styles of North Indian temples, specifically the Nagara style. It describes elements like the shikhara tower, amalaka disc, and urushringa subsidiary towers that characterize this style. It provides examples of specific temples demonstrating Nagara architecture, including those at Khajuraho, West Bengal, Gujarat in the Solanki style, Konark, and the Hoysala empire in Karnataka.
The document summarizes Jain architecture, focusing on temples at Dilwara and Ranakpur. It discusses how Jains built temple cities on hills according to concepts of immortality. It describes key architectural features of temples like the Adinatha temple at Ranakpur, known for its intricate carvings, and the Dilwara temple complex near Mount Abu, which contains five unique marble temples renowned for their ornate stonework. The temples at Dilwara were built between the 11th-13th centuries and include the Vimal Vasahi and Luna Vasahi temples noted for elaborate ceilings, pillars, and domes.
The document discusses the Northern Hindu architectural style that originated in Orissa, India. It began around 260 BC after the region was conquered by Emperor Ashoka. Major temples built in this style include the temples of Jaggannath at Puri and the Sun Temple at Konark. The Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar and the Sun Temple at Konark are highlighted as prime examples of the ornate Orissan architectural style, with elaborate carvings and symbolic design elements.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Indo aryan (North Indian st...Sachith Pagidi
brief introduction about the indo aryan architecture in India and their evolution in the temple architecture styles with examples from different parts of north India and the similarity from chalukyan period
The document provides information about Hindu temples and specifically about the Lingaraja temple in Bhubaneswar, India. It discusses the symbolism and design principles of Hindu temples in general, which incorporate religious and cosmological elements. It then describes the specific architectural features of the Lingaraja temple, including its 60-meter tall tower, 150 smaller shrines in the courtyard, and the axial alignment of its bhogamandapa (hall of offerings), natamandira (festival hall), jagamohana (assembly hall), and rekha deula (sanctum). The temple exemplifies the Kalinga architectural style and is a prominent landmark in Bhubaneswar.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The document discusses the evolution of Islamic architecture in India from the 12th to 16th centuries during the Delhi Sultanate period. It covers the major architectural developments and monuments constructed during the Slave, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodi dynasties. Key monuments mentioned include the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb Minar, Alai Darwaza, tombs of Iltutmish and Sultan Ghari from the Slave dynasty, and Adhai Din Ka Jhopra mosque from the Khalji dynasty. Developments during the Tughlaq dynasty such as tombs of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq,
The document summarizes two major styles of Indian temple architecture - the Nagara style from North India and the Dravidian style from South India. It describes some key features of each style, such as Nagara temples typically having a taller main shrine and shorter mandapa, while Dravidian temples have pyramid shaped towers. It provides examples of each style, noting the Somnath temple on the west coast of Gujarat for Nagara, and the Brihadeshwara temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, an important example of Dravidian architecture.
The document provides an overview of temple architecture in India, focusing on northern, southern, and eastern Indian styles. It describes the key architectural elements and evolution over time, with examples including the Khajuraho group of temples, Lingaraj temple in Bhubaneswar, Jagannath temple in Puri, and the Sun Temple in Konark. The styles are characterized by elements such as shikhara towers, mandapas, and sculptural details that varied regionally under religious and geographic influences.
The Qutub complex was built in the late 12th century and includes several historic monuments from Delhi Sultanate dynasties. It contains the Qutub Minar, an over 70 meter tall tower built by Qutubuddin Aibak. The complex also includes the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque built using materials from demolished temples, the Alai Darwaza gate built by Alauddin Khalji, and tombs of Iltutmish and other sultans. The site demonstrates the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture over two centuries under the Slave, Khalji, and Tughlaq dynasties.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Hindu temple architecture during the Gupta period in India. Key developments include the emergence of the first free-standing stone temples, with a central sanctum and pillared porch. Early temples had flat roofs, while later brick and stone temples developed curved towers known as shikharas. Decorative elements like arched doorways and amalaka disks atop towers became characteristic of the Gupta style. By this period, the basic elements of the modern Hindu temple were established.
Islamic architecture developed from the 7th century onward in countries where Islam became dominant. Key features of Islamic architecture include mosques, tombs, and palaces. The earliest mosques were simple square enclosures surrounded by reeds. Over time, mosques developed architectural elements like minarets, mihrabs, iwans, courtyards, and domes. Islamic architecture spread across regions through trade routes and military conquests, adapting to local materials and climates. Mosques became focal points for communities and incorporated elements symbolizing religious beliefs and social functions.
dravidian architecture with examplesHist teamworkgatti Teja
Dravidian architecture emerged in southern India and consists primarily of pyramid shaped temple towers constructed of stone. Major Dravidian temples are located in southern Indian states and were built during the rule of various kingdoms between 600-1000 AD. Dravidian architecture is divided into five styles based on the ruling dynasties, with notable examples including the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram built by the Pallavas and the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur commissioned by the Chola king Rajaraja I.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Dravidian Architecture Part - 2Sachith Pagidi
Dravidian Architecture - during the rule of pandya, vijayanagara and nayaka the evolution of temples.
Pandya - Evolution of the Gopuram – number, height,embellishment
High walls for enclosure for security( Muslim invasion)
Vijayanagara - Addition of Mandapas, Secondary halls and Gopurams
Nayaks- Temple cities, addition of Gopurams to existing temples
1) Vedic cities were planned on a rectangular grid, divided into four quarters by two main thoroughfares intersecting at right angles, with each quarter leading to a city gate. One quarter housed the citadel and royal apartments.
2) Early Vedic settlements consisted of circular thatched huts arranged around a central courtyard. Over time, fortified towns arose with ramparts, palisades, and primarily wooden buildings.
3) Important Vedic cities included Varanasi, Saraswati, Champa, Rajagriha, Ayodhya, and Kaushambi
The document provides an overview of Maratha architecture from the 13th century to the 18th century. It discusses the spread of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji Maharaja and later Peshwa rulers. Key architectural features of this period included wadas (residential buildings), forts, and various temple styles that blended Hindu, Mughal, and local Deccan influences. Specifically, it describes the Shaniwar Wada palace in Pune, built in 1732 as the seat of the Peshwa rulers, and the ornate Omkareshwar temple in Pune, dating from 1740-1760.
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
The document discusses Temple architecture in Northern India, focusing on the Orissa temple style. Some key points:
- Orissa temples are characterized by vertical offsets called rathas/pagas and a high platform called a pista. The interior is plain while the exterior is ornately decorated.
- Features include a rekha deul (main temple), jagamohan assembly hall, and sikhara spire. The lower part symbolizes the feet and the upper the trunk, topped with amalaka and kalasa.
- The Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar is a prime example, built in the 11th century. It has a towering 38m deul richly carved
A new style of architecture was flourished in India; called the Indo-Islamic architecture which is an amalgamation of Islamic and Hindu Style. As per Islamic philosophy, the worship is performed as congregational prayer in mosques and construction of tomb was followed for burial purpose; the fort and palaces were also part of this style of architecture. Islamic architecture focuses architectural elements, decoration, spiritual foundations, and construction materials.
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple was built in 1030 AD in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh as part of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments. It is the largest temple within the western group and is famous for its elaborate stone carvings and erotic sculptures. The temple follows the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle and was built by the Chandela dynasty during the reigns of kings Yashovarman and Dhanga between 950-1050 CE.
The document discusses the Provincial Style of Indo-Islamic Architecture, which encompasses architectural developments in various provincial capitals in India between the 12th-17th centuries. It provides examples and details of provincial styles that developed in regions such as Bengal, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Malwa, and Bijapur. For each region, significant architectural structures are described, such as the Jami Masjid mosques in Ahmedabad and Champanir in Gujarat, the Atala Masjid and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, mosques and tombs in Mandu in Malwa, and the Deccani style prominent in Bijapur.
The Lingaraj Temple located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha is an example of the Kalinga architectural style. Built in the 11th century, it has a sanctuary tower that is 54 meters tall. The temple complex consists of a sanctuary, assembly hall, festival hall, and offering hall arranged in a deula plan configuration. It is renowned for its intricate stone carvings that decorate the exterior walls.
The document provides information about the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. It discusses the history and construction of the mausoleum, which was built between 1631-1653 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as the final resting place for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal represents the finest example of Mughal architecture, incorporating Islamic architectural elements and principles of symmetry, geometry, and hierarchy. It consists of several elements organized around a central courtyard, including the main tomb chamber, mosque, guest house, and gardens along the Yamuna River.
The document provides information on Hindu temple architecture styles across India. It discusses the principal features of North and South Indian temple designs including shikhara towers, vimanas, and gopurams. The three main styles described are Nagara, Dravida, and Vesara. Specific temples highlighted include Lingaraja Temple with its tall shikhara, Konark's chariot-style design dedicated to Surya, and the large Brihadeeswara Temple complex near Thanjavur with its tall vimana.
Sikh Architecture is an amalgamation of religious architecture of the buildings of the faith and traditional Indo-Sarsenic style. It includes all the buildings serving the devotional, ritualistic and religious functions of the Sikh Community. We can spot any Sikh temple from distance by seeing a flag mast (Nishan Sahib) which is draped in yellow or blue with triangular flag with the Sikh insignia fluttering in the breeze. Its dome is different from domes of mosques or Hindu temples, so are its arches, balconies, columns, interiors and general layout.
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial ruleBinumol Tom
The document summarizes Islamic architecture under the Imperial style in India between 1191-1557 AD. It describes key architectural developments and structures during the Slave, Khalji, Tughlak, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties. Important buildings mentioned include the Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb of Iltutmish, Alai Darwaza, and tombs of Balban and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. The Imperial style saw an evolution from initial unplanned structures to carefully designed mosques, tombs, and minarets that began incorporating Hindu elements.
The Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram datable to the late 7th century is notable for its location on the seashore. It is a five-storey structural Hindu temple, the earliest important structural temple in Southern India, built on a 50 foot square platform with a pyramidal structure rising 60 feet high. Though similar in style to the Dharmaraja Ratha, it differs in being a fully structural temple rather than rock-cut, about 3-4 times the size of the Dharmaraja Ratha with a triple structure adding rear and front shrines.
The Konark Sun Temple was built in the 13th century CE by King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. The temple complex is in the shape of a gigantic chariot dedicated to the Sun God Surya. It is constructed of ferruginous sandstone in the Kalinga architectural style, with intricate carvings on its 12 giant stone wheels and pillars. Though parts of the temple have been lost, the towering audience hall remains standing as a testament to the architectural brilliance of the Konark Sun Temple.
The document discusses architectural styles from different periods in South India, including the Pandya, Vijayanagara, and Hazara styles. It provides details on specific temples constructed during each period. The Pandya style included temples with pyramidal towers and mythological sculptures. The Srivilliputtur Andal Temple featured a 12-tiered tower structure. The Vijayanagara style combined elements from other South Indian styles and is known for pillared halls. Specific temples mentioned include the Vitthal Temple in Hampi and the Hazara Temple, both constructed by Krishna Devaraya.
The document provides an overview of temple architecture in India, focusing on northern, southern, and eastern Indian styles. It describes the key architectural elements and evolution over time, with examples including the Khajuraho group of temples, Lingaraj temple in Bhubaneswar, Jagannath temple in Puri, and the Sun Temple in Konark. The styles are characterized by elements such as shikhara towers, mandapas, and sculptural details that varied regionally under religious and geographic influences.
The Qutub complex was built in the late 12th century and includes several historic monuments from Delhi Sultanate dynasties. It contains the Qutub Minar, an over 70 meter tall tower built by Qutubuddin Aibak. The complex also includes the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque built using materials from demolished temples, the Alai Darwaza gate built by Alauddin Khalji, and tombs of Iltutmish and other sultans. The site demonstrates the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture over two centuries under the Slave, Khalji, and Tughlaq dynasties.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Hindu temple architecture during the Gupta period in India. Key developments include the emergence of the first free-standing stone temples, with a central sanctum and pillared porch. Early temples had flat roofs, while later brick and stone temples developed curved towers known as shikharas. Decorative elements like arched doorways and amalaka disks atop towers became characteristic of the Gupta style. By this period, the basic elements of the modern Hindu temple were established.
Islamic architecture developed from the 7th century onward in countries where Islam became dominant. Key features of Islamic architecture include mosques, tombs, and palaces. The earliest mosques were simple square enclosures surrounded by reeds. Over time, mosques developed architectural elements like minarets, mihrabs, iwans, courtyards, and domes. Islamic architecture spread across regions through trade routes and military conquests, adapting to local materials and climates. Mosques became focal points for communities and incorporated elements symbolizing religious beliefs and social functions.
dravidian architecture with examplesHist teamworkgatti Teja
Dravidian architecture emerged in southern India and consists primarily of pyramid shaped temple towers constructed of stone. Major Dravidian temples are located in southern Indian states and were built during the rule of various kingdoms between 600-1000 AD. Dravidian architecture is divided into five styles based on the ruling dynasties, with notable examples including the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram built by the Pallavas and the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur commissioned by the Chola king Rajaraja I.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Dravidian Architecture Part - 2Sachith Pagidi
Dravidian Architecture - during the rule of pandya, vijayanagara and nayaka the evolution of temples.
Pandya - Evolution of the Gopuram – number, height,embellishment
High walls for enclosure for security( Muslim invasion)
Vijayanagara - Addition of Mandapas, Secondary halls and Gopurams
Nayaks- Temple cities, addition of Gopurams to existing temples
1) Vedic cities were planned on a rectangular grid, divided into four quarters by two main thoroughfares intersecting at right angles, with each quarter leading to a city gate. One quarter housed the citadel and royal apartments.
2) Early Vedic settlements consisted of circular thatched huts arranged around a central courtyard. Over time, fortified towns arose with ramparts, palisades, and primarily wooden buildings.
3) Important Vedic cities included Varanasi, Saraswati, Champa, Rajagriha, Ayodhya, and Kaushambi
The document provides an overview of Maratha architecture from the 13th century to the 18th century. It discusses the spread of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji Maharaja and later Peshwa rulers. Key architectural features of this period included wadas (residential buildings), forts, and various temple styles that blended Hindu, Mughal, and local Deccan influences. Specifically, it describes the Shaniwar Wada palace in Pune, built in 1732 as the seat of the Peshwa rulers, and the ornate Omkareshwar temple in Pune, dating from 1740-1760.
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
The document discusses Temple architecture in Northern India, focusing on the Orissa temple style. Some key points:
- Orissa temples are characterized by vertical offsets called rathas/pagas and a high platform called a pista. The interior is plain while the exterior is ornately decorated.
- Features include a rekha deul (main temple), jagamohan assembly hall, and sikhara spire. The lower part symbolizes the feet and the upper the trunk, topped with amalaka and kalasa.
- The Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar is a prime example, built in the 11th century. It has a towering 38m deul richly carved
A new style of architecture was flourished in India; called the Indo-Islamic architecture which is an amalgamation of Islamic and Hindu Style. As per Islamic philosophy, the worship is performed as congregational prayer in mosques and construction of tomb was followed for burial purpose; the fort and palaces were also part of this style of architecture. Islamic architecture focuses architectural elements, decoration, spiritual foundations, and construction materials.
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple was built in 1030 AD in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh as part of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments. It is the largest temple within the western group and is famous for its elaborate stone carvings and erotic sculptures. The temple follows the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle and was built by the Chandela dynasty during the reigns of kings Yashovarman and Dhanga between 950-1050 CE.
The document discusses the Provincial Style of Indo-Islamic Architecture, which encompasses architectural developments in various provincial capitals in India between the 12th-17th centuries. It provides examples and details of provincial styles that developed in regions such as Bengal, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Malwa, and Bijapur. For each region, significant architectural structures are described, such as the Jami Masjid mosques in Ahmedabad and Champanir in Gujarat, the Atala Masjid and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, mosques and tombs in Mandu in Malwa, and the Deccani style prominent in Bijapur.
The Lingaraj Temple located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha is an example of the Kalinga architectural style. Built in the 11th century, it has a sanctuary tower that is 54 meters tall. The temple complex consists of a sanctuary, assembly hall, festival hall, and offering hall arranged in a deula plan configuration. It is renowned for its intricate stone carvings that decorate the exterior walls.
The document provides information about the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. It discusses the history and construction of the mausoleum, which was built between 1631-1653 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as the final resting place for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal represents the finest example of Mughal architecture, incorporating Islamic architectural elements and principles of symmetry, geometry, and hierarchy. It consists of several elements organized around a central courtyard, including the main tomb chamber, mosque, guest house, and gardens along the Yamuna River.
The document provides information on Hindu temple architecture styles across India. It discusses the principal features of North and South Indian temple designs including shikhara towers, vimanas, and gopurams. The three main styles described are Nagara, Dravida, and Vesara. Specific temples highlighted include Lingaraja Temple with its tall shikhara, Konark's chariot-style design dedicated to Surya, and the large Brihadeeswara Temple complex near Thanjavur with its tall vimana.
Sikh Architecture is an amalgamation of religious architecture of the buildings of the faith and traditional Indo-Sarsenic style. It includes all the buildings serving the devotional, ritualistic and religious functions of the Sikh Community. We can spot any Sikh temple from distance by seeing a flag mast (Nishan Sahib) which is draped in yellow or blue with triangular flag with the Sikh insignia fluttering in the breeze. Its dome is different from domes of mosques or Hindu temples, so are its arches, balconies, columns, interiors and general layout.
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial ruleBinumol Tom
The document summarizes Islamic architecture under the Imperial style in India between 1191-1557 AD. It describes key architectural developments and structures during the Slave, Khalji, Tughlak, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties. Important buildings mentioned include the Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb of Iltutmish, Alai Darwaza, and tombs of Balban and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. The Imperial style saw an evolution from initial unplanned structures to carefully designed mosques, tombs, and minarets that began incorporating Hindu elements.
The Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram datable to the late 7th century is notable for its location on the seashore. It is a five-storey structural Hindu temple, the earliest important structural temple in Southern India, built on a 50 foot square platform with a pyramidal structure rising 60 feet high. Though similar in style to the Dharmaraja Ratha, it differs in being a fully structural temple rather than rock-cut, about 3-4 times the size of the Dharmaraja Ratha with a triple structure adding rear and front shrines.
The Konark Sun Temple was built in the 13th century CE by King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. The temple complex is in the shape of a gigantic chariot dedicated to the Sun God Surya. It is constructed of ferruginous sandstone in the Kalinga architectural style, with intricate carvings on its 12 giant stone wheels and pillars. Though parts of the temple have been lost, the towering audience hall remains standing as a testament to the architectural brilliance of the Konark Sun Temple.
The document discusses architectural styles from different periods in South India, including the Pandya, Vijayanagara, and Hazara styles. It provides details on specific temples constructed during each period. The Pandya style included temples with pyramidal towers and mythological sculptures. The Srivilliputtur Andal Temple featured a 12-tiered tower structure. The Vijayanagara style combined elements from other South Indian styles and is known for pillared halls. Specific temples mentioned include the Vitthal Temple in Hampi and the Hazara Temple, both constructed by Krishna Devaraya.
Hindu architecture evolved from a combination of indigenous Dravidian styles and those of invading Aryan groups. Key characteristics include ornate temples centered around a small inner shrine (garbha-griha) topped with a spire-shaped roof (sikhara) and surrounded by porch-like prayer halls (mandapas). Two major styles developed - the northern Nagara style using stone and emphasizing vertical elements, and the southern Dravidian style using stone for burial monuments and emphasizing horizontal lines. Important examples include the Sun Temple at Konark, known for its massive stone chariot-shaped structure, and early Chalukyan structural temples at Aihole that blended northern and southern features into a distinctive
The document discusses the Vedic culture of the Rigvedic Aryans who migrated to India. It describes the Aryans as tall, fair-skinned people who originally came from central Asia. It outlines their social organization into tribes and clans ruled by kings. The Aryans practiced agriculture, herding, ironworking, and trade and were divided into castes and classes. Warfare was conducted from chariots or on foot using weapons like swords, spears and bows.
Study of city evolution- temple town Madurai Sulthan Ahamed
Madurai, located in Tamil Nadu, India, is an ancient city with a long history as the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom. Known as the "Athens of the East," the city evolved around the Meenakshi Amman Temple complex located at its center. Madurai was carefully planned according to traditional Indian principles with concentric streets radiating outward from the temple. Lower castes lived farther from the temple core. Today, Madurai remains an important economic, cultural, and transportation hub of Tamil Nadu renowned for its vibrant cultural life and traditions.
The document discusses Chola architecture between 900-1150 AD. It focuses on the Brihadeshwara Temple built by Rajaraja Chola I in Thanjavur around 1000 AD. Some key points:
- The temple is considered one of the largest temples in India and a landmark in the evolution of South Indian architecture. It is known for its immense size, precise proportions and intricate sculptures.
- The temple features a towering gopuram or temple tower that rises over 180 feet high, making it the tallest in India at the time. Over 130,000 tons of granite was used in its construction.
- The temple exemplifies Chola architectural styles like axial symmetry, an elevated
The document summarizes key information about the Lingaraj Temple located in Bhubaneswar, India. It was built in the 11th century by King Jajati Keshari and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple follows Kalinga architecture and is constructed out of laterite stone. It has a complex layout with multiple halls, including an assembly hall, festival hall, and hall of offerings, as well as 150 smaller shrines. The tallest structure is the tower rising 55 meters high.
The document summarizes the key differences between Dravidian and Nagara styles of Hindu temples in India. Dravidian temples, more common in South India, emphasize horizontality with one or more stories and a stepped pyramidal tower. Nagara temples of North India emphasize verticality with a tall spire and suppression of horizontal lines. Some examples of architectural features described include the Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora, Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, and Kandariya Mahadeva Temple at Khajuraho.
Bhubaneswar, India is famous as the "Temple City" for its many well-preserved Hindu temples from the 11th century that depict the Kalinga style of architecture. Some of the most prominent temples mentioned are the Lingaraj Temple, Mukteshwar Temple noted for its arched gateway, and Rajarani Temple composed of intricate stonework. The document also discusses other religious sites like the Dhauli Hills, which contain edicts from Emperor Ashoka and a stone elephant sculpture, as well as the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves with carvings of importance to Jainism.
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples evolved from simple rock-cut structures to free-standing stone structures with shikhara towers. The Chalukyans further developed temple architecture, combining North and South Indian elements to create the Vesara style seen at Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal, with structural temples and intricate carvings. Key features included curving shikhara towers, ornate doorframes, and the introduction of mandapas and garbhagrihas.
The document discusses Dravidian architecture and temple architecture from South India. It describes the key components of Dravidian style temples including the vimana (sanctuary), mantapams (porches), gopurams (gateway towers), and other structures. It also discusses the origins of the Dravidian style in the Gupta period and provides examples of structural temples from the Pallava dynasty like the Kailasanatha temple. Materials used included stone, brick, and wood, with stone becoming more common over time.
Hindu Temple Architecture | History of ArchitecturePranay Kumar Tode
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples transitioned from rock-cut cave structures to free-standing structures, with early styles consisting of a sanctuary and porch. The Chalukyas established their rule in the 6th century and made Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal centers of architectural experimentation, combining North and South Indian elements into their distinctive Vesara style with features like ornate doorframes and octagonal towers. Rock-cut structures from this period can still be seen at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Junagarh, and the cave temples of Badami.
The Madurai Meenakshi Temple is a historic Hindu temple located in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. It was built by the Pandya dynasty in the 6th century CE and expanded over subsequent centuries by the Vijayanagara Empire and Nayak rulers. The temple complex covers around 14 acres and features 14 towering gopurams, or gateway towers. At its center are two main shrines dedicated to the deities Meenakshi and Sundareshwara, representing the goddess Parvati and lord Shiva. It is considered an exemplary example of Dravidian architecture.
History of Architecture- Indo-Aryan Temples of OrissaVyshnaviMajety
A presentation on Indo-Aryan Temples of Orissa. The architectural features, elements, planning, and the history of the temples. Plans, Sections and Elevations of Puri Jagannath Temple, Lingaraj Temple, Sun Temple Konark, Raja Rani Temple, Mukteshwara Temple, Parasurameshwara Temple, Anantha Vasudeva Temple.
It is also called as Dravidian architecture
Dravidian architecture (600AD-100AD) is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged in the southern part of the India
It consists primarily of Hindu temples where the dominating feature is the high gopura or gatehouse
Majority of the existing structures are located in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
A temple consisted of -- Vimanas, Gopurams, Mantapams and Chaultries.
Vimana It is the structure over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum in the Hindu temples of South India and Odisha in East India
A vast gateway, which led to different parts of the temple with pillars the length of its path, was known as the Mandapam-the porch.
A Gopuram or gopura is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance.
A gopuram is usually a tapering oblong in form with ground-level wooden doors, often richly decorated, providing access.
Choultry is a resting place for travelers, visitors to a site, typically linked to Buddhist, Jain and Hindu temples.
In Southern India five kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times.
Spiritual Splendor_ Exploring the Symbolism and Marvels of Hindu Temple Archi...Abir Pothi
Discover the diverse world of Hindu temple architecture, from iconic Vimanas to symbolic pillars. Explore Dravida and Nagara styles, unveiling cultural influences. Uncover the significance of mandapas, gopurams, and intricate carvings. Delve into Vastushastra's role, bridging cosmic principles and design. Journey through ancient Rajasthan's temples and administrative hubs in Tamil Nadu. Immerse in the rich symbolism of mandalas and shikharas, appreciating the blend of tradition and innovation in Deccan's Hoysala style. This concise exploration unveils the profound spiritual essence in Hindu temple design.
ancient india architecture divya balani.pdfDivyaBalani7
The document provides an overview of the history and styles of Indian architecture. It discusses several regional architectural styles that developed over time, including Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Vijayanagara, Chola, Pallava, Pandya, and Chalukyan styles. Specific examples of temples constructed during different periods are described in detail, such as the Brihadeeswara Temple built during the Chola dynasty and the Sun Temple in Konark representing the Indo-Aryan style. The document also outlines the key characteristics of each style, such as the use of gopurams, shikharas, and materials like granite and soapstone.
The document summarizes key architectural features of several South Indian temples from different periods. It describes:
1. The Srinivasanalur temple built during the reign of Parantaka I in the 10th century, which simplified Pallava elements and introduced changes like neck mouldings and kalasas.
2. Features adopted by later Dravidian style temples like the disappearance of lion motifs and inclusion of rakshasa heads.
3. Major temples like Brihadeeswarar at Tanjore and Gangaikondacholapuram that displayed the mature Chola style through their grand scale, intricate carvings, and tall pyramidal towers.
The document summarizes Indian architecture from ancient to modern times. It describes the major architectural styles that developed in different regions and time periods, including Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Chola, Pallava, Pandya, Vijayanagar, and Mughal styles. Key characteristics of each style such as materials used, temple layouts, and prominent examples are provided. The styles evolved as empires rose and fell, absorbing influences from other cultures.
The document provides information on Hindu temple architecture and its evolution. It discusses key architectural features of temples like the vimana, shikhara, garbhagriha, and mandapas. Specific temples are also summarized, including the Lingaraj Temple in Bhubaneswar known for its towering vimana, the Sun Temple in Modhera with its unique alignment and architectural elements, and the Kandariya Mahadev Temple in Khajuraho with its tall, conical roof structures. The document then covers the Dravidian style of temple architecture prominent in South India, including the rock-cut and structural phases of early Pallava temples and features like rathas at Mamallapuram.
The document discusses the evolution of Hindu temple architecture in India from ancient to medieval periods. It begins with the Vedic period which had raised platforms for rituals and evolved to include stone structures like the garba-griha during the Shunga period. Major developments occurred in the Gupta and Chalukyan periods when temples became more permanent with elements like the shikhara, mandapa, and garba-griha. The two main styles that emerged were the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian styles, with early examples found in Aihole and Pattadakal. The document then focuses on features of Orissan temples from 800-1250 AD including the linga-raj, Sun Temple, and elements like
The document discusses several aspects of Indian temple architecture including:
1) Temples were primarily designed to house sacred statues or emblems and lacked large internal spaces, instead featuring small shrines and areas for rituals.
2) Key styles included the Dravida style of South India and the Nagara style of North India.
3) Important examples discussed include the monolithic rathas at Mamallapuram carved in the 7th century to imitate early wooden temples, and the Shore Temple at Mamallapuram from the 8th century featuring three shrines.
The document provides information about Pallava architecture and temples. It discusses that the Pallava dynasty ruled parts of South India between the 3rd and 9th centuries CE, with Kanchipuram as their capital. Pallava architecture transitioned from rock-cut to structural stone-built temples like the Shore Temple. Key Pallava structures mentioned include the monolithic rock-cut temples at Mahabalipuram and the Kailasanathar Temple at Kanchipuram, notable for its stone carvings and pyramidal structure.
Architecture, Sculpture And Painting : Hindu Architecture , Buddha And Jai...PIYUSH SINGH
B.B.A(TOURISM)
SEMESTER : SECOND (2)
SUBJECT : Indian History Society And Culture
Paper code : 1940
Topic : Architecture , Sculpture And Painting : Hindu , Buddha And Jain Architecture
INDIAN ANCIENT CONSTRUCTION: DRAVIDIAN AND TEMPLE ARCHITECTUREKarthik Kumar
Published on march 21, 2018
India has got many wonders in the form of structures built especially in ancient times, these remained strong against all the destructive forces unlike modern structures built with latest technologies.
The Konark Sun Temple was built in the 13th century and dedicated to the Hindu sun god Surya. Its unique architecture takes the form of a giant stone chariot pulled by horses, representing Surya's chariot in Hindu mythology. Though now in ruins, it was over 200 feet tall and elaborately carved with wheels, horses, and religious sculptures. The temple followed traditional elements but also geometric patterns in its design and layout of sculptures, representing Hindu iconography through its grand symbolic structure.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. UNIT IV TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE - SOUTHERN INDIA
Brief history of South India
relation between Bhakti period and temple architecture of temple towns
Dravidian Order - evolution and form of gopuram
Rock cut productions under Pallavas: Shore temple, Mahabalipuram and
Kailasanatha temple,Kanchipuram
Chola Architecture: Nartamalai, Brihadeeswara, Gangai,onda Cholapuram and
Darasuram temples
temple gateways of Madurai and Chidambaram - temple towns: Madurai,
Srirangam and Kanchipuram
Hoysala architecture: Belur and Halebid
2. A temple consisted of -- Vimanas, Gopurams, Mantapams and Chaultries.The
parts of the temple followed the rituals
The Vimana was the central plot, the land on which the temple is built.
And it was generally a square-large area, where the main idol was placed.
A vast gateway, which led to different parts of the temple with pillars the length of its path, was
known as the Mantapam-the porch.
The “Koil” cannot be pictured without the quadrangular beautifully decorated towers, with the
Kalasham on top. This tapering Gopuram is divided into many storeys and is decorated with
sculptures and paintings, of the respective temple’s deity or instances from Hindu Mythology.
The premier Vaishnava temple in Srirangam, Tamilnadu-The SriRangam Koil has the tallest Hindu
Gopuram in the world.
Chaultries or vast pillard halls were also a part of most large temples and they were used to
perform Yagnas, weddings or even dance/music performances in front of the king.
The entire temple revolves around the main deity. The stone or bronze idol of this deity resides in
the innermost room of the Sanctum Sanctorum, the ‘GharbhaGriha’ which literally means the
‘house like a womb’, where only priests are allowed.
With a skilfully decorated entrance and a surrounding circumambulatory path, this GharbhaGriha is
the square-room of peace and equilibrium.
And the front porch usually has a big metallic bell that hangs from the ceiling. Devotees
entering and leaving the porch ring this bell to declare their arrival and departure.
3. south Indian temples (12th century onwards) were surrounded by series of concentric protective
walls called the prakaras.
Towers erected over the entrance gateways of these walls are known as Gopuras or Gopurams.
These towers can go over fifty meters tall ( 100 – 150 Feet tall)
A Gopura is generally constructed with a massive stone base and a superstructure of brick
and pilaster.
Gopura is rectangular in plan and topped by a barrel-vault roof crowned with a row of finials. It
differs from the Vimana over the central shrine in that it need not necessarily be square-based.
the Gopura too resembles a Mandala; With sculptures and carvings of Yalis and mythical
animals located in the outer enclosure.
Humans and divine beings are in the inner enclosures.
The peak of the Gopura, the Kalasha, is at the centre of the Mandala
These sculptures follow a variety of themes derived from the Hindu mythology, particularly those
associated with the presiding deity of the temple where the gopuram is located.
4. Symbolically, the Gopura or the entrance to the temple represent the feet of the
deity.
A devotes bows at the feet of the Lord at the entrance as he steps into the temple and
proceeds towards the sanctum, leaving behind the world of contradictions.
the crest of the Gopuram has the same significance of representing the central
Brahmasthan which is the energy field of any building.
This energy field in three dimension is taken to the top level of the gopuram and this
confers spiritual benefits to the visitors of the temple.
In the Sri Rangam temple the seven concentric prakara walls are said to represent the
seven layers of matter-earth, water, fire, air, either, mind and intelligence-that envelop the
consciousness of the living entities in the material world.
5. With the increasing threat from invading armies, the temple cities found it expedient to
erect a series of protective walls to safeguard and defend their temples, palaces and cities.
The Gopuras constructed on the gateways leading from one enclosure to the next,
initially, served as watch towers for defense.
Among the finest examples are the Sundara Pandya Gopura of the Jambukesvara temple
at Tiruchchirappalli, the Gopuras of the great Shiva temple at Chidambaram and the
Gopuras of the Meenakshi temple at Madurai.
Meenakshi temple has twelve impressive Gopuras over the three tier Prakara walls. The
outer four towers are nine -storied with heights ranging from 161 feet to 170 feet.
Sri Ranganatha temple at Sri Rangam, which has seven enclosure walls and as many as
twenty-one Gopuras, the seventh, the outer most enclosure encloses an area of about six
hundred acres.
The angle of slope from the vertical is 25˚
Width of the apex was ½ of the base
6. Parts of the temple common in most temples in south
sanctum sanctorum is the PRADAKSHINAPATHA, which is a circumambulatory passage for
devotees.
In front of the Garbha Griha is the MUKHA MANTAPA, also called ARDHA MANTAPA, which is
normally used for keeping articles of worship.
ANTARALA is the narrow passage, which connects GARBHA GRIHA and MUKA MANTAPA to
the hall called MANTAPA This the place where religious discourses or the recitation of mythological
verses takes place.
All temples have a DHVAJASTAMBHA or flag post in front of the MANTAPA. On top of this is the
LANCHANA or insignia of the deity.
For example in Vishnu temples it is GARUDA.
Near the DHVAJASTAMBHA is the BALIPEEDA, which is a pedestal for sacrificial offering. High
walls called PRAKARA are built on the perimeter of the temple complex and in the main entrance is
the GOPURAM, which is the main gate with a high tower.
7. DIFFERENT PHASES IN DRAVIDIAN ARCHITECTURE
The Dravidian style/ Southern style of architecture can be classified into the following periods
1. Pallavan Style 600AD – 900AD
2. Chola Style 900AD – 1150AD
3. Pandya Style 1100AD – 1350AD
4. Vijayanagara Style 1350AD – 1565AD
5. Nayak/Madura Style 1600 AD onwards
• The Dravidian Style of architecture can be categorized as a distinct Evolution in Temple
architecture through the various phases
• There is a marked evolution in the planning of the temple and the architectural treatment
• Complexity in planning due to the complexity in the rituals arose by the 12th
c. AD (Pandya)
Broadly the classifications would be as follows:
Pallavan - Rock cut and Structural Temples
Chola - Development of the Vimana (Shikhara),
Walled enclosures
Gopurams
Pandya - Evolution of the Gopuram – number, height, embellishment
High walls for enclosure for security( Muslim invasion)
Vijayanagara - Addition of Mandapas, Secondary halls and Gopurams
Nayaks - Temple cities, addition of Gopurams to existing temples
8. GENESIS OF DRAVIDIAN STYLE UNDER THE PALLAVAS
600 AD – 900 AD
There were two phases of architecture under the Pallavas
1st Phase- Rock cut
•Mahendra Group 610 – 640 AD Mandapas/ Pillared halls
•Mamalla Group 640 – 690 AD Rathas and Mandapas
(Narasimhavarma)
2nd Phase- Structural
•Rajasimha group 690 – 800 AD Temples
•Nandivarman group 800 – 900 AD Temples
Mandapas Rathas
1. Excavated Monolith
2. Open pavilion Shrine/ Temple chariot
3. Simple columned hall with Series of shrines which is an
one or more cellas at the rear exact copy in granite of a structural
prototype
9. Bhakthi Movement influences - 7th
and 12th
century
Bhakti meant undivided devotion to only one god, the most
famous being – Shiva and Vishnu.
The Bhakti temples, which started as minute shrines, evolved and
slowly grew into edifices like the rock cut temples built by
the Pallavas.
The Bhakti movement even spread to the north during late medieval ages,
though the north was under the Islamic rule, the Bhakti movement
tried to preserve Hinduism.
There were 63 Shaiva Nayanmars and 12 Vaishnavite Alvars – They were the saints
who disregarded the austerities preached by the jains and the Buddhists.
They disregarded the rigidities of the caste and carried their message of love and personal
devotion to god as a means of salvation to various parts of south India by using local
languages
Shankaracharya, Ramanujam, Madhavacharya,, Saint Janabai, Gangasati, Meerabai
Kabir was one of the earliest and most influential Bhakthi saints in north India who
supported Hindu-Muslim unity
10. The Metaphysical Architecture of the Temple
The basic plan of a Hindu temple is an expression of sacred geometry where
the temple is visualized as a grand mandala.
By sacred geometry we mean a science which has as its purpose the accurate
laying out of the temple ground plan in relation to the cardinal directions and the
heavens. Characteristically, a mandala is a sacred shape consisting of the
intersection of a circle and a square.
The square shape is symbolic of earth, signifying the four directions which bind
and define it. (four castes; the four Vedas etc.).
Similarly, the circle is logically the perfect metaphor for heaven since it is a
perfect shape, without beginning or end, signifying timelessness and eternity, a
characteristically divine attribute.
It was Jayavarman II (c. AD800 to AD850) who introduced the cult of devaraja
into Cambodia, establishing the king as a representative of the Hindu god
Siva.
From this time temples were being built to honor both the god and the king.
During the next two reigns, the practice of each new king building his own temple
which became his tomb on his death, was firmly established.
11. 1ST
PHASE OF PALLAVAN ARCHITECTURE – 610 – 690 AD
MANDAPAS - Mahabalipuram
There were a total of 10 mandapas at Mahabalipuram
Features:
•Similar proportions to earlier Mandapas
•Width 25’
•Height-15’ – 20’ ; Depth 25’
•Pillars height 9’ ; Dia-1’- 2’
•Cells rectangular- 5’ -10’ side
•Shallow porticoes
•Architectural treatment and sculptures combining with
architecture.
•Façade contains- roll cornice decorated with KUDUS,
above this a parapet or attic member formed of miniature
shrines, a long one alternating with a short one
•The executor was primarily a sculptor
Basement was so planned and executed to provide a long
and narrow receptacle for water for ablutions
•Pillars are the main contributions of this period
•Beginning of the Pallava order of column
•Eg. Varaha, Krishna, Mahishasuramandapa, Adivaraha
Krishna Mandapam
Varaha Mandapam
Sculptures depicting
Mythological stories
12. 1ST
PHASE OF PALLAVAN ARCHITECTURE – 610 – 690 AD
EVOLUTION OF PALLAVAN ORDER
•The early pillars were the rudimentary type of beam and bracket
•This was modified to a sophisticated design of the capital and
the shaft
•Finally the introduction of an element- lion
•This figure was incorporated into the lower portion of the shaft
and later at the capital
•This lion symbolized the ruling dynasty – Simhavishnu
•Sq. shaft where the middle third is chamfered into an octagon
ht. 7’0” ,The dia of the column – 1’0”-2’0”
13. PALAGAI – wide abacus
IDAIE- Lotus Form
KUMBHA – Melon Capital
TADI – Refined Necking
KALASA – Inverted Lotus
SIMHA-LION
STAMBHAM
PARTS OF DRAVIDIAN ORDER
The principal elements in the façade of the
Mamallapuram group is the lion pillar
which rests on the animals head
The crude block bracket is obvious in early
examples, later gets more refined and
graceful
A natural leonine figure – a deviation from
a grotesque horned lion in the mandapas
Fluted banded shaft- Stambham
14. Mahabalipuram temples are cave temples also known as mandapas.
rock-cut cave temples are sanctuaries or temples covered with bas-reliefs.
The earliest period of use of these caves as sanctuaries can be traced to the Buddhist and
Jain periods. They were excavated on rock faces which were cut and then carved using chisels
and iron mallets.
Of the eleven mandapas or cave temples seen in Mahabalipuram, the most notable are the
Varaha Cave Temple, Krishna Cave Temple, Tiger Cave Temple, Panchapandava Cave Temple,
and the Mahishasuramardini mandapa.
cave temples existed prior to the 7th century, which were predominantly Buddhist, the first free
standing rock cut temples were built by the Pallava Kings in Tamil Nadu.
NASIK VIHARA
PANDAVA CAVES
17. 1ST
PHASE OF PALLAVAN ARCHITECTURE – 610 – 690 AD
RATHAS - Mahabalipuram
N
•Seven pagodas exist, reproduced from wooden examples
•Beam heads, rafters, purlins, all transferred into rock
•Exteriors are completed and interiors are incomplete
•Unknown purpose of execution
•Small Structures a maximum 42’ long 35’ wide 40’ high
•Derived from the chaitya hall and viharas
•Acted as a prototype for later temples
18. In first phase we come across ‘RATHAS and MANTAPAS.’
RATHAS
•RATHAS are small shrines carved out of a monolithic rock. In
•general Ratha is known as chariot used for carrying the image of the deity during religious
procession.
•But here in pallava style it commonly refers to a monolithic shrine which contains all the essential
features of a temple including domed storey to shikhara.
19. 1ST
PHASE OF PALLAVAN ARCHITECTURE – 610 – 690 AD
RATHAS - Mahabalipuram
Draupadi Ratha:
Smallest among the group dedicated to Durga
Simplest and the most finished
A cell or Pansala square in plan
The shape of the roof – concave pyramidal roof-indicates it
was a copy of the thatched structure – portable shrine
The base is supported by figures of animals, a lion alternating
with an elephant
The corner ridges were decorated with delicate carvings with
volutes
There are niches containing high relief carvings of the Durga
Arjuna Ratha:
Stepped pyramid structure decorate with Kudus
The square details at the cornes are termed as
Stupis and the oblong ones in the façade
Shalas
Square in plan 5m
High relief sculptures on external walls between
pilasters
20. 1ST
PHASE OF PALLAVAN ARCHITECTURE – 610 – 690 AD
RATHAS - Mahabalipuram
Bhima Ratha:
Reproduces the Chaitya mode
Keel or Barrel vaulted roof with a
Chaitya Gable end
The structure is 2 stories high
The front portico consists of 4
columns
Prototype for the Gopuram of
later temples with the oblong plan,
diminishing stories, keel roof with
pinnacles and gable end
The gable end of the roof is ornamented with a
central symbol similar to the stupa
Depicts a prayer hall with curved barge boards
taking the place of the vaulted roof. Decorative
brackets simulate the ribs of the vault
Sahadeva Nakula Ratha:
The Ratha is based on ‘Chaitya Hall’ of Buddhist temple with an
apsidal end on the south side and double pillared portico on the north side.
Its plinth measures 5.5m 3.35m and rises to a ht of 5m in four tiers. The
roof is elaborately carved.
21. 1ST
PHASE OF PALLAVAN ARCHITECTURE – 610 – 690 AD
RATHAS - Mahabalipuram
Dharmaraja Ratha:
Dedicated to Shiva
Largest of the 5 rathas
Square in plan 10m
Consists of 3 stories the last of which is 13m high
No internal space other than galleries with
columns at the entrance
It is a large scale version of Arjuna Ratha with a
larger no. of miniature edifices carved in the roof
There are 12 square Stupis at the corners and 24
Shalas on the sides- kudu
Stupi
Shala
Kudu
Ganesh Ratha:
Dedicated to Shiva.
Lion ornamenting a pier in the façade. 2 Lion pillars in the portico
Aedicule on either side with carved sculptures
3 stories with the keel roof - Prototype for the Gopuram
•In elevation it has 2 parts
•Square portion with pillared verandah below
•Paramedical shikara/tower formed by converted cells
•Strongly moulded stylobate ( Base)
•Turreted roof
23. 2ND
PHASE OF PALLAVAN ARCHITECTURE – 690 - 900 AD
STRUCTURAL TEMPLES
SHORE TEMPLE – Mahabalipuram
•The Shore Temple was constructed in 700 AD by Narasimha Varma II
Rajasimha
•Constructed of dressed Granite
•The complex consists of 2 shrines dedicated to Shiva and 1 shrine
dedicated to Vishnu
•Located near the shore of Mamallapuram the temple was constructed
with the intention of the cella facing the east so that the first rays of the
sun would illuminate the shrine
•Among the breakers stood a stone pillar to act as a light house
•This concept led to the different arrangement of the parts in the layout
N
Planning:
•The placement of the cella in the east left no space
for the mandapas, forecourts and gateway
•These were hence placed in the rear of the shrine
•The central structure is surrounded by a massive
enclosure wall, with the entry on the western side of
the courtyard
•The layout was further complicated by the addition of
2 shrines added asymmetrically on the west
24.
25.
26.
27. 2ND
PHASE OF PALLAVAN ARCHITECTURE – 690 - 900 AD
SHORE TEMPLE - Mahabalipuram
The addition of the shrine on the west with the smaller spire
gives the impression that it is the main entrance
The 2 supplementary shrines have converted the Shore
temple into an unconventional double towered
monument Verticality of the temple accentuated with a
slender monolithic stupi
The central building seems to be a development off the
Rathas with a difference in the treatment
Details:
•Square lower storey
•Pyramidal tower in diminishing tiers
•Change in the shape of the tower seeming to rid of the vihara
•Rhythmic, buoyant composition than the rathas giving the temple a
lightness and soaring quality
•Appearance of a pilaster- rampant lion as a relief found wherever a
structural form with an ornament was required
•The lion pillar with the Dravidian capital projects at every angle and is also
introduced at intervals around the lower part of the entire structure
•As the style progressed the leogriff motif is frequently used
•Identifying symbol of the Pallavan period
28. 2ND
PHASE OF PALLAVAN ARCHITECTURE – 690 - 900 AD
SHORE TEMPLE - Mahabalipuram
Water Chambers:
•Surrounded by an outer rectangular enclosure
•Portions of the ground floor of the enclosure consisted of a system of shallow cisterns which
could be flooded on certain occasions
•The space could hence be resolved into a water temple
•Some of the conduits and receptacles can be traced
•The water was fed into the system by means of canal and conveyed by sluices
•Overflow was carried through the rear of the shrine to the sea
Enclosure:
•Surrounding wall had a parapet and coping with figures of kneeling bulls
•Bold projecting lion pilasters on exterior wall
•Entrance through a richly ornamented doorway on the western side Leading to a corridor
on one side
33. The temple has retained the Pallava architecture in its original stylized form with influence of the
later styles developed by the Chola Dynasty and Vijayanagara Emperors
It is of stone built architecture unlike the rock cut architecture built into hallowed caves or carved
into rock outcrops as in Mahabalipuram. The tall gopuram (tower) is to the left and the temple
complex is to the right.
The temple's foundations are made of granite, which could withstand the weight of the temple,
while the super structure including the carvings are all made of sandstone. Initially, only the
main sanctuary existed with pyramidal vimana and a detached mandapa(main hall)
The temple complex is complete in all respects as it has garbagriha (sanctum
sanctorum), antarala (inner enclosure), mandapa, a high compound wall, and an entrance gate,
the gopuram.The mandapa, which was initially detached, was made part of the main shrine by
interposing an ardhamantapa(smaller hall). The pillars of the mandapa have the repetitive
features of mythical lion mounts.
The structure has a simple layout. with a tower or shikara at the center of the complex. The
shikara of the temple, above the main shrine (sanctum sanctorum), is square in plan and rises
up in a curvilinear style or pyramidal shape. The tower has many levels rising proportionately.
the top of this tower, there is a small roof in the shape of a dome. The pillar elements with
mythical animal shapes (lions on the base) are extra features in Pallava style.
34. At the entrance, the gopuram walls are plastered. Its entrance wall has eight small shrines and
a gopura, precursor to the main gopura. At some later stage, the mandapa and the sanctuary
were joined by an intermediate hall called the ardhamantapa, which is reported to have marred
the beauty of the temple to some extent. The temple is enclosed within walls in a rectangular
layout.
The outstanding feature of sculptures is the profusion of depiction of the erect lions projecting
out in several directions.
There are two sculptures of Shiva here which are seen holding the Veena] (musical string
instrument) in the hand. There is a lot of difference between the Veena found in the said
sculptures and the present day
A circumambulatory passage, with a symbolic meaning is situated along the compound wall. In
order to make the circumambulation, there is a narrow entry passage which devotees must
crawl through. Seven steps must be climbed in order to reach the passage. Passing through the
narrow passage is indicative of passage through life. After the circumambulation, the exit is
through a pit or another narrow passage symbolic of death.[7][16]
It is believed that making the
circumambulation round the various deities would usher the same blessings as visiting
paradise.
35. CHOLA ARCHITECTURE – 900 - 1150 AD
The capital of the Chola dynasty was the city of Thanjavur from 836 – 1267
AD
The great temple of Thanjavur was founded by Rajaraja I
The Cholas ruled the Deccan and emerged victorious among many
other kingdoms such as Pallavas, Pandyas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas
They advanced as far as Bengal, Sri Lanka, Java, Sumatra and had trade
links as far as Indonesia
Their military and economic power was reflected in the grand architectural
productions under this period at Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram,
Dharasuram and Tribhuvanam
Gangaikondacholapuram Temple
1014-1044 AD
Airateswara Temple-Darasuram
1146-1173 AD
Kambahareswara Temple-
Tribhuvanam (Kumbakonam) 1178-
1218
36. CHOLA ARCHITECTURE – 900 - 1150 AD
Early Temples
Typical Features:
•The temples are of modest proportions
•Built entirely of stone
•Egs. At Pudukottai- Sundareswara at Tirukattalai, Vijayalaya at
Nartamalai
•These show the Dravidian style in its formative stages
•Use of well dressed granite
•Pallavan influence observed in the vimana - similar to the
rathas
•Similarities to the Chalukyan in shape of the domical finial of the
shikhara, which is similar to bldgs at Patadakkal
•Treatment- simplification of the exteriors compared to the
Pallavas with elimination of the details
•Absence of the lion motif and pillar
•The capital is modified to by addition of a neck moulding
padmabandham and the pot kalasa. The Palagai is expanded
to combine the Idaie underneath
37. CHOLA ARCHITECTURE
Brihadeeswara Temple Thanjavur – 1000 AD
The Brihadeeswara Temple at Tanjavur was constructed around 1000 AD
The largest, highest and most ambitious project at its time – a landmark in the evolution of South
Indian Architecture
Superb architectural treatment and Proportions
The main structure is 180’ long above which is the tower 190’ high
Planning:
Dedicated to Shiva
Surrounded by 2 walled precincts
The first one measures 270m x 140 m consisting of a high wall running along the banks of the
river Kaveri
The 2nd wall consists of a portico with a double row of pillars, measures 150m x 75m
The Temple is entered through
The perimeter wall forms a rectangular cloister which could be divided into 2 squares
The center of the 1st
square contains the Nandi Pavilion and the 2nd
contains the Cella
Over the cella is the main Gopuram 60m high and 15m at its base
38.
39.
40. Plan
The Garbagriha is a mere 5m square surrounded by a thick wall
with a narrow corridor
Axial planning
The main cella is preceded by 2 hypostyle halls and a narrow
vestibule
Entered through a pillared portico on the west
41. CHOLA ARCHITECTURE
Brihadeeswara Temple Thanjavur – 1000 AD
Components of Vimana:
The main Vimana is a huge solid block on the western end consisting of 3 parts:
1. Square vertical base
2. Tall tapering body
3. Domical finial
Vertical base:
Square of 82’ rising to a ht. of 50’
The square vertical base rises for 2 stories to
accommodate the Linga which was increased in ht.
An upper gallery was hence added creating a 2nd
storey, with the 2 levels of the tower receiving the
same treatment
Pyramidal portion:
13 diminishing stories until the width
of the apex is 1/3 base
Cupola:
On the square platform stands the
cupola, the inward curve of the neck
breaking the rigid outlines of the
composition
42. The hollow interior of the vimana, a view from below. Built of interlocking stones without any
binding material, the vimana has not developed a crack or tilted even a few centimetres in all
these years despite six earthquakes.
A similar view of
the hollow interior
of the gopuram of
Rajarajan
Tiruvaasal.
The basic unit of the temple's layout, was taken from the main deity, the linga itself. The
inner sanctum, the height of the vimana, the intermediate space between the vimana and
the cloistered enclosure and the distance to the two gateways were all proportionate to the
linga in a remarkable way. For instance, the height of the vimana is exactly twice the width
of the outer base of the adhistana (plinth) of the sanctum. “The mathematical
calculations were advanced to a great extent at the time of Rajaraja Chola.”
43.
44. CHOLA ARCHITECTURE
Brihadeeswara Temple Thanjavur – 1000 AD
Architectural treatment:
Vertical face:
The wall is divided into 2 stories by means of an
overhanging cornice which is the only horizontal
member
Contains pilasters and niches with sculptures
In the middle of each recess is a figure subject
The mastery of the sculptors is seen in the Dvarapalas
which stand guard at the gate
The entire periphery of the temple base consists of
mythical animals – lions
Pyramidal roof:
The surfaces are adorned with the
horizontal lines of the diminishing tiers
The Cupola at the summit is contrasted
with the niches on all the 4 sides
47. The key inscription on the base of the
vimana where Rajaraja Chola says he built
the stone temple and records the gifts that
he, his sister, his queens and others gave
the temple.
Pichard called the vimana an
“architectural audacity”.
48. Brihadeeswarar Temple has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the list of ‘Great
Living Chola Temples’.
An approximate of 130,000 tons of granite was used in the formation of this temple.
The holy shrine has a temple tower (vimana) that is built at a height of 216 feet. Being the tallest
in the world, it symbolizes Mount Peru. ‘Gopuras’ or the two gateways are located at the eastern
entrance of the temple.
The temple’s entrance has a large statue of Nandi (sacred bull) that measures about 16 feet in
length and 13 feet in height. This statue has been carved out of a single stone.
‘Kumbam’ is the topmost component of the holy shrine and weighs about 60 tons. It has
been also carved out from a single granite stone.
A huge idol of Lord Shiva with three eyes is present inside the temple along with the 108
dance forms or ‘karmas’.
The exterior part on the other end is decorated with sculptures. There are 250 lingams in the
entire temple compound.
This famous sanctuary is made up of a pillared hall and an assembly hall which is known as
mandapas and many sub-shrines.
49. The inner part of the mandapas is highly significant and is
divided into various categories with the help of sculptures and
pilasters.
Being one of the rarest temples in India, the idols of ‘Ashta-
dikpaalakas’ or guardians of directions can be found here. The
six feet effigies of Agni, Varuna, Indra, Yama, Isana, Kubera and
Nirriti are placed in a separate temple.
Being a masterpiece in itself, the shadow of the tower over
the gateway of the shrine never falls on the ground, more
significantly in the premises of the temple.
The altar situated at the entrance of this holy shrine has two
idols of Lord Ganesha. When a person taps on any one of the
idols, a sound occurs that travels towards the other idol
slanting through the stone at one end and the metal to
another. There are many pillars of the temple that produce such
musical sounds.
50. CHOLA ARCHITECTURE
Brihadeeswara Temple Thanjavur – 1000 AD
The double portico of 450 m
perimeter running all around
the structure contains 252
lingas in black stone
arranged under corbelled
vaults carried on 400 pillars
all around
The wall behind the portico is
beautifully painted
51. PANDYA ARCHITECTURE – 1100 – 1350 AD
The Genesis of the Gopurams of Dravidian Style
After the Cholas- architecture was at its peak with the concentration being
on the Vimana
Changes during the Pandya period:
Vimana ceased to be the centre of concentration
The supplementary and outlying portions were developed
Reasons were sentimental- do not touch God
Walls were built/Pylons were the centre of concentration for
architecture
Became the main feature of South Indian Temples
Derivation of the Cow gate- City gate- Temple gate-
Gopuram
52. Considerable political changes were taking place. The most threatening force was from
the north -conquering hordes of Islam.
This threat made the Pandya rulers hurriedly throw up makeshift battlements around their
cities and the heart of their towns -the temples. This called for modifying the Temple to a
Fortress which was unacceptable
The solution was hence to raise the gates of the fortress to the level of architecture. This
was the genesis of the famous gopurams, or entrance gateways of the temple cities of the
south.
The towers, or the gopurams for which this temple is known, are visible from a distance.
No less than 12gopurams or towers adorn this temple and the 4 outer ones tower to a
height of over 160 feet.
Surrounding the Shiva and Meenakshi temples is a huge prakaram with imposing 9 tiered
gopurams, in each of the 4 cardinal directions. The tallest of these is the southern tower,
rising to a height of 170 feet. There are thus a total of 12 gopurams, two gold plated
vimaanams (crowning the sancta) and several mandapams with carved pillars within
the Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple complex.
53. The idol of Shri Meenakshi Amman is made of greenish black stone.
The Swayambhu Lingas are believed to be the representations of Lord Shiva that have
risen from the ground by themselves.
Lord Shiva performs the different forms of Cosmic Dance.
The Porthamarai Kulam, meaning the “Pond with the Golden Lotus” is the name given to the
sacred Temple Tank. It is believed that the tank was initially created by Lord Shiva himself when he
thrust his Trishul into the Earth on request from Nandi.
Meenakshi Temple is an architectural wonder. The imposing 14 Gopurams of the Temple
Complex are awe inspiring and intricately carved.
The numerous Mandapas of the Temple like the Thousand Pillars Mandapam, tell us stories
about Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati sculpted out of rock.
A unique fact that can be observed about the placement of shrines is that the shrine of Lord
Sundareshwara is exactly one-fourth of the total area of the temple.
The shrine of Goddess Meenakshi is exactly one-fourth of the area of Lord
Sundareshwara’s shrine. This might indicate that in the earlier times, Lord Shiva was given
ritualistic importance over Goddess Meenakshi.
56. the Gopura too resembles a Mandala; With
sculptures and carvings of Yalis and mythical
animals located in the outer enclosure.
Humans and divine beings are in the inner
enclosures.
The peak of the Gopura, the Kalasha, is at
the centre of the Mandala
57. Differences between Vimana and Gopuram:
Shikhara ,a Sanskrit word translating literally to "mountain peak",
refers to the rising tower in the Hindu temple architecture of North
India .
In South India, the equivalent term for "shikhara" is "vimana".
There existed two types as to the form of the Gopuram with
respect to the appearance and the surface treatment
PANDYA ARCHITECTURE – 1100 – 1350 AD
The Genesis of the Gopurams of Dravidian Style
Type 2
Type 1
58. First type:
• Straight sloping sides
• Firm and rigid contours
• Geometric form where the treatment is architectural
• Pillars and pilasters were used
Second type: more ornate
• Curved and concave sides
• Creating an upward sweep
• Surface treatment is of Florid nature
• Figure subjects predominate
• Every portion is plastered thick with images
• The roof is spectacular with cornuted gables
• The ridge line breaks into a row of tall pinnacles forming a climax to the fretted and
pullulating mass below
59. The sanctity of Vimanas was not in any manner affected by its diminished size.
While the sculptures on the outer Gopuras could house secular and even erotic themes,
the Vimana had to be austere and carry only the prescribed divinities associated with the mula-
bhera in the sanctum.
The Vimana is verily the representation or the outer visible form of the murthi that
resides within it; and is revered as such.
It represents the glory (vaibhava) of the deity who resides within it. The Gopura on the other
hand does not usually command an equal status.
While the temple complex is designed as a Mandala with the sanctum at its heart (Brahma –
sthana); the sanctum along with the Vimana atop is itself regarded a Mandala.
The image is located in the mid-point of the sanctum which is designed as a square; that is,
where its diagonals intersect each other. This point is elevated, in a three dimensional
projection, and rendered as the sthupi or the central point of the Vimana. The Kalasha is
installed at this point.
In order to appreciate the Mandala configuration of the Vimana, one could take its top-
elevation; that is, take an aerial view from directly above the Vimana
The sthupi , the central point , the needle of the Vimana being the bindu of its Mandala
configuration.
60. Gopura is generally constructed with a massive stone base and a superstructure of brick
and pilaster. It is rectangular in plan and topped by a barrel-vault roof crowned with a row of
finials. It differs from the Vimanam in that it need not necessarily be square-based. Above that
rectangular base a pyramidal structure covered with brightly colored plethora of sculpture is
raised to a great height.
A Gopura has to be towering and massive.
In the ancient times, the cities all over South India could be discerned from afar by the distinctive
shape of their Gopuras dominating the skyline.
When viewed from top, the Gopura too resembles a Mandala;
With the Goblins, Yalis, mythical animals and other beings located in the outer enclosure
.The humans and the divine beings are in the inner enclosures.
The peak of the Gopura, the Kalasha is at the centre of the Mandala Symbolically, the Gopura
and the entrance to the temple represent the feet of the deity.
A devotes bows at the at the entrance, the feet of the Lord, as he steps into the temple and
proceeds towards the sanctum, leaving behind the world of contradictions.
63. NAYAK ARCHITECTURE – 1600 AD onwards
Evolution of the Temple- Complexity in Plan due to Complexity in Ritual
INNER AREAS :
• Consisted of flat roofed courts, one enclosed within the other
• This normally covered a fairly large rectangular space
• Within the inner of the 2 courts is the sanctum, the cupolas of which covered in gilt
projects out through the flat roofs acting as the focal center
• There is a guarded seclusion to the inner area
OUTER AREAS:
• Concentric series of open courtyards known as ‘Prakarams’
• Enclosed within high walls, open to sky as they are too large to be roofed
• Provide space for secular buildings connected with the ceremonies
EXPANSION OR GROWTH OF TEMPLES:
1. Inner Areas or Cella: Wholly covered and sancrosanct
• The Cella and the Portico form the sanctum – origin of temple
• Cella was enclosed within another flat roofed hall to protect the original sanctuary
and to emphasize the sacredness
• Pillared aisles were added entrance through a small gopuram in front on the east
• Later the covered court was enclosed within a similar structure, division of the
concentric corridors by means of pillars and pavilions
• 2 entrances on the E and W with a larger gopuram than the previous enclosure
64. 2. Outer Areas:
• The entire composition was enclosed within a rectangle by means of a high wall
• The remaining space was left to provide a wide open courtyard or Prakaram
• The enclosure was entered by Gopurams, one on the E and W
• The Gopuram on the E was the principal doorway and largest
• Various structures were erected inside - pillared halls or Mandapas and subsidiary
shrines
• Semi religious buildings such as granaries, store rooms for ceremonial supplies
• Later concentric rectangles were added contained within higher enclosing walls leaving
another open space between the inner and the outer perimeters
• 4 entrances adorned the four walls in the center at the cardinal points
• Each consisted of a Gopuram larger than the previous one within the outermost
enclosure 2 large important structures were built- Thousand Pillared Hypostyle hall and
a Square Tank of water for ablutions, lined with steps and surrounded by an arcade
• This formed the basis for temple layouts but layer temples were sometimes
disproportionately enlarged – Srirangam which has 7 concentric rectangular enclosures
the whole resembling a town.
Concept of Temples:
Spiritual nor Architectural
The Gopurams induce a feeling of awe and majesty, leading to progressive halls,
smaller and dimmer than the previous, till the mystery of the Cella or darkened
shrine to feel the presence of God
66. 2. Pillars or Colonnades in the interiors
Moderate ht. of 12’
Presence of a 1000 pillared hall eg. At Madurai
4 kinds of pillars –
1.Square moulded patterned -simplest one enlarged to a square pier normally with radiating
brackets
2.Rampant dragon -Most common type 1000 pillared hall
Superstructures are cleverly composed above the dragon pillars
Gryphon bracket, capital or beam
3.Deity
4.Portrait of the donor or family
•The third and fourth are similar, bigger than life size and attached to the shafts
•No structural significance, held by attachments to the shaft
•Some cases provide additive support as seen at Meenakshi Temple Madurai.
•Couching dragons and foliated brackets predominate
NAYAK ARCHITECTURE – 1600 AD onwards
Evolution of the Temple- Complexity in Plan due to Complexity in Ritual
99. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, also known as Thiruvaranga Tirupati dedicated to Vishnu.
Situated in an ethereal setting on the island of Srirangam that is bounded by
the two rivers of Cauvery and Kollidam (a tributary of Cauvery.
More importantly, it is not just a temple but a temple-town, a temple centred settlement pattern
that comprises of Sapta (seven) concentric rectangular enclosures or prakarams formed by thick
and huge rampart walls that run round the sanctum sanctorum in which the deity presides.
While the inner five enclosures of the complex constitute the temple, the outer two enclosures
function as the settlement.
Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture, the Temple Complex is massive in scale and
spread over 156 acres (63.131 hectares).
100. Apart from the 7 prakarams with massive walls, the Temple Complex has 21 very
colourful sculpted gopurams (consecrated gateways with towers), 50 sub shrines, 9
sacred pools, gildedVimana (dome) over the sanctum sanctorum of the presiding
deity, and other interesting features such as fresco paintings.
Evidences prove the origin of the temple in 1st
century CE during the Sangam
period (3rd
Century BCE – 45th
Century CE).
However, as it stands today, the temple represents an accretion of building
activity over centuries, the architectural idioms coming from the several royal
dynasties who were captivated by and adored the Temple.
Some of these were the early Cholas (1st
Century CE), later Cholas (13th
Century CE),the
Kongu rulers from Tamil west, the Pandyas from south (6th
– 10th
Centuries CE and 13th
–
14th
Centuries CE), the Hoysalas (10th
– 14th
Centuries CE), and the later rulers and viceroys
of the celebrated Vijayanagara Empire of Karnataka (16th
Century CE).
101. Mandapams (Halls): There are many mandapams at Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple. One
of the finest is the Hall of 1000 pillars (actually 953), an example of a planned theatre-like
structure. Made of granite, it was constructed during the Vijayanagaraperiod (1336–1565).
The great hall is traversed by one wide aisle in the centre for the whole of its greater length
The most artistically interesting of the halls that the Nayaks added to the complex is the
Sesharayar Mandapam on the east side of the fourth enclosure. The hall is celebrated for
the 40 leaping animals carved on to the piers at its northern end.
The Sesharayar mandapam consists of monolithic pillars with sculptures of wild horses
bearing riders on their backs, trampling their hoofs upon the heads of rampant tigers and
seem only natural and congruous among such weird surroundings.
The Garuda Mandapam (hall of the legendary bird deity of Vishnu, Garuda) located on the
south side of the third enclosure is another Nayak addition.
102. The Kili mandapam is located next to the Ranganatha shrine, in the first enclosure of the
temple. Elephant balustrades skirt the access steps that ascend to a spacious open area.
The Ranga Vilasa mandapam is a huge one, where the weary devotee may rest a while
and watch others haggle and purchase items for rituals.
The Kottarams (Granaries): The Kottaram houses the huge Granaries which stand
testimony to a systematic food security planning not only to the temple but probably to the
entire population of the temple town.
.
103. The exterior of the vimana and attached mandapa has finely worked pillars with
fluted shafts, double capitals and pendant lotus brackets.
Sculptures are placed in the niches of three sides of the sanctuary walls.
Gopurams (Temple Towers): There are 21 huge Gopurams. The Rajagopuram is the
second tallest Temple tower in the world rising to a height of 72 mts.
The documents, while mentioning the boundaries of the lands, provide useful information
on irrigation facilities, land measures, tax structure and the names provided for the lands in
the particular village.
Inscriptions also throw light that the Srirangam temple was one among the handful of
temples which have had an Arokyasala (Health Centre) that had rendered medical service to
the people.
104. The idol of the main deity is unique that it is not made of granite as in many temples, but
Stucco (a unique combination of lime, mortar and stones bound together by a special paste
(Thailam), made of musk, camphor, honey,Jaggery and sandal).
Vahanas: The Vahanas (Vehicles on which The Lord is mounted and carried on the
shoulders by devotees) are by themselves excellent pieces of architecture on wood. Wood is
carved into the shapes of animals, exotic birds, sun, moon, trees etc and elegant gold or
silver plating is done on them.
An interesting piece of history is the Yanai Vahana. An ordinary eye would describe it as an
Elephant, however on a closer look one would observe that it has four tusks. A quick search
on the Encarta Encyclopedia will let us know that these four-tusked elephants were known
as Mastodontoidea, which are said to have evolved around 38 million years ago and became
extinct about 15 million years ago when the shaggy and two tusked Mastodons increased in
population.
105. Water Harvesting Systems (Temple Tanks): The Temple complex has 2 large Temple
tanks inside it, Chandra Pushkarini and Surya Pushkarini.
The Complex has been built in a way that all the water collected flows into the tanks. The
capacity of each Pushkarini is around 2 million litres and the water is cleansed by action of
fishes in it.
Apart from these there are 10 more Temple Tanks around Srirangam that come under the
control and management of the Temple. Open sand beds and Nandavanams (Flower
gardens) help in absorbing the rain water
Fresco & Mural Paintings: The walls of the Temple complex are painted with exquisite
paintings using herbal and vegetable dyes. They speak volumes about the culture and
tradition followed at those times. The figures of gods and Goddesses tell us stories and teach
us morals. The high end technologies used in these paintings ensured a long life for these
paintings and poses a tough challenge to reproduce them in these modern days.
106. Belur was the first capital city of the Hoysalas. The Chennakeshava temple complex was at the
center of the old walled town located on the banks of the Yagachi River.
The complex itself was walled in a rectangular campus with four rectilinear streets around it for
ritual circumambulation of the deity.
The Chennakeshava temple was devoted to Vishnu. The richly sculptured exterior of the temple
includes sculptures and iconography and horizontal friezes that depict scenes from daily life, music,
and dance, and narrate scenes from the life of Vishnu and his reincarnations and the
epics,Ramayana, and Mahabharata.
The layout of the town represents the cosmic diagram with walled kotte, the streets in four
cardinal directions, the temples of anjaneya at the gates at the ends of these four cardinal streets,
the rathabeedi or chariot streets around the temple, and the remains of the defensive wall and
moat.
107. Sacred Ensembles of Halebid
At the zenith of the Hoysala empire, the capital was shifted from Belur to Halebid that was then
known as Dorasamudhra.
The main temple at the center, various other smaller temples ad shrines and palace buildings
were all destroyed making it the ‘ruined city’ or Halebid. Despite all the destruction, some temples
and structures of unparalleled beauty still remain.
The Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebidu is the most exemplary architectural ensemble of the
Hoysalas extant today. Built in 1121CE during the reign of the Hoysala King, Vishnuvardhana
Hoysaleshwara.
The temple, dedicated to Shiva, was sponsored and built by wealthy citizens and merchants of
Dorasamudra. While rulers have typically sponsored the grandest temples in southern India, the
merchants of the city dedicated the Hoysaleshwara temple.
The intertwining of the sacred and spiritual attainment with commerce and artistic achievement
was most clearly evidenced in the Hoysaleshwara temple.
More sculpturally and artistically sophisticated than any other Hoysala temple, the Hoysaleshwara
temple is most well-known for the more than 240 wall sculptures that run all along the outer wall.
Bands of intricately carved friezes run along the exterior wall expressing aspirational spiritual
qualities, symbolism, and mythology.
108. Halebid has a walled complex containing of three Jaina basadi (temples) of the Hoysala
period as well as a stepped well. The basadi are located in close proximity to the
Dorasamudhra lake. The Parshvanatha Basadi, the Adinatha Basadi, and the Shanthinatha
Basadi are three Jaina shrines containing tall idols of the Jaina deities. The Parshvanatha
Basadi, as the largest of them also has niches for idols of the 24 thirthankaras or saints of
Jainism.
The Kedareshwara temple is another exquisitely carved temple dedicated to Shiva that
is close to the Jaina basadi complex and with a temple pond adjacent to it.
Dorasamudhra was built with defensive fortifications. The walls had 5 gateways in
addition to the 4 main ones in the cardinal directions. Excavation has revealed the remains of
an inner fortification protected the royal palace, offices, and women’s quarters.
Numerous tanks, wells, and ponds, are in and around the town and lakes just
outside.Mantapa of various types are extant around the Dorasamudhra lake.
Hulikere, located on the southern side of the town is akalyani (stepped well) of exceptional
beauty. Richly carved and decorated with numerous miniature shrines, the stone well is most
outstanding example of Hoysala water structures extant today that combine artistry and
hydrology with the sacred.